沉积盆地铀成矿规律研究
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摘要
铀是影响当今世界和平与发展的重要战略、能源资源。对于我国而言,核电已经成为国家能源结构调整的战略选择,这使得加快铀矿科学研究,寻找高品位、大储量、可地浸的砂岩型铀矿床成为我国铀矿地质工作的战略性任务。而位于狼山北缘的内蒙古中部查干德勒苏地区正是我国寻找该类型铀矿床的重要前景基地之一,其中测老庙盆地的铀矿勘查已经取得突破,进一步表明该区有较大的资源潜力。因此,加强该区域的铀成矿规律研究,有望获得进一步的突破,有着重要的理论和实践意义。
从沉积盆地砂岩型铀矿的成矿过程来看,铀矿床是铀物质以水为载体进行迁移、聚集的动力学过程的产物,在这里水不仅是铀物质迁移的载体,也是能量的传导者,水的作用贯穿成矿过程的始终,可以说砂岩型铀矿床的本质就是水-岩相互作用的结果。有关砂岩型铀矿的成因研究应该重视水的作用,甚至应该以水为主线进行研究。但是,从目前国内外砂岩型铀矿的研究现状来看,真正从水-岩作用的角度研究成矿规律的很少,从区域尺度上水动力演化的角度分析成矿动力过程的例子的就更是鲜有多见。鉴于此,本文就以古水动力演化为主线,尝试从古水文地质分析的角度来分析沉积盆地的铀成矿规律。
首先,本文全面分析了砂岩型铀矿的国内外研究现状和发展趋势,指出目前砂岩型铀矿成矿研究所存在的几点问题:①强调对控矿要素的单一研究,缺少系统思想的指导;②常常围绕“矿床”做文章,没有从成矿系统所要求的区域尺度来着眼;③“静态”评价,缺乏时空演化和动力学思想。在此认识的基础上从成矿系统演化论的角度提出了本文的研究思路:即以系统观为指导,以物质迁移的动力学为主线,从区域地质背景演化特别是构造动力演化、岩相古地理等方面的研究入手,恢复区域矿前期、成矿期、矿后期的古地形格局,运用融入了地下水流动系统理论的古水文地质分析方法,重建区域演化进程中各地质时期的古流场,着重从区域尺度上研究矿质的源-迁移-汇(成矿)-保存的动力学过程。具体的研究内容如下:
(一)对铀源问题进行了较为深入的理论分析,首先依据系统层级理论提出铀源研究存在矿床层次的源和区域层次的源,两者不可混为一谈。从成矿系统的角度来看,只有区域层次上的铀源才更具有研究意义,是我们的研究目标,指出以往的研究往往混淆了这两个不同层次,陷入“汇”区找源的逻辑性错误。本文即在此认识的基础之上,对区域性铀源进一步提出了分散源和集中源的认识,提炼了寻找陆相沉积盆地集中铀源的三个原则,通过综合多种手段对查干德勒苏地区区域铀物质的时空分布特征的地质演化动力过程的半定量研究,判定华力西中期和燕山期花岗岩为该地区砂岩型铀矿的主要铀源。
(二)依据地下水流动系统理论和砂岩型铀矿成矿理论,提出成矿期靠近铀源的第一个局部流动系统的前缘为区域铀物质聚集的“汇”区这一理论认识,通过对查干德勒苏地区古地形、古流场的重建分析,圈划出测老庙盆地、迈马乌苏盆地的冲洪积扇和扇三角洲地段应该为早白垩世铀物质的“汇”区,从前人的找矿实践来看,得到了充分的证实。
(三)从古水动力演化的角度对查干德勒苏地区早白垩世以来铀物质的源-迁移-汇(成矿)-保存的动力过程进行了分析,发现本区的外生成矿过程经历了早白垩世早期成矿-晚白垩世保存-第三纪以来的剥蚀破坏及“二次成矿”这样一个三阶段的动力过程。
(四)从动力学的角度对沉积盆地铀矿矿体的产出形态和空间分布进行了讨论。依据地下水流动系统理论,结合铀元素特殊的地球化学特性,从水动力的角度分析砂岩型铀矿中典型的“卷”状矿体的形成动力学机制,提出了新的形成模式。认为矿体的产出形态受成矿期的沉积环境和水动力过程共同控制,沉积环境的许多特征,如沉积物的渗透性、厚度、形态以及氧化还原物质的分布等都是影响矿体形态的重要因素,其中渗透性和有机质的空间分布是最重要的控制性因素。矿体以卷、板状或其他形态产出,取决于其形成的水动力过程和其形成后的改造历史。
(五)从查干德勒苏地区砂岩型铀矿成矿期的讨论出发,对外生成因的同生矿床和后生矿床进行了理论思考。指出以往把与氧化带相关的砂岩型铀矿床一概视为外生后成铀矿床的观点源于固体地质学判断岩石相对年龄的“切割关系律”的思维定势。进而从成矿系统的角度认为成矿作用具有继承性,同一矿床的形成往往具多阶段、多期次、多成因的特点,同生、后生是同一成矿系统两个相互联系的阶段,同生阶段也可能成为主要成矿期。在此认识的基础之上提出了深部找矿的思路,并对其前景和意义和具体方法进行了讨论。
(六)对气候与铀成矿关系进行了讨论。结合查干德勒苏地区早白垩世以来的区域环境演化和铀物质分布的时空特征,从铀物质迁移动力学的角度分析了气候与铀成矿的关系,发现早白垩世的湿润气候是本区成矿的最有利时期。从而指出把干旱气候作为水成铀矿先决条件的观点值得思考,从成矿系统的角度来看,成矿作用的发生是包括气候在内的多因子协同作用的结果,气候与铀成矿的关系还需进一步探索。
(七)提出了查干德勒苏地区的找矿方向和下一步工作建议。
Uranium is an important resource of strategy and energy which influences the peace and development in present world. Nuclear power has already been a strategic choice of national readjustment of the energy structure in china, so enhancing study of uranium metallogenesis and investigating large and rich in-situ teachable sandstone-type uranium deposits have become the strategic mission of nulcear geologists. Chagandelesu region which belong to inner Mongolia lieing in north side of Langshan mountain are one of most important prospective base of sandstone-type uranium deposits, several deposits have been discovered in the past years and indicated tremendous potential resource of the region. So, strengthening uranium metallogenesis research of this region have important realistic significance and practical value.
Analyzing the metallogenesis of sandstone-type uranium deposits, we know that uranium deposits are the outcome of dynamics process of groundwater flow. It is clear that water plays important role in processes of transportation and accumulation of uranium material, water not only are the carrier of uranium transportation but also transmitter of energy, even it can say the nature of the uranium deposits is the result of water-rock interaction. In this case, the research of the uranium metallogenesis should attach importance to effection of water. However, current domestic and international research status about sandstone-type uranium deposit show it far from been attentioned. So, this paper try to study the metallogenic regularities of uranium existed in sedimentary basin with the method of analysis of paleo-hydrogeology.
