膨胀性非饱和土的水力—力学性质及其弹塑性本构模型
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摘要
高水平放射性核废料的最终处置已受到世界各国越来越多的关注,目前国际上普遍接受的可行性方案是深层地质处置。膨润土因具有高膨胀性、低渗透性、优良的核素吸附性等被世界各国选作深层地质处置多重工程屏障系统中缓冲和回填材料的基质材料。如何预测膨润土及其与砂混合物的压缩变形、遇水膨胀变形及膨胀压力,是核废料深层地质处置工程在理论上及工程应用中亟待解决的关键技术,需要在深入研究膨润土的变形特性和水力特性及两者耦合特性的基础上,提出能预测包括膨胀变形和水力特性在内的水力-力学特性耦合的弹塑性本构模型。
本论文在阅读、整理国内外相关文献的基础上,对膨润土及其与砂混合物进行了试验分析和本构模型的研究,具体研究内容和结论如下:
1、对用不同制样方法得到的饱和膨润土及其与砂混合物进行了压缩试验,得到侧限应力状态下饱和试样的压缩变形特性。饱和膨润土的压缩曲线呈双线性,静止侧向压力系数值较一般黏土的数值要大。对膨润土与砂混合物的击实样进行了由非饱和到饱和状态的浸水试验,并得到试验过程中侧向应力的变化规律。由于浸水饱和的试样和抽真空饱和的试样在较高压力时压缩曲线趋于一致,可采用快速抽真空饱和的方法准备饱和试样,以缩短非饱和混合物击实样浸水饱和所需时间。引入骨架孔隙比的概念,用来判断膨润土与砂混合物中砂颗粒骨架是否形成,得到影响混合物压缩特性的决定因素。
2、对非饱和膨润土击实试样进行了侧限应力状态下的不排水压缩试验,得到了土样在压缩回弹过程中的变形、饱和度和侧向应力的变化规律。回弹指数与试样的初始状态关系不大;初始含水量相同的试样,屈服应力随初始干密度的提高而增大,在高应力范围,其压缩曲线趋于一致;初始干密度相同的试样,含水量越小,吸力值越大,压缩指数越小,这反映了非饱和膨润土压缩指数随吸力的增大而减小的趋势;总侧向应力与总竖向应力之比σh /σv随竖向应力的增大而增大,饱和度的增加速度越快,σh /σv值增大的趋势也越明显。
3、研究了非饱和膨润土及其与砂混合物的水力特性。采用滤纸法测得Kunigel V1钠基膨润土的土水特征曲线(SWCC),试验结果表明随着孔隙比的减小,饱和度与吸力间的关系曲线右移;吸力一定时,饱和度与孔隙比间呈线性关系,而且其斜率在不同吸力时相近。采用压力板法和滤纸法对膨润土与砂混合物的低吸力段和高吸力段分别量测了吸力,得到土水特征曲线。两种方法测到的SWCC曲线有较好的一致性。
4、采用非饱和土固结仪对膨润土与砂混合物进行吸湿试验及常吸力下的压缩试验,研究了膨润土与砂混合物的水力和力学特性。吸湿过程中,初始状态相同的试样膨胀变形量与吸力变化的幅度和吸力路径有关;初始含水量及吸力路径相同的试样,初始孔隙比越小的试样膨胀量越大。压缩试验结果表明,回弹指数可假定为定值;屈服后压缩指数随吸力的增大而减小;初始屈服应力随吸力的增大而增大,这与BBM中的加载-湿陷屈服线趋势相似;初始含水量及吸力路径相同的试样,压缩指数随试样初始干密度的增大而减小,而初始屈服应力随初始干密度的增大而增大;压缩过程中含水量变化不大,饱和度的变化主要与试样体积变化有关;对具有相同初始状态但经历不同吸力路径的试样进行压缩试验,结果表明吸力路径对压缩变形特性有很大的影响,也证实了非饱和膨润土与砂混合物土水特征曲线的滞回特性。
5、在已有的非膨胀性非饱和土水力特性和力学性质耦合的弹塑性本构模型的基础上,从宏观的角度开发和建立了膨胀性非饱和土水力-力学特性耦合的弹塑性本构模型。本模型考虑了饱和度对应力应变关系的影响及变形对保水特性的影响,可统一预测膨胀性非饱和土的水力特性及应力应变关系。模型共计13个参数,均可通过宏观层次上吸力控制的试验确定。利用本模型对本论文中膨润土与砂混合物的吸湿试验及常吸力下的压缩试验结果进行了预测,还对詹良通和吴宏伟(2006)进行的吸力控制的非饱和膨胀土三轴试验结果进行了预测,预测结果表明本模型能够定量的统一的描述膨胀性非饱和土的水力特性和力学性质。
Many countries are planning to bury high-level radioactive nuclear wasters in sealed repositories located deeply in geology formations. Engineered barriers made up of highly compacted expansive clays are considered for isolating the nuclear wastes at great depth. Bentonite is used as buffer materials or backfill materials because of its low hydraulic conductivity, high swelling property and good self-sealing capacities, etc. Predictions of the compression behaviour and the swelling behaviour of bentonite and sand-bentonite mixtures due to water uptake are the important technical issues to be resolved both in theory and in engineering application for the deep nuclear wastes disposal system. It requires a constitutive model for predicting the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated expansive soil based on the further study to the coupled effect of deformation and water retention behaviour of bentonite and sand-bentonite mixtures.
