大跨度PC斜拉桥评价关键技术研究
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摘要
目前,国内外大跨度PC斜拉桥的评价工作存在诸多问题,本文针对这一研究现状对大跨度PC斜拉桥评价的关键技术进行了深入研究,主要完成了以下五个方面的工作:
(1)首次提出了荷载效率系数的优化(降低)问题,并以降低荷载效率系数为目的设计了实际工程的荷载试验工况,通过回归分析方法得出了结构反应(应力、应变、索力等)与荷载效率系数的一元线性回归方程;并对所得到的线性回归方程做了显著性检验,通过检验后的回归方程预测了设计荷载作用下的结构反应值;最后以实际工程中一座大跨度PC斜拉桥荷载效率系数的降低优化为例,验证了该方法在实际工程中的有效性与准确性。研究结果表明:分析计算得出的一元线性回归方程高度显著,可以作为有效的预测方程;总的来说,随着荷载效率系数的提高,预测误差有随之减小的趋势。应当降低大跨度桥梁的荷载效率系数,大跨度PC斜拉桥荷载效率系数可以降低至0.6。
(2)针对目前斜拉桥荷载试验中存在的不规范、不统一现象,分析了斜拉桥各构件的受力特点,从而明确了大跨度斜拉桥荷载试验的基本测试工况、测试项目及辅助测试工况。在研究荷载效率系数降低优化的基础上,提出了荷载试验工况的优化合并问题;最后以实际工程中的PC斜拉桥荷载试验工况的优化合并为例,验证了合并荷载试验工况的可靠性和实用性。一般的,主梁最大挠度工况和主梁最大正弯矩工况可以合并为一个工况;主塔最大偏位工况和主塔最大弯矩工况可以合并为一个工况。
(3)首次提出了分构件对校验系数的取值范围进行研究。采用工程数学的统计方法,利用统计软件Minitab对各构件的校验系数样本进行分析计算,最后确定了斜拉桥结构的主梁构件、拉索构件及主塔构件各自校验系数的取值范围。研究结果表明:斜拉桥结构的承载力评价按主梁构件、拉索构件及主塔构件三部分构件的校验系数来进行。斜拉桥主梁构件的应变校验系数在0.60～1.00是合理取值范围,挠度校验系数在0.72～1.00是合理取值范围;拉索构件的索力校验系数在0.76～1.00是合理取值范围;主塔构件的应变校验系数在0.18～1.00是合理取值范围,偏位校验系数在0.47～1.00是合理取值范围。
(4)运用模糊理论,建立了PC斜拉桥安全性模糊综合评价模型,并采用模糊综合评价方法完成了实际桥梁的整体安全性评价。评价结果表明:德州新河大桥的整体安全性评价为一类。拉索安全性为一类;索塔安全性为一类;主梁安全性为二类;基础安全性为一类。其各构件的安全性评价等级与根据各构件校验系数范围确定的评价等级相互进行了验证,其桥梁总体安全性评价结果与采用JTG H11-2004《公路桥涵养护规范》的评定方法得到的结果一致。
(5)根据层次分析法的思想,建立了完整的PC斜拉桥耐久性评价模型,并引入模糊理论与神经网络技术,提出了基于模糊神经网络的PC斜拉桥耐久性评价模型。最后以拉索模块的耐久性评价为例,验证了本章建立的模糊神经网络的准确性。研究结果表明:大跨度PC斜拉桥的耐久性评价模型可以采用层次分析法建立,第一层评价指标为主梁的耐久性、拉索的耐久性、主塔的耐久性、基础的耐久性、附属设施的耐久性五项;采用动态BP算法训练网络时,网络的收敛速度优于常用BP算法;训练好的模糊神经网络很好地获得并储存了评价专家的知识、经验和判断,可将网络应用于斜拉索模块的耐久性评价。
At present, many problems exist on the evaluation of long-span PC(prestressed concrete) cable-stayed bridges. In order to solve these problems, key technologies for evaluation of long-span PC cable-stayed bridges are studied in depth in this thesis. The main content of the research includes five aspects as follows:
(1) Load efficiency coefficient decreasing optimization is discussed at the first time. For reducing load efficiency coefficient, the load test conditions of a practical example are designed. The linear regression equations of structural response (stress, strain and cable forces, etc.) and load efficiency coefficient are obtained by regression analysis, and test of significance of the equations is finished. Using the linear regression equations, the structural response can be predicted. Finally, the decreasing optimization of load efficiency coefficient of a long-span PC bridge is presented, and the effectiveness and accuracy of this method are verified. The research results show that the linear regression equations are highly significant and can predict structural response accurately. Generally, the prediction error is decreasing with the increasing of load efficiency. In addition, the load efficiency of long-span PC bridge should be decreased. Furthermore, the load efficiency of long-span PC cable-stayed bridge can be reduced to 0.6.