Firstly, the detailed description of history and current development status of sandstone-type uranium deposit worldwide were summarized and reviewed. Three main shortage which exist in the research on epigenetic uranium deposits at the present time were pointed out:①attaching importance to the single factor of geology,but shortage of guidance of system theory;②much research only focused on deposit, no regional scale which demand by the theory of metallogenic system;③"static"analysis, shortage of idea of dynamic analysis and evolution of space-time. Based on these viewpoints, a new idea which was enlightened by the theory of metallogenic system was brought forward: under the guidance of the theory of system, with the analysis of dynamics of transportation and accumulation of uranium material acting as main clue , starting the study from evolution of regional geology especially evolution of tectono-dynamic and sedimentary facies, and then reconstruct the regional paleo-topography of different geology period which was relative to evolution of metallogenic system, further can applying for the theory of paleo-hydrogeological analysis to reconstruct the flow system of surface water and ground water according to the regional paleo-topography. the evolution of flow system on regional scacle can help us to research the dynamics processes of metallogenic of uranium which generally consist by resource, transport, collection and change. Detailed contents as follow:
(1) The uranium source of sandstone-type uranium deposit in the region has been discussed in-depth. First of all, two different scale source has been put forward based on system-level theory, one is the source for single deposit, the other is the source for regional scale. the two can not be discussed together. Generally speaking, the latter has more significance to the our research. At the same time, Pointed out that the research of past often confused the two different levels and led to the problem of source can not solved convincingly. According to previous understanding, three principles has been brought forward to search for the source of sandstone-type uranium deposit, and then using several methods to investigate the evolution of regional geology and the dynamic process of transportation and accumulation of uranium material of the region, we determined the granite of Yanshannian cycle and Variscan cycle in the region are the main source of sandstone-type uranium deposits.
(2) Based on groundwater flow system theory and mineralization theory of sandstone-type uranium, we put forward that the front of the first local groundwater flow system which was near to the source of uranium in ancient mineralization times is the site of uranium collection. According to the viewpoint, we reconstructed the regional paleo-topography of different geology period, and then further analyzed the groundwater flow system of these different geology period which was relative to evolution of metallogenic system, at last, we determined the pluvial fan facies, delta facies of Celaomiao basin and Maimawusu basin are the potential prospective area. Actually, it have been fully confirmed by past prospecting practice.