In the thesis, on the basis of reading the related literatures, the experiemental study on the hydro-mechanical behaviour of unsaturated bentonite and sand-bentonite mixtures and its constitutive modelling are conducted, and the main conclusions are shown as follows:
1. The compression tests are completed on saturated bentonite and sand-bentonite mixtures with different preparations. The test results show that the compression curves show a bilinear shape, which is different from that of ordinary normally consolidated clays. The coefficient of lateral earth pressure of saturated bentonite at-rest is obtained by K0-oedometer; and the K0 value is greater than that of ordinary clays. The change in the lateral stress is obtained during the water uptake tests on compacted sand-bentonite mixtures which are transited from unsaturated to saturated states. The compression curves of compacted specimens saturated by the water uptake test and the vacuumized methods tend to be consistent in the relatively high stress range. Thus the vacuumized method for saturating the specimens can be adopted to save time for performing the water uptake test. The concept of skeleton void ratio is used to judge whether the sand skeleton is formed in sand-bentonite mixtures, and to obtain main factors affecting the compression behaviour of the mixtures.
2. The undrained compression tests are producted on unsaturated bentonite with lateral stress being measured under vertical loading. The deformation characteristics of unsaturated bentonite and the change in lateral stress during tests are obtained under K0-compression stress state. According to the test results, the swelling index trends to be constant independent on the initial state; and for specimens with equivalent initial water content the yield stress increases with increasing suction and the compression curves tend to be consistent in the relatively high stress range; and to specimens with equivalent initial dry density the compression indexes increase with increasing water content; moreover, the relationships between the ratio of total lateral stress to total vertical stress with the degree of saturation and total vertical stress are obtained.
3. The water retention behaviour of unsaturated bentonite and sand-bentonite mixutures are investigated. The filter paper method is adopted to measure the suction of Kunigel V1 Na-bentonite. According to the test results, the soil-water characteristic curves (SWCC) between degree of saturation and suction shift to the right with decreasing void ratio, and the drgree of saturation and void ratio present the good linear relation with almost the same gradient under different constant suctions. To measure the SWCC of the mixture in the wide range of suction, a pressure plate apparatus and the filter papers are used at lower and higher suctions respectively. The obtained SWCC shows that the results obtained from the two methods can be considered as consistent.
4. By using a suction-controllable oedometer for unsaturated soils, a series of wetting tests at constant net stresses and compression tests at different constant suctions are performed on compacted sand-bentonite mixtures to study the coupled hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated expansive soil. The wetting test results indicate that the swelling deformations have the relation with suction variation and suction paths to specimens at the initial state. Moreover the swelling deformation increases with decreasing the void ratio during wetting test for specimens with equivalent initial water content and the same suction path. The compression test results indicate that the swelling indexes trend to be constant; and the yield stress increases and compression index decreases with increasing the suction. The results also demonstrate that the mixture wetted to saturation and subsequently dried to the target suction has the lower yield stress than that wetted directly to the same suction.
5. The Barcelona Basic Model (BBM) by Alonso cannot predict the mechanic behaviour of unsaturated expansive soil, and the Barcelona Expansive Model (BExM) for unsaturated expansive soils is complicated and the micro parameters and the coupling function from micro-structural strain to macro-structural strain are difficult to be determined. In this thesis, an elastoplastic constitutive model is developed from the macro-view for predicting hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated expansive soils based on the existing hydro-mechanical elastoplastic model for unsaturated non-expansive soil. The model takes into consideration the coupled effect of the degree of saturation and the void ratio. The concept of Equivalent Void Ratio Curve (EVRC) is introduced in the model. The coupled model totally requires 13 parameters which can all be determined from element tests. The predictions are performed on the test results obtained by the previous compression tests and published in the literature by Zhan and Ng (2006), which include the swelling tests under constant net stresses, isotropic compression tests and triaxial shear tests under constant suctions. The comparisons between measured and predicted results indicate that the model can quantitatively predict the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated expansive soils.