(2) According to the existing problems of load test of cable-stayed bridge, the loading characteristics of different components of cable-stayed bridge are studied. Then, the basic test conditions, test items and secondary test conditions of long-span cable-stayed bridge are determined. Based on the load efficiency coefficient decreasing optimization, the problem of mergence of load test conditions is proposed. Finally, the mergence of load conditions of a practical PC cable-stayed bridge is presented, and the effectiveness and practicability of load test condition mergence are verified. Generally, the condition of maximum deflection of main beam can merge with maximum positive moment condition of main beam; and maximum horizontal displacement condition of tower can merge with maximum positive moment condition of tower.
(3) The ranges of verification coefficient aiming at different components are proposed in the first time. Using statistics method of engineering mathematics, the samples of different components’verification coefficients are analyzed with statistics software named Minitab. The range of verification coefficient of main beam, cable and tower are determined. The research results show that the bearing capacity of cable-stayed bridge can be evaluated based on the verification coefficients of main beam, cable and tower; the reasonable range of verification coefficient of main beam strain is 0.60~1.00, the range of main beam deflection is 0.72~1.00; the range of cables is 0.73~1.00; the range of tower stain is 0.18~1.00, the range of tower horizontal displacement is 0.47~1.00.
(4) Based on fuzzy theory, a fuzzy safety evaluation model of PC cable-stayed bridge is established, and the safety evaluation of a practical bridge is completed using fuzzy evaluation theory. The results show that the whole safety level of Dezhou bridge is in the first class; cable safety level is in the first class; tower safety level is in the first class; main beam safety level is in the second class; foundation safety level is in the first class. The obtained classes of the structural components are verified with the classes ranged by verification coefficient, and the whole safety evaluation class of the bridge is consistent with the class calculated by JTG H11-2004《Code for Maintenance of Highway Bridges and Culverts》.
(5) According to the theory of analytic hierarchy process, a complete durability evaluation model of PC cable-stayed bridge is established. Then, combined with fuzzy theory and neural network theory, a durability evaluation model based on fuzzy neural network is proposed. Finally, taking the cable module as an example, the validity of the model based on fuzzy neural network is verified. The research results show that: the durability evaluation model of long-span PC cable-stayed can be established using analytic hierarchy process method, and the first level evaluating indexes include the durability of main beams, cable, tower, foundation and accessory facilities. Dynamic BP algorithm is prior to common BP algorithm in network’s training speed. The trained fuzzy-neural network can store the experts’knowledge and experiences, and can be used in durability evaluation of cable module.
(1)首次提出了荷载效率系数的优化(降低)问题,并以降低荷载效率系数为目的设计了实际工程的荷载试验工况,通过回归分析方法得出了结构反应(应力、应变、索力等)与荷载效率系数的一元线性回归方程;并对所得到的线性回归方程做了显著性检验,通过检验后的回归方程预测了设计荷载作用下的结构反应值;最后以实际工程中一座大跨度PC斜拉桥荷载效率系数的降低优化为例,验证了该方法在实际工程中的有效性与准确性。研究结果表明:分析计算得出的一元线性回归方程高度显著,可以作为有效的预测方程;总的来说,随着荷载效率系数的提高,预测误差有随之减小的趋势。应当降低大跨度桥梁的荷载效率系数,大跨度PC斜拉桥荷载效率系数可以降低至0.6。
(2)针对目前斜拉桥荷载试验中存在的不规范、不统一现象,分析了斜拉桥各构件的受力特点,从而明确了大跨度斜拉桥荷载试验的基本测试工况、测试项目及辅助测试工况。在研究荷载效率系数降低优化的基础上,提出了荷载试验工况的优化合并问题;最后以实际工程中的PC斜拉桥荷载试验工况的优化合并为例,验证了合并荷载试验工况的可靠性和实用性。一般的,主梁最大挠度工况和主梁最大正弯矩工况可以合并为一个工况;主塔最大偏位工况和主塔最大弯矩工况可以合并为一个工况。
(3)首次提出了分构件对校验系数的取值范围进行研究。采用工程数学的统计方法,利用统计软件Minitab对各构件的校验系数样本进行分析计算,最后确定了斜拉桥结构的主梁构件、拉索构件及主塔构件各自校验系数的取值范围。研究结果表明:斜拉桥结构的承载力评价按主梁构件、拉索构件及主塔构件三部分构件的校验系数来进行。斜拉桥主梁构件的应变校验系数在0.60～1.00是合理取值范围,挠度校验系数在0.72～1.00是合理取值范围;拉索构件的索力校验系数在0.76～1.00是合理取值范围;主塔构件的应变校验系数在0.18～1.00是合理取值范围,偏位校验系数在0.47～1.00是合理取值范围。
(4)运用模糊理论,建立了PC斜拉桥安全性模糊综合评价模型,并采用模糊综合评价方法完成了实际桥梁的整体安全性评价。评价结果表明:德州新河大桥的整体安全性评价为一类。拉索安全性为一类;索塔安全性为一类;主梁安全性为二类;基础安全性为一类。其各构件的安全性评价等级与根据各构件校验系数范围确定的评价等级相互进行了验证,其桥梁总体安全性评价结果与采用JTG H11-2004《公路桥涵养护规范》的评定方法得到的结果一致。
(5)根据层次分析法的思想,建立了完整的PC斜拉桥耐久性评价模型,并引入模糊理论与神经网络技术,提出了基于模糊神经网络的PC斜拉桥耐久性评价模型。最后以拉索模块的耐久性评价为例,验证了本章建立的模糊神经网络的准确性。研究结果表明:大跨度PC斜拉桥的耐久性评价模型可以采用层次分析法建立,第一层评价指标为主梁的耐久性、拉索的耐久性、主塔的耐久性、基础的耐久性、附属设施的耐久性五项;采用动态BP算法训练网络时,网络的收敛速度优于常用BP算法;训练好的模糊神经网络很好地获得并储存了评价专家的知识、经验和判断,可将网络应用于斜拉索模块的耐久性评价。