(3) Analyzed the dynamic process of uranium mineralization which generally consist by resource, transport, collection and change according to the analysis of the flow system of surface water and ground water, we discovered the history of the uranium mineralization can be divided three phase : collected in early Cretaceous, protected in late Cretaceous and denuded and destroyed since the Tertiary
(4) the shape and spatial distribution of uranium deposit in sedimentary Basin were discussed. Based on the groundwater flow system theory and the geochemical characteristics of uranium, the forming dynamics mechanism of roll-type ore-body of sandstone-type uranium deposit is analyzed. And the new model is put forward. The author thinks the shape of ore-body is controlled by sedimentary environment and hydrodynamic process in the mineralization period. Some characteristic of sedimentary environment, such as the permeability, thickness and shape of sediment, as well as distribution of deoxidize material, are important factors affected ore body shape. And the permeability and spatial distribution of organic matter are the most important factors. Ore body outcroped in roll, tubular or other shape, which depends on hydrodynamic process in mineralization period and later transformation process.
(5) The the relation and differences between syngenetic deposit and epigenetic deposit were discussed. the author pointed out that the theory that the sandstone-type uranium deposits related to oxidation zone are all belong to epigenetic deposit need to be reflected again. Actually, the viewpoint is the result of the fixed pattern of thinking which rooted from the "law of cross-cutting relationships". Furthermore, on the ground the theory of metallogenic system, we think mineralization often is successive and the forming process of one single deposit had the characteristics of multi-stage, multi-phase and multi-causes, syngenetic deposit and epigenetic deposit have in the given region have important relation and often are belong to same metallogenic system, so the syngenetic period may be the main stage of mineralization. According to these understanding, the author put forward an idea of deep exploration for prospecting sandstone-type uranium deposit.
(6) The relationship between climate and uranium mineralization were discussed. With regional environmental evolution of Chagandelesu region since the Early Cretaceous and the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of uranium material, the relationship between climate and uranium mineralization were discussed according to the dynamics of the uranium migration with the groundwater flow. The author found that the Early Cretaceous humid climate is the most favorable period to mineralization in this region. Then the theory that the arid climate is the prerequisite for mineralization of sandstone-type uranium deposits is worthed to be reflected. Analyzed from the perspective of the metallogenic system, the occurrence of mineralization is the result of multi-factor synergies including climate. The relation of climate and uranium mineralization needs to be researched further.
(7)At last, the conclusions of the study were summarized and some suggestions for further prospecting of sandstone-type uranium deposits in Chagandelesu region were put forward.
