混凝土结构耐久性环境区划与耐久性设计方法
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摘要
本文以混凝土结构耐久性设计区划为研究对象,是混凝土结构耐久性环境区划标准(Durability Environmental Zonation Standard, DEZS)研究的承接和深化。围绕混凝土结构耐久性设计区划研究方法的建立和具体实施,研究服役环境对结构的作用效应和结构对环境作用效应的抵抗能力,基于环境对结构作用效应的量化结果进行自然服役环境的作用等级区划,并建立相应环境分区的耐久性设计方法与设计规定。具体包括以下几点：
1.针对混凝土结构耐久性设计的要求,给出混凝土结构耐久性设计区划研究的内涵,提出混凝土结构耐久性设计区划研究的总体规定、原则体系和框架体系。讨论混凝土结构耐久性设计的多维空间属性,给出考虑区域环境差异、局部环境差异、结构与材料个性差异和使用年限差异的耐久性环境作用等级区划方法以及基于区划的耐久性设计方法体系。
2.分析和确定混凝土结构耐久性劣化的主要机理及不同机理的环境影响因素和对应的量化指标,有针对性的获取基础数据资料和混凝土结构耐久性观察与检测数据,研究与耐久性有关的统计值及区域分布值,作为区划研究的数据基础。
3.确定一般大气环境研究的基准环境与标准试件；结合环境温度、湿度和混凝土强度对混凝土碳化深度影响的标准化试验研究,建立适合于区划的碳化深度计算模型及相应耐久性寿命预测的概率方法。以环境作用系数为分区指标,一般大气环境基准环境作用等级区划方法,对局部环境给出了概念性的等级调整方法,建立一般大气环境的环境区划体系；基于环境区划结果,建立包含标准试件分区设计规定、考虑不同强度等级的材料修正系数和不同设计年限的时间修正系数的分区耐久性设计体系。
4.确定海洋竖向环境与近海大气环境的基准环境和标准试件；从工程意义上提出混凝土名义表面氯离子浓度的概念,建立其与混凝土表层实测氯离子含量的统计关系；建立海洋竖向环境中名义表面氯离子浓度和龄期系数随高程变化的关系式,以及近海环境下的混凝土表层氯离子含量随离海岸距离的关系式；基于采用类似NT Build443试验方法的试验研究成果,建立考虑溶液氯离子含量和温度修正的的混凝土氯离子表观扩散系数计算公式,并基于Fick第二定律建立基于可靠度的海洋氯离子环境下混凝土结构耐久性概率预测方法。以海水浸润时间比为指标,完成对海洋竖向环境的环境区划；界定近海大气环境的影响范围为550m,以离海岸距离为指标,完成近海大气环境的环境区划；建立包括基准环境下标准试件的分区设计规定、考虑不同水胶比的材料修正系数、不同设计年限的时间修正系数和不同环境条件的温度修正系数与氯离子含量修正系数的分区耐久性设计体系。
5.确定冻融环境下的基准环境和标准试件；以年均负温天数为指标建立了现场冻融循环次数的统计方法,并进一步给出了计算现场冻融循环次数的实用公式；以环境的平均降温速率为指标,基于静水压理论,针对饱水状态下的混凝土得到了不同冻融环境下混凝土损伤之间的比例关系,给出了等效室内冻融循环次数的计算方法,并给出利用室内等效冻融循环次数对混凝土抗冻耐久寿命进行预测的方法。以室内等效冻融循环次数为分区指标,建立冻融环境环境作用等级区划方法和以饱含水时间比例系数进行区划等级调整的方法；给出相应的分区耐久性设计规定。等效室内冻融循环次数是考虑了冰冻降温速率、饱水时间比例和冰冻时长等因素的量化指标,可以直接标识各地环境的严酷程度,又与混凝土的抗冻等级直接联系,可直接建立环境分区与分区耐久性设计的联系,直观的指导混凝土的抗冻耐久性设计。
6.依托数据点分布较为密集的浙江省环境基础数据,基于提出的混凝土结构耐久性设计区划研究体系,完成浙江省一般大气环境、海洋氯离子环境和冻融环境的环境区划与分区设计规定,开发混凝土结构耐久性设计区划地理信息查询系统。浙江省耐久性设计区划的实施,一方面可以作为一个完整的实施案例,细化指导浙江省混凝土结构耐久性设计,另一方面可以作为数据分布较为稀疏的全国环境区划结果的校核。
7.基于建立的环境耐久性环境区划体系和分区耐久性设计体系,选取不同的典型工程实例进行对应环境下混凝土结构的耐久性设计,说明所建混凝土结构耐久性设计区划方法体系的可行性。
Research in this paper is the deepening and development of the methodology of Durability Environmental Zonation Standard (DEZS). Focusing on the interaction between the external environments and the structures, the area of natural environments related to the durability of concrete structures are divided into different parts according to the degree of external environments' effects on the structures, and the corresponding durability design regulations and design methods are presented and established. Research work in this paper could be introduced as:
1. Based on the requirements of durability design of concrete structures, basic connotation of research on environmental zonation based durability design of concrete structure is given, and also systems of the general provisions, principles and framework are put forward. With the discussion of multi-dimensional spatial attribute of durability design, the method system of environmental zonation and durability design for zones obtained is presented. Differences in regional environment, in local environment, in structure/component, in material composition, and in expected life time are taken into consideration in the method system.
