应力及干湿循环作用下氯离子在混凝土中的渗透性研究
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摘要
目前世界范围内混凝土结构的耐久性问题日益凸显，受到各国科技人员和工业界的普遍重视。荷载和外界环境因素是影响混凝土结构耐久性的主要因素，研究应力及干湿循环条件下混凝土中氯离子的渗透性及其变化规律，并对处于该条件下混凝土结构的服役寿命进行预测，具有较高的实用价值。本文对这一课题进行了探索，研究内容和取得的成果如下：
评价并改进了混凝土中氯离子渗透性应力加载装置，设计了应力条件下氯离子渗透性测试方法，实现了应力条件下混凝土中氯离子渗透性的快速测定。应力加载装置创新地采用碟簧加载的方式实现了对混凝土施加应力，借助应力传感器实现了装置的应力适时调控与恒载。氯离子渗透性测试方法首次将应力加载装置与NEL法和电通量法进行有效的结合（即CPS-NEL法和CPS-ASTM C1202法）。该方法具有操作快捷、评定准确和实用的特点，是一种用于评价氯离子在混凝土内渗透性的新型方法。
系统分析了应力条件下氯离子在混凝土中的渗透行为。采用CPS-NEL法和CPS-ASTM C1202法，对氯离子在C30和C60混凝土中的渗透性进行了研究，分析了应力大小（应力比为0.1，0.3，0.5，0.7）和应力种类（拉应力和压应力）对渗透性的影响，得出了应力条件下混凝土中氯离子的渗透规律，获得了混凝土中氯离子渗透性变化的阈值应力比。
研究了应力和干湿循环耦合作用下的混凝土中氯离子渗透性变化规律，创新地建立和论证了考虑应力和干湿循环因素的氯离子渗透模型。通过对混凝土中氯离子浓度的测试，分析了应力和干湿循环对混凝土渗透性的影响，同时采用基于硝酸银显色法对应力和干湿循环耦合作用下的氯离子渗透规律进行了验证。在Fick第二定律的基础上建立了应力和干湿循环耦合作用下的氯离子渗透模型（SDWM模型），并对SDWM模型的计算值和混凝土内部氯离子浓度的实测值进行了验证，结果证实SDWM模型具有较高的可靠性。
依据超声波、SEM和MIP等测试设备，分析了混凝土中内部损伤对氯离子渗透性能的影响。利用超声波法声学参数变化曲线对应力作用下混凝土内部的损伤进行了分析；利用SEM法观察了拉应力和干湿循环耦合作用下的混凝土内部微观形貌变化；采用MIP法对拉应力和干湿循环耦合作用下混凝土的孔隙率和孔径分布进行了测试，对其变化规律进行了分析。超声波、SEM和MIP法测试结果解释了应力和干湿循环耦合作用下混凝土渗透性的变化规律。
基于在应力和干湿循环因素作用下建立的SDWM模型，对实体机构进行了寿命预测。采用“PERMIT”法对实体结构渗透性进行了测试，通过SDWM模型，计算出混凝土中与钢筋接触界面处在不同龄期时的氯离子浓度，根据钢筋腐蚀时的氯离子临界浓度值对实体结构的服役寿命进行了预测。
The durability of concrete structures is becoming increasingly prominent in theworld at present, which draws worldwide attention of scientific and technical workersas well as industrial community. External load and environmental factors are the mainfactors affecting the durability of concrete structures. The permeability of the concreteto chloride ion and the variation law under the condition of the coupling of stress andwetting-drying cycles, and the life prediction of the concrete structures under thiscondition are valuable for practical projects. This paper investigates this area deeply.The research contents and the main results are as follows:
The stress device were assessed and improved according to results of previousresearch, and it realizes the stress of concrete through the method of loading discspring, and realizes the timely regulate and control and dead load by virtue of stresssensor. It also combines the NEL method and the Electric Quantity method effectivelyand innovatively (namely CPS-NEL and CPS-ASTM C1202). It realizes themonitoring of chloride ion permeability on line under the condition of stress. Thismethod has the features of quick operation, accurate evaluation and practical. It is akind of new pattern method of permeability in the concrete used in the evaluation ofchloride ion.