从沉积盆地砂岩型铀矿的成矿过程来看,铀矿床是铀物质以水为载体进行迁移、聚集的动力学过程的产物,在这里水不仅是铀物质迁移的载体,也是能量的传导者,水的作用贯穿成矿过程的始终,可以说砂岩型铀矿床的本质就是水-岩相互作用的结果。有关砂岩型铀矿的成因研究应该重视水的作用,甚至应该以水为主线进行研究。但是,从目前国内外砂岩型铀矿的研究现状来看,真正从水-岩作用的角度研究成矿规律的很少,从区域尺度上水动力演化的角度分析成矿动力过程的例子的就更是鲜有多见。鉴于此,本文就以古水动力演化为主线,尝试从古水文地质分析的角度来分析沉积盆地的铀成矿规律。
首先,本文全面分析了砂岩型铀矿的国内外研究现状和发展趋势,指出目前砂岩型铀矿成矿研究所存在的几点问题:①强调对控矿要素的单一研究,缺少系统思想的指导;②常常围绕“矿床”做文章,没有从成矿系统所要求的区域尺度来着眼;③“静态”评价,缺乏时空演化和动力学思想。在此认识的基础上从成矿系统演化论的角度提出了本文的研究思路:即以系统观为指导,以物质迁移的动力学为主线,从区域地质背景演化特别是构造动力演化、岩相古地理等方面的研究入手,恢复区域矿前期、成矿期、矿后期的古地形格局,运用融入了地下水流动系统理论的古水文地质分析方法,重建区域演化进程中各地质时期的古流场,着重从区域尺度上研究矿质的源-迁移-汇(成矿)-保存的动力学过程。具体的研究内容如下:
(一)对铀源问题进行了较为深入的理论分析,首先依据系统层级理论提出铀源研究存在矿床层次的源和区域层次的源,两者不可混为一谈。从成矿系统的角度来看,只有区域层次上的铀源才更具有研究意义,是我们的研究目标,指出以往的研究往往混淆了这两个不同层次,陷入“汇”区找源的逻辑性错误。本文即在此认识的基础之上,对区域性铀源进一步提出了分散源和集中源的认识,提炼了寻找陆相沉积盆地集中铀源的三个原则,通过综合多种手段对查干德勒苏地区区域铀物质的时空分布特征的地质演化动力过程的半定量研究,判定华力西中期和燕山期花岗岩为该地区砂岩型铀矿的主要铀源。
(二)依据地下水流动系统理论和砂岩型铀矿成矿理论,提出成矿期靠近铀源的第一个局部流动系统的前缘为区域铀物质聚集的“汇”区这一理论认识,通过对查干德勒苏地区古地形、古流场的重建分析,圈划出测老庙盆地、迈马乌苏盆地的冲洪积扇和扇三角洲地段应该为早白垩世铀物质的“汇”区,从前人的找矿实践来看,得到了充分的证实。
(三)从古水动力演化的角度对查干德勒苏地区早白垩世以来铀物质的源-迁移-汇(成矿)-保存的动力过程进行了分析,发现本区的外生成矿过程经历了早白垩世早期成矿-晚白垩世保存-第三纪以来的剥蚀破坏及“二次成矿”这样一个三阶段的动力过程。
(四)从动力学的角度对沉积盆地铀矿矿体的产出形态和空间分布进行了讨论。依据地下水流动系统理论,结合铀元素特殊的地球化学特性,从水动力的角度分析砂岩型铀矿中典型的“卷”状矿体的形成动力学机制,提出了新的形成模式。认为矿体的产出形态受成矿期的沉积环境和水动力过程共同控制,沉积环境的许多特征,如沉积物的渗透性、厚度、形态以及氧化还原物质的分布等都是影响矿体形态的重要因素,其中渗透性和有机质的空间分布是最重要的控制性因素。矿体以卷、板状或其他形态产出,取决于其形成的水动力过程和其形成后的改造历史。
(五)从查干德勒苏地区砂岩型铀矿成矿期的讨论出发,对外生成因的同生矿床和后生矿床进行了理论思考。指出以往把与氧化带相关的砂岩型铀矿床一概视为外生后成铀矿床的观点源于固体地质学判断岩石相对年龄的“切割关系律”的思维定势。进而从成矿系统的角度认为成矿作用具有继承性,同一矿床的形成往往具多阶段、多期次、多成因的特点,同生、后生是同一成矿系统两个相互联系的阶段,同生阶段也可能成为主要成矿期。在此认识的基础之上提出了深部找矿的思路,并对其前景和意义和具体方法进行了讨论。
(六)对气候与铀成矿关系进行了讨论。结合查干德勒苏地区早白垩世以来的区域环境演化和铀物质分布的时空特征,从铀物质迁移动力学的角度分析了气候与铀成矿的关系,发现早白垩世的湿润气候是本区成矿的最有利时期。从而指出把干旱气候作为水成铀矿先决条件的观点值得思考,从成矿系统的角度来看,成矿作用的发生是包括气候在内的多因子协同作用的结果,气候与铀成矿的关系还需进一步探索。
(七)提出了查干德勒苏地区的找矿方向和下一步工作建议。
Uranium is an important resource of strategy and energy which influences the peace and development in present world. Nuclear power has already been a strategic choice of national readjustment of the energy structure in china, so enhancing study of uranium metallogenesis and investigating large and rich in-situ teachable sandstone-type uranium deposits have become the strategic mission of nulcear geologists. Chagandelesu region which belong to inner Mongolia lieing in north side of Langshan mountain are one of most important prospective base of sandstone-type uranium deposits, several deposits have been discovered in the past years and indicated tremendous potential resource of the region. So, strengthening uranium metallogenesis research of this region have important realistic significance and practical value.
Analyzing the metallogenesis of sandstone-type uranium deposits, we know that uranium deposits are the outcome of dynamics process of groundwater flow. It is clear that water plays important role in processes of transportation and accumulation of uranium material, water not only are the carrier of uranium transportation but also transmitter of energy, even it can say the nature of the uranium deposits is the result of water-rock interaction. In this case, the research of the uranium metallogenesis should attach importance to effection of water. However, current domestic and international research status about sandstone-type uranium deposit show it far from been attentioned. So, this paper try to study the metallogenic regularities of uranium existed in sedimentary basin with the method of analysis of paleo-hydrogeology.