2. The durability of concrete structures is closely related to its exposure environments. Effect of various environmental factors and the corresponding quantitative index on the deterioration mechanism for different durable problems is analyzed and determined. Also, their statistical values and regional characteristic distribution are achieved by analyzing the historical climatological data and data obtained from observations or durability tests of concrete structure. These works lay a foundation of the environmental durability zonation.
3. The reference environment and standard specimen are fixed for general atmospheric environment. The carbonation depth prediction model is established correspondingly based on the experimental study of the influence of temperature, humidity and concrete strength on carbonation depth in concrete. Then, the limit state and the target reliability index under carbonation are determined, and the probabilistic method is applied for the prediction of concrete structural durability. Taking the environmental action coefficient as the zoning index, the environmental zonation method system of general atmospheric environment is established with zonation map of the reference environment and zonation level adjustment according to local environment. Based on the results of environmental zonation, the corresponding durability design method for each zone level is given, which contains the design regulations of specimen in each zone, correction coefficient for different strength and correction coefficient for different age.
4. The reference environment condition and standard specimen are determined respectively for marine vertical environment and offshore atmospheric environment. Concept of the nominal surface chloride concentration is proposed based on the engineering practice, and its statistical relation with the measured chloride content of concrete surface is given. Relations between the nominal surface chloride concentration and altitude, between the age coefficient and altitude, between the surface chloride concentration and distance from sea are given based on tested data. Introducing into the influence of environmental temperature and chloride content, formula for calculating the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient is established by considering only data from "bulk diffusion tests"(similar to the procedure outlined in the Scandinavian standard test NT Build443) are used in the analysis. Then, the probabilistic method is applied for the prediction of durability of concrete structures based on Fick's second law. Taking the ratio of wetting time as the zoning index of marine vertical environment and distance from sea as the zoning index of offshore atmospheric environment, the environmental zonation method system is established for marine chloride environment. Based on the results of environmental zonation, the corresponding durability design method for each zone level is given, which contains the design regulations of specimen in each zone, correction coefficient for different water binder ration, correction coefficient for different age, correction coefficient for different temperature, and correction coefficient for different chloride content.
5. The reference environment condition and standard specimen are determined for freezing-thawing environment. A statistical method is put forward to get the on-site freeze-thaw cycles by using the average annual number of negative-temperature days as an index. In addition, a practical formula is obtained accordingly to predict the natural freeze-thaw cycles. Then, according to the average freezing rate in the freezing and thawing, the proportion of concrete damage between different freeze-thaw environments is obtained based on the hydrostatic pressure theory, and a method for predicting the equivalent laboratory freeze-thaw cycles from on-site freeze-thaw cycles is given. Furthermore, the durable life of concrete in natural frost environments can be predicted easily by the equivalent cycle number. Taking the equivalent laboratory freeze-thaw cycles as the zoning index of freezing-thawing environment, the environmental zonation method system of frost environment is established with zonation map of the reference environment and zonation level adjustment considering time of concrete in saturated condition. Based on the results of environmental zonation, the corresponding durability design method for each zone level is given. The equivalent laboratory freeze-thaw cycles considering the influence of the average freezing rate, the lowest freezing temperature and the proportional coefficient of water saturation time for concrete during the freezing and thawing, can be used easily in the prediction and assessment of the structural durability in natural frost environments.
6. Zhejiang province, with more intensive distribution of environmental data obtained, is taken as a complete implementation of the method system of environmental zonation and durability design for concrete structures in each zone proposed in this paper. With achievements for the general atmospheric environment, the marine chloride environment and the freezing-thawing environment of Zhejiang province, a geography information query system for durability design zonation of concrete structures is developed. The implementation of Zhejiang province, on the one hand, can be a refining guidance for durability design of concrete structure in Zhejiang province; on the other hand, can be taken as sample for checking the results of the national environmental zonation with a relatively sparse data distribution.