The permeability characteristics of concrete to chloride ion under the conditionof stress were analyzed systematically. The methods of CPS-NEL and CPS-ASTMC1202were applied to the investigation of the permeability of the concrete of C30and C60to chloride ion. The influence of stress intensity (the stress ratio is0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7) and stress variety (tensile stress and pressure stress) on the permeability ofconcrete were studied. The transmission rule of chloride ion in the surface layer ofconcrete under the condition of stress and the stress threshold value of chloride ionpermeability were obtained.
The change law of permeability of concrete to chloride ion under the coupling ofstress and wetting-drying cycles of concrete was studied, and the chloride ironpermeability model considering stress and drying-wetting cycles was established andproved innovatively. The influence of stress and wetting-drying cycles on thepermeability of concrete was analyzed by determining the chloride ion concentrationin the concrete. In the meanwhile, the result of chloride iron content under the coupling of wetting-drying cycles and stress was measured by the method of silvernitrate coloration. The chloride ion permeability model (SDWM Model) was set upunder the coupling of stress and wetting-drying cycles based on Fick’s second law.The calculated value from chloride ion penetration model (SDWM Model) andmeasured chloride ion concentration were very close to each other, indicating that themodel has good reliability.
The influence of internal damage on permeability of concrete to chloride ion wasanalyzed by using modern test equipments including ultrasonic, SEM and MIP. Theinternal damage defect of concrete caused by stress was analyzed by the method ofultrasonic with the acoustic parameters changing curve. The internal micro structureof concrete under the coupling of the stress and wetting-drying cycles was observedby SEM. The porosity and pore structure distributions of concrete under the couplingof the stress and wetting-drying cycles were determined by MIP. The test results ofultrasonic, SEM and MIP explained the permeability changing law of concrete underthe coupling of stress and wetting-drying cycles.
Based on the SDWM Model of concrete under the coupling environment ofstress and wetting-drying cycles, the life of entity structure was predicted. The“PERMIT” device was adopted to conduct the test for the concrete structure entity.The chloride ion concentrations of the contact interface between concrete andreinforced bar were calculated at different ages based on the SDWM Model. The lifeof the entity structure was predicted according to the critical concentration of chlorideion corrosion of steel.
评价并改进了混凝土中氯离子渗透性应力加载装置，设计了应力条件下氯离子渗透性测试方法，实现了应力条件下混凝土中氯离子渗透性的快速测定。应力加载装置创新地采用碟簧加载的方式实现了对混凝土施加应力，借助应力传感器实现了装置的应力适时调控与恒载。氯离子渗透性测试方法首次将应力加载装置与NEL法和电通量法进行有效的结合（即CPS-NEL法和CPS-ASTM C1202法）。该方法具有操作快捷、评定准确和实用的特点，是一种用于评价氯离子在混凝土内渗透性的新型方法。
系统分析了应力条件下氯离子在混凝土中的渗透行为。采用CPS-NEL法和CPS-ASTM C1202法，对氯离子在C30和C60混凝土中的渗透性进行了研究，分析了应力大小（应力比为0.1，0.3，0.5，0.7）和应力种类（拉应力和压应力）对渗透性的影响，得出了应力条件下混凝土中氯离子的渗透规律，获得了混凝土中氯离子渗透性变化的阈值应力比。
研究了应力和干湿循环耦合作用下的混凝土中氯离子渗透性变化规律，创新地建立和论证了考虑应力和干湿循环因素的氯离子渗透模型。通过对混凝土中氯离子浓度的测试，分析了应力和干湿循环对混凝土渗透性的影响，同时采用基于硝酸银显色法对应力和干湿循环耦合作用下的氯离子渗透规律进行了验证。在Fick第二定律的基础上建立了应力和干湿循环耦合作用下的氯离子渗透模型（SDWM模型），并对SDWM模型的计算值和混凝土内部氯离子浓度的实测值进行了验证，结果证实SDWM模型具有较高的可靠性。
依据超声波、SEM和MIP等测试设备，分析了混凝土中内部损伤对氯离子渗透性能的影响。利用超声波法声学参数变化曲线对应力作用下混凝土内部的损伤进行了分析；利用SEM法观察了拉应力和干湿循环耦合作用下的混凝土内部微观形貌变化；采用MIP法对拉应力和干湿循环耦合作用下混凝土的孔隙率和孔径分布进行了测试，对其变化规律进行了分析。超声波、SEM和MIP法测试结果解释了应力和干湿循环耦合作用下混凝土渗透性的变化规律。
基于在应力和干湿循环因素作用下建立的SDWM模型，对实体机构进行了寿命预测。采用“PERMIT”法对实体结构渗透性进行了测试，通过SDWM模型，计算出混凝土中与钢筋接触界面处在不同龄期时的氯离子浓度，根据钢筋腐蚀时的氯离子临界浓度值对实体结构的服役寿命进行了预测。