本论文在阅读、整理国内外相关文献的基础上,对膨润土及其与砂混合物进行了试验分析和本构模型的研究,具体研究内容和结论如下:
1、对用不同制样方法得到的饱和膨润土及其与砂混合物进行了压缩试验,得到侧限应力状态下饱和试样的压缩变形特性。饱和膨润土的压缩曲线呈双线性,静止侧向压力系数值较一般黏土的数值要大。对膨润土与砂混合物的击实样进行了由非饱和到饱和状态的浸水试验,并得到试验过程中侧向应力的变化规律。由于浸水饱和的试样和抽真空饱和的试样在较高压力时压缩曲线趋于一致,可采用快速抽真空饱和的方法准备饱和试样,以缩短非饱和混合物击实样浸水饱和所需时间。引入骨架孔隙比的概念,用来判断膨润土与砂混合物中砂颗粒骨架是否形成,得到影响混合物压缩特性的决定因素。
2、对非饱和膨润土击实试样进行了侧限应力状态下的不排水压缩试验,得到了土样在压缩回弹过程中的变形、饱和度和侧向应力的变化规律。回弹指数与试样的初始状态关系不大;初始含水量相同的试样,屈服应力随初始干密度的提高而增大,在高应力范围,其压缩曲线趋于一致;初始干密度相同的试样,含水量越小,吸力值越大,压缩指数越小,这反映了非饱和膨润土压缩指数随吸力的增大而减小的趋势;总侧向应力与总竖向应力之比σh /σv随竖向应力的增大而增大,饱和度的增加速度越快,σh /σv值增大的趋势也越明显。
3、研究了非饱和膨润土及其与砂混合物的水力特性。采用滤纸法测得Kunigel V1钠基膨润土的土水特征曲线(SWCC),试验结果表明随着孔隙比的减小,饱和度与吸力间的关系曲线右移;吸力一定时,饱和度与孔隙比间呈线性关系,而且其斜率在不同吸力时相近。采用压力板法和滤纸法对膨润土与砂混合物的低吸力段和高吸力段分别量测了吸力,得到土水特征曲线。两种方法测到的SWCC曲线有较好的一致性。
4、采用非饱和土固结仪对膨润土与砂混合物进行吸湿试验及常吸力下的压缩试验,研究了膨润土与砂混合物的水力和力学特性。吸湿过程中,初始状态相同的试样膨胀变形量与吸力变化的幅度和吸力路径有关;初始含水量及吸力路径相同的试样,初始孔隙比越小的试样膨胀量越大。压缩试验结果表明,回弹指数可假定为定值;屈服后压缩指数随吸力的增大而减小;初始屈服应力随吸力的增大而增大,这与BBM中的加载-湿陷屈服线趋势相似;初始含水量及吸力路径相同的试样,压缩指数随试样初始干密度的增大而减小,而初始屈服应力随初始干密度的增大而增大;压缩过程中含水量变化不大,饱和度的变化主要与试样体积变化有关;对具有相同初始状态但经历不同吸力路径的试样进行压缩试验,结果表明吸力路径对压缩变形特性有很大的影响,也证实了非饱和膨润土与砂混合物土水特征曲线的滞回特性。
5、在已有的非膨胀性非饱和土水力特性和力学性质耦合的弹塑性本构模型的基础上,从宏观的角度开发和建立了膨胀性非饱和土水力-力学特性耦合的弹塑性本构模型。本模型考虑了饱和度对应力应变关系的影响及变形对保水特性的影响,可统一预测膨胀性非饱和土的水力特性及应力应变关系。模型共计13个参数,均可通过宏观层次上吸力控制的试验确定。利用本模型对本论文中膨润土与砂混合物的吸湿试验及常吸力下的压缩试验结果进行了预测,还对詹良通和吴宏伟(2006)进行的吸力控制的非饱和膨胀土三轴试验结果进行了预测,预测结果表明本模型能够定量的统一的描述膨胀性非饱和土的水力特性和力学性质。
Many countries are planning to bury high-level radioactive nuclear wasters in sealed repositories located deeply in geology formations. Engineered barriers made up of highly compacted expansive clays are considered for isolating the nuclear wastes at great depth. Bentonite is used as buffer materials or backfill materials because of its low hydraulic conductivity, high swelling property and good self-sealing capacities, etc. Predictions of the compression behaviour and the swelling behaviour of bentonite and sand-bentonite mixtures due to water uptake are the important technical issues to be resolved both in theory and in engineering application for the deep nuclear wastes disposal system. It requires a constitutive model for predicting the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated expansive soil based on the further study to the coupled effect of deformation and water retention behaviour of bentonite and sand-bentonite mixtures.