7. Based on the methodology of environmental zonation and durability design for zones established, durability design of concrete structures in differenent environments has been achieved for the chosen typical projects. The results of the design aplications show that the established methodology of durability design for concrete structures is reasonable.
1.针对混凝土结构耐久性设计的要求,给出混凝土结构耐久性设计区划研究的内涵,提出混凝土结构耐久性设计区划研究的总体规定、原则体系和框架体系。讨论混凝土结构耐久性设计的多维空间属性,给出考虑区域环境差异、局部环境差异、结构与材料个性差异和使用年限差异的耐久性环境作用等级区划方法以及基于区划的耐久性设计方法体系。
2.分析和确定混凝土结构耐久性劣化的主要机理及不同机理的环境影响因素和对应的量化指标,有针对性的获取基础数据资料和混凝土结构耐久性观察与检测数据,研究与耐久性有关的统计值及区域分布值,作为区划研究的数据基础。
3.确定一般大气环境研究的基准环境与标准试件；结合环境温度、湿度和混凝土强度对混凝土碳化深度影响的标准化试验研究,建立适合于区划的碳化深度计算模型及相应耐久性寿命预测的概率方法。以环境作用系数为分区指标,一般大气环境基准环境作用等级区划方法,对局部环境给出了概念性的等级调整方法,建立一般大气环境的环境区划体系；基于环境区划结果,建立包含标准试件分区设计规定、考虑不同强度等级的材料修正系数和不同设计年限的时间修正系数的分区耐久性设计体系。
4.确定海洋竖向环境与近海大气环境的基准环境和标准试件；从工程意义上提出混凝土名义表面氯离子浓度的概念,建立其与混凝土表层实测氯离子含量的统计关系；建立海洋竖向环境中名义表面氯离子浓度和龄期系数随高程变化的关系式,以及近海环境下的混凝土表层氯离子含量随离海岸距离的关系式；基于采用类似NT Build443试验方法的试验研究成果,建立考虑溶液氯离子含量和温度修正的的混凝土氯离子表观扩散系数计算公式,并基于Fick第二定律建立基于可靠度的海洋氯离子环境下混凝土结构耐久性概率预测方法。以海水浸润时间比为指标,完成对海洋竖向环境的环境区划；界定近海大气环境的影响范围为550m,以离海岸距离为指标,完成近海大气环境的环境区划；建立包括基准环境下标准试件的分区设计规定、考虑不同水胶比的材料修正系数、不同设计年限的时间修正系数和不同环境条件的温度修正系数与氯离子含量修正系数的分区耐久性设计体系。
5.确定冻融环境下的基准环境和标准试件；以年均负温天数为指标建立了现场冻融循环次数的统计方法,并进一步给出了计算现场冻融循环次数的实用公式；以环境的平均降温速率为指标,基于静水压理论,针对饱水状态下的混凝土得到了不同冻融环境下混凝土损伤之间的比例关系,给出了等效室内冻融循环次数的计算方法,并给出利用室内等效冻融循环次数对混凝土抗冻耐久寿命进行预测的方法。以室内等效冻融循环次数为分区指标,建立冻融环境环境作用等级区划方法和以饱含水时间比例系数进行区划等级调整的方法；给出相应的分区耐久性设计规定。等效室内冻融循环次数是考虑了冰冻降温速率、饱水时间比例和冰冻时长等因素的量化指标,可以直接标识各地环境的严酷程度,又与混凝土的抗冻等级直接联系,可直接建立环境分区与分区耐久性设计的联系,直观的指导混凝土的抗冻耐久性设计。
6.依托数据点分布较为密集的浙江省环境基础数据,基于提出的混凝土结构耐久性设计区划研究体系,完成浙江省一般大气环境、海洋氯离子环境和冻融环境的环境区划与分区设计规定,开发混凝土结构耐久性设计区划地理信息查询系统。浙江省耐久性设计区划的实施,一方面可以作为一个完整的实施案例,细化指导浙江省混凝土结构耐久性设计,另一方面可以作为数据分布较为稀疏的全国环境区划结果的校核。
7.基于建立的环境耐久性环境区划体系和分区耐久性设计体系,选取不同的典型工程实例进行对应环境下混凝土结构的耐久性设计,说明所建混凝土结构耐久性设计区划方法体系的可行性。
Research in this paper is the deepening and development of the methodology of Durability Environmental Zonation Standard (DEZS). Focusing on the interaction between the external environments and the structures, the area of natural environments related to the durability of concrete structures are divided into different parts according to the degree of external environments' effects on the structures, and the corresponding durability design regulations and design methods are presented and established. Research work in this paper could be introduced as:
1. Based on the requirements of durability design of concrete structures, basic connotation of research on environmental zonation based durability design of concrete structure is given, and also systems of the general provisions, principles and framework are put forward. With the discussion of multi-dimensional spatial attribute of durability design, the method system of environmental zonation and durability design for zones obtained is presented. Differences in regional environment, in local environment, in structure/component, in material composition, and in expected life time are taken into consideration in the method system.