At present, many problems exist on the evaluation of long-span PC(prestressed concrete) cable-stayed bridges. In order to solve these problems, key technologies for evaluation of long-span PC cable-stayed bridges are studied in depth in this thesis. The main content of the research includes five aspects as follows:
(1) Load efficiency coefficient decreasing optimization is discussed at the first time. For reducing load efficiency coefficient, the load test conditions of a practical example are designed. The linear regression equations of structural response (stress, strain and cable forces, etc.) and load efficiency coefficient are obtained by regression analysis, and test of significance of the equations is finished. Using the linear regression equations, the structural response can be predicted. Finally, the decreasing optimization of load efficiency coefficient of a long-span PC bridge is presented, and the effectiveness and accuracy of this method are verified. The research results show that the linear regression equations are highly significant and can predict structural response accurately. Generally, the prediction error is decreasing with the increasing of load efficiency. In addition, the load efficiency of long-span PC bridge should be decreased. Furthermore, the load efficiency of long-span PC cable-stayed bridge can be reduced to 0.6.
(2) According to the existing problems of load test of cable-stayed bridge, the loading characteristics of different components of cable-stayed bridge are studied. Then, the basic test conditions, test items and secondary test conditions of long-span cable-stayed bridge are determined. Based on the load efficiency coefficient decreasing optimization, the problem of mergence of load test conditions is proposed. Finally, the mergence of load conditions of a practical PC cable-stayed bridge is presented, and the effectiveness and practicability of load test condition mergence are verified. Generally, the condition of maximum deflection of main beam can merge with maximum positive moment condition of main beam; and maximum horizontal displacement condition of tower can merge with maximum positive moment condition of tower.
(3) The ranges of verification coefficient aiming at different components are proposed in the first time. Using statistics method of engineering mathematics, the samples of different components’verification coefficients are analyzed with statistics software named Minitab. The range of verification coefficient of main beam, cable and tower are determined. The research results show that the bearing capacity of cable-stayed bridge can be evaluated based on the verification coefficients of main beam, cable and tower; the reasonable range of verification coefficient of main beam strain is 0.60~1.00, the range of main beam deflection is 0.72~1.00; the range of cables is 0.73~1.00; the range of tower stain is 0.18~1.00, the range of tower horizontal displacement is 0.47~1.00.
(4) Based on fuzzy theory, a fuzzy safety evaluation model of PC cable-stayed bridge is established, and the safety evaluation of a practical bridge is completed using fuzzy evaluation theory. The results show that the whole safety level of Dezhou bridge is in the first class; cable safety level is in the first class; tower safety level is in the first class; main beam safety level is in the second class; foundation safety level is in the first class. The obtained classes of the structural components are verified with the classes ranged by verification coefficient, and the whole safety evaluation class of the bridge is consistent with the class calculated by JTG H11-2004《Code for Maintenance of Highway Bridges and Culverts》.
(5) According to the theory of analytic hierarchy process, a complete durability evaluation model of PC cable-stayed bridge is established. Then, combined with fuzzy theory and neural network theory, a durability evaluation model based on fuzzy neural network is proposed. Finally, taking the cable module as an example, the validity of the model based on fuzzy neural network is verified. The research results show that: the durability evaluation model of long-span PC cable-stayed can be established using analytic hierarchy process method, and the first level evaluating indexes include the durability of main beams, cable, tower, foundation and accessory facilities. Dynamic BP algorithm is prior to common BP algorithm in network’s training speed. The trained fuzzy-neural network can store the experts’knowledge and experiences, and can be used in durability evaluation of cable module.
引文
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