In the thesis, on the basis of reading the related literatures, the experiemental study on the hydro-mechanical behaviour of unsaturated bentonite and sand-bentonite mixtures and its constitutive modelling are conducted, and the main conclusions are shown as follows:
1. The compression tests are completed on saturated bentonite and sand-bentonite mixtures with different preparations. The test results show that the compression curves show a bilinear shape, which is different from that of ordinary normally consolidated clays. The coefficient of lateral earth pressure of saturated bentonite at-rest is obtained by K0-oedometer; and the K0 value is greater than that of ordinary clays. The change in the lateral stress is obtained during the water uptake tests on compacted sand-bentonite mixtures which are transited from unsaturated to saturated states. The compression curves of compacted specimens saturated by the water uptake test and the vacuumized methods tend to be consistent in the relatively high stress range. Thus the vacuumized method for saturating the specimens can be adopted to save time for performing the water uptake test. The concept of skeleton void ratio is used to judge whether the sand skeleton is formed in sand-bentonite mixtures, and to obtain main factors affecting the compression behaviour of the mixtures.
2. The undrained compression tests are producted on unsaturated bentonite with lateral stress being measured under vertical loading. The deformation characteristics of unsaturated bentonite and the change in lateral stress during tests are obtained under K0-compression stress state. According to the test results, the swelling index trends to be constant independent on the initial state; and for specimens with equivalent initial water content the yield stress increases with increasing suction and the compression curves tend to be consistent in the relatively high stress range; and to specimens with equivalent initial dry density the compression indexes increase with increasing water content; moreover, the relationships between the ratio of total lateral stress to total vertical stress with the degree of saturation and total vertical stress are obtained.
3. The water retention behaviour of unsaturated bentonite and sand-bentonite mixutures are investigated. The filter paper method is adopted to measure the suction of Kunigel V1 Na-bentonite. According to the test results, the soil-water characteristic curves (SWCC) between degree of saturation and suction shift to the right with decreasing void ratio, and the drgree of saturation and void ratio present the good linear relation with almost the same gradient under different constant suctions. To measure the SWCC of the mixture in the wide range of suction, a pressure plate apparatus and the filter papers are used at lower and higher suctions respectively. The obtained SWCC shows that the results obtained from the two methods can be considered as consistent.
4. By using a suction-controllable oedometer for unsaturated soils, a series of wetting tests at constant net stresses and compression tests at different constant suctions are performed on compacted sand-bentonite mixtures to study the coupled hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated expansive soil. The wetting test results indicate that the swelling deformations have the relation with suction variation and suction paths to specimens at the initial state. Moreover the swelling deformation increases with decreasing the void ratio during wetting test for specimens with equivalent initial water content and the same suction path. The compression test results indicate that the swelling indexes trend to be constant; and the yield stress increases and compression index decreases with increasing the suction. The results also demonstrate that the mixture wetted to saturation and subsequently dried to the target suction has the lower yield stress than that wetted directly to the same suction.
5. The Barcelona Basic Model (BBM) by Alonso cannot predict the mechanic behaviour of unsaturated expansive soil, and the Barcelona Expansive Model (BExM) for unsaturated expansive soils is complicated and the micro parameters and the coupling function from micro-structural strain to macro-structural strain are difficult to be determined. In this thesis, an elastoplastic constitutive model is developed from the macro-view for predicting hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated expansive soils based on the existing hydro-mechanical elastoplastic model for unsaturated non-expansive soil. The model takes into consideration the coupled effect of the degree of saturation and the void ratio. The concept of Equivalent Void Ratio Curve (EVRC) is introduced in the model. The coupled model totally requires 13 parameters which can all be determined from element tests. The predictions are performed on the test results obtained by the previous compression tests and published in the literature by Zhan and Ng (2006), which include the swelling tests under constant net stresses, isotropic compression tests and triaxial shear tests under constant suctions. The comparisons between measured and predicted results indicate that the model can quantitatively predict the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated expansive soils.
引文
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