2. The durability of concrete structures is closely related to its exposure environments. Effect of various environmental factors and the corresponding quantitative index on the deterioration mechanism for different durable problems is analyzed and determined. Also, their statistical values and regional characteristic distribution are achieved by analyzing the historical climatological data and data obtained from observations or durability tests of concrete structure. These works lay a foundation of the environmental durability zonation.
3. The reference environment and standard specimen are fixed for general atmospheric environment. The carbonation depth prediction model is established correspondingly based on the experimental study of the influence of temperature, humidity and concrete strength on carbonation depth in concrete. Then, the limit state and the target reliability index under carbonation are determined, and the probabilistic method is applied for the prediction of concrete structural durability. Taking the environmental action coefficient as the zoning index, the environmental zonation method system of general atmospheric environment is established with zonation map of the reference environment and zonation level adjustment according to local environment. Based on the results of environmental zonation, the corresponding durability design method for each zone level is given, which contains the design regulations of specimen in each zone, correction coefficient for different strength and correction coefficient for different age.
4. The reference environment condition and standard specimen are determined respectively for marine vertical environment and offshore atmospheric environment. Concept of the nominal surface chloride concentration is proposed based on the engineering practice, and its statistical relation with the measured chloride content of concrete surface is given. Relations between the nominal surface chloride concentration and altitude, between the age coefficient and altitude, between the surface chloride concentration and distance from sea are given based on tested data. Introducing into the influence of environmental temperature and chloride content, formula for calculating the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient is established by considering only data from "bulk diffusion tests"(similar to the procedure outlined in the Scandinavian standard test NT Build443) are used in the analysis. Then, the probabilistic method is applied for the prediction of durability of concrete structures based on Fick's second law. Taking the ratio of wetting time as the zoning index of marine vertical environment and distance from sea as the zoning index of offshore atmospheric environment, the environmental zonation method system is established for marine chloride environment. Based on the results of environmental zonation, the corresponding durability design method for each zone level is given, which contains the design regulations of specimen in each zone, correction coefficient for different water binder ration, correction coefficient for different age, correction coefficient for different temperature, and correction coefficient for different chloride content.
5. The reference environment condition and standard specimen are determined for freezing-thawing environment. A statistical method is put forward to get the on-site freeze-thaw cycles by using the average annual number of negative-temperature days as an index. In addition, a practical formula is obtained accordingly to predict the natural freeze-thaw cycles. Then, according to the average freezing rate in the freezing and thawing, the proportion of concrete damage between different freeze-thaw environments is obtained based on the hydrostatic pressure theory, and a method for predicting the equivalent laboratory freeze-thaw cycles from on-site freeze-thaw cycles is given. Furthermore, the durable life of concrete in natural frost environments can be predicted easily by the equivalent cycle number. Taking the equivalent laboratory freeze-thaw cycles as the zoning index of freezing-thawing environment, the environmental zonation method system of frost environment is established with zonation map of the reference environment and zonation level adjustment considering time of concrete in saturated condition. Based on the results of environmental zonation, the corresponding durability design method for each zone level is given. The equivalent laboratory freeze-thaw cycles considering the influence of the average freezing rate, the lowest freezing temperature and the proportional coefficient of water saturation time for concrete during the freezing and thawing, can be used easily in the prediction and assessment of the structural durability in natural frost environments.
6. Zhejiang province, with more intensive distribution of environmental data obtained, is taken as a complete implementation of the method system of environmental zonation and durability design for concrete structures in each zone proposed in this paper. With achievements for the general atmospheric environment, the marine chloride environment and the freezing-thawing environment of Zhejiang province, a geography information query system for durability design zonation of concrete structures is developed. The implementation of Zhejiang province, on the one hand, can be a refining guidance for durability design of concrete structure in Zhejiang province; on the other hand, can be taken as sample for checking the results of the national environmental zonation with a relatively sparse data distribution.
7. Based on the methodology of environmental zonation and durability design for zones established, durability design of concrete structures in differenent environments has been achieved for the chosen typical projects. The results of the design aplications show that the established methodology of durability design for concrete structures is reasonable.
引文
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