Firstly, the detailed description of history and current development status of sandstone-type uranium deposit worldwide were summarized and reviewed. Three main shortage which exist in the research on epigenetic uranium deposits at the present time were pointed out:①attaching importance to the single factor of geology,but shortage of guidance of system theory;②much research only focused on deposit, no regional scale which demand by the theory of metallogenic system;③"static"analysis, shortage of idea of dynamic analysis and evolution of space-time. Based on these viewpoints, a new idea which was enlightened by the theory of metallogenic system was brought forward: under the guidance of the theory of system, with the analysis of dynamics of transportation and accumulation of uranium material acting as main clue , starting the study from evolution of regional geology especially evolution of tectono-dynamic and sedimentary facies, and then reconstruct the regional paleo-topography of different geology period which was relative to evolution of metallogenic system, further can applying for the theory of paleo-hydrogeological analysis to reconstruct the flow system of surface water and ground water according to the regional paleo-topography. the evolution of flow system on regional scacle can help us to research the dynamics processes of metallogenic of uranium which generally consist by resource, transport, collection and change. Detailed contents as follow:
(1) The uranium source of sandstone-type uranium deposit in the region has been discussed in-depth. First of all, two different scale source has been put forward based on system-level theory, one is the source for single deposit, the other is the source for regional scale. the two can not be discussed together. Generally speaking, the latter has more significance to the our research. At the same time, Pointed out that the research of past often confused the two different levels and led to the problem of source can not solved convincingly. According to previous understanding, three principles has been brought forward to search for the source of sandstone-type uranium deposit, and then using several methods to investigate the evolution of regional geology and the dynamic process of transportation and accumulation of uranium material of the region, we determined the granite of Yanshannian cycle and Variscan cycle in the region are the main source of sandstone-type uranium deposits.
(2) Based on groundwater flow system theory and mineralization theory of sandstone-type uranium, we put forward that the front of the first local groundwater flow system which was near to the source of uranium in ancient mineralization times is the site of uranium collection. According to the viewpoint, we reconstructed the regional paleo-topography of different geology period, and then further analyzed the groundwater flow system of these different geology period which was relative to evolution of metallogenic system, at last, we determined the pluvial fan facies, delta facies of Celaomiao basin and Maimawusu basin are the potential prospective area. Actually, it have been fully confirmed by past prospecting practice.
(3) Analyzed the dynamic process of uranium mineralization which generally consist by resource, transport, collection and change according to the analysis of the flow system of surface water and ground water, we discovered the history of the uranium mineralization can be divided three phase : collected in early Cretaceous, protected in late Cretaceous and denuded and destroyed since the Tertiary
(4) the shape and spatial distribution of uranium deposit in sedimentary Basin were discussed. Based on the groundwater flow system theory and the geochemical characteristics of uranium, the forming dynamics mechanism of roll-type ore-body of sandstone-type uranium deposit is analyzed. And the new model is put forward. The author thinks the shape of ore-body is controlled by sedimentary environment and hydrodynamic process in the mineralization period. Some characteristic of sedimentary environment, such as the permeability, thickness and shape of sediment, as well as distribution of deoxidize material, are important factors affected ore body shape. And the permeability and spatial distribution of organic matter are the most important factors. Ore body outcroped in roll, tubular or other shape, which depends on hydrodynamic process in mineralization period and later transformation process.
(5) The the relation and differences between syngenetic deposit and epigenetic deposit were discussed. the author pointed out that the theory that the sandstone-type uranium deposits related to oxidation zone are all belong to epigenetic deposit need to be reflected again. Actually, the viewpoint is the result of the fixed pattern of thinking which rooted from the "law of cross-cutting relationships". Furthermore, on the ground the theory of metallogenic system, we think mineralization often is successive and the forming process of one single deposit had the characteristics of multi-stage, multi-phase and multi-causes, syngenetic deposit and epigenetic deposit have in the given region have important relation and often are belong to same metallogenic system, so the syngenetic period may be the main stage of mineralization. According to these understanding, the author put forward an idea of deep exploration for prospecting sandstone-type uranium deposit.
(6) The relationship between climate and uranium mineralization were discussed. With regional environmental evolution of Chagandelesu region since the Early Cretaceous and the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of uranium material, the relationship between climate and uranium mineralization were discussed according to the dynamics of the uranium migration with the groundwater flow. The author found that the Early Cretaceous humid climate is the most favorable period to mineralization in this region. Then the theory that the arid climate is the prerequisite for mineralization of sandstone-type uranium deposits is worthed to be reflected. Analyzed from the perspective of the metallogenic system, the occurrence of mineralization is the result of multi-factor synergies including climate. The relation of climate and uranium mineralization needs to be researched further.
(7)At last, the conclusions of the study were summarized and some suggestions for further prospecting of sandstone-type uranium deposits in Chagandelesu region were put forward.
引文
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