The durability of concrete structures is becoming increasingly prominent in theworld at present, which draws worldwide attention of scientific and technical workersas well as industrial community. External load and environmental factors are the mainfactors affecting the durability of concrete structures. The permeability of the concreteto chloride ion and the variation law under the condition of the coupling of stress andwetting-drying cycles, and the life prediction of the concrete structures under thiscondition are valuable for practical projects. This paper investigates this area deeply.The research contents and the main results are as follows:
The stress device were assessed and improved according to results of previousresearch, and it realizes the stress of concrete through the method of loading discspring, and realizes the timely regulate and control and dead load by virtue of stresssensor. It also combines the NEL method and the Electric Quantity method effectivelyand innovatively (namely CPS-NEL and CPS-ASTM C1202). It realizes themonitoring of chloride ion permeability on line under the condition of stress. Thismethod has the features of quick operation, accurate evaluation and practical. It is akind of new pattern method of permeability in the concrete used in the evaluation ofchloride ion.
The permeability characteristics of concrete to chloride ion under the conditionof stress were analyzed systematically. The methods of CPS-NEL and CPS-ASTMC1202were applied to the investigation of the permeability of the concrete of C30and C60to chloride ion. The influence of stress intensity (the stress ratio is0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7) and stress variety (tensile stress and pressure stress) on the permeability ofconcrete were studied. The transmission rule of chloride ion in the surface layer ofconcrete under the condition of stress and the stress threshold value of chloride ionpermeability were obtained.
The change law of permeability of concrete to chloride ion under the coupling ofstress and wetting-drying cycles of concrete was studied, and the chloride ironpermeability model considering stress and drying-wetting cycles was established andproved innovatively. The influence of stress and wetting-drying cycles on thepermeability of concrete was analyzed by determining the chloride ion concentrationin the concrete. In the meanwhile, the result of chloride iron content under the coupling of wetting-drying cycles and stress was measured by the method of silvernitrate coloration. The chloride ion permeability model (SDWM Model) was set upunder the coupling of stress and wetting-drying cycles based on Fick’s second law.The calculated value from chloride ion penetration model (SDWM Model) andmeasured chloride ion concentration were very close to each other, indicating that themodel has good reliability.
The influence of internal damage on permeability of concrete to chloride ion wasanalyzed by using modern test equipments including ultrasonic, SEM and MIP. Theinternal damage defect of concrete caused by stress was analyzed by the method ofultrasonic with the acoustic parameters changing curve. The internal micro structureof concrete under the coupling of the stress and wetting-drying cycles was observedby SEM. The porosity and pore structure distributions of concrete under the couplingof the stress and wetting-drying cycles were determined by MIP. The test results ofultrasonic, SEM and MIP explained the permeability changing law of concrete underthe coupling of stress and wetting-drying cycles.
Based on the SDWM Model of concrete under the coupling environment ofstress and wetting-drying cycles, the life of entity structure was predicted. The“PERMIT” device was adopted to conduct the test for the concrete structure entity.The chloride ion concentrations of the contact interface between concrete andreinforced bar were calculated at different ages based on the SDWM Model. The lifeof the entity structure was predicted according to the critical concentration of chlorideion corrosion of steel.
引文
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