大型桥梁建设项目的鉴识工程制度与方法研究
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摘要
我国目前正处于基础建设的高峰时期，工程灾害和事故频繁发生，造成了巨大的经济损失和人员伤亡。受传统观念的影响，我国普遍采取的是组成临时专家组来处理工程事故的做法，然而其过程的合法性和结论的科学性近年来受到质疑。我国的桥梁工程已经走向了规模化建设的道路，当前已迈入海湾大桥建设的时代，传统的事故处理方式已经无法满足大型桥梁建设管理的需要，亟需建立专门的机构、人员和制度对事故原因进行追溯、对事故责任进行判别，以保证分析和判别结果的有效性和客观性。
本文基于我国大型桥梁建设的工程实际，结合我国法律制度改革的趋势，引入工程全寿命理念，探讨公平、独立、客观的“鉴识工程”第三方机制及方法。
本文的主要工作和结果如下：
1.调查和分析了我国近年来桥梁和地下工程典型事故的处理和鉴定情况。目前临时性、非专业的事故鉴定方式，已经不能满足我国高速发展的大型桥梁建设的项目管理需要，必须通过建立中立、合法、专业的鉴识工程制度来对其进行改善。
2.引入工程全寿命周期理念，研究大型桥梁建设项目的全寿命风险鉴识方法。论文提出了全寿命期阶段健康的评价模型，建立了事故风险和损失的评价方法，对工程阶段风险的贡献和责任可能进行辨析。研究结果表明，业主、管理部门等工程参与方对事故风险存在高贡献可能，规划、设计等工程上游阶段对工程风险的继承和传递有很大的影响，需要在项目的全过程管理中予以高度的重视。
3.设计了桥梁专家鉴识系统。该系统包括了基于VFP语言开发的用户界面、基础数据库管理模块以及基于MATLAB的人工神经网络模块。该系统用于事故样本的收集和整理、神经网络的训练和检验以及桥梁建设项目的工程鉴识仿真分析。
4.进行了鉴识工程实践架构的研究。基于我国大型桥梁建设的实际，对鉴识过程中的实践操作提出了建议，包括事故调查、分析过程和报告规范等。
5.进行了鉴识工程法律制度构架的研究。在我国目前的鉴定制度与英美法系专家证人制度相融合的改革趋势前提下，对我国的鉴识工程立法进行必要的基础分析，并提出了相关和建议，包括鉴识执业制度、鉴识启动机制、鉴识结论的开示制度、质证制度和采信制度等。基于实践和法律制度架构的研究，建议了大型桥梁建设项目的鉴识工程导则。
本研究旨在对我国的大型桥梁建设项目的鉴识工程制度与方法做开创性的探索，从而为大型桥梁工程事故的处理提供科学的技术鉴定和责任识别方法，为工程争议提供有效的法律证据，使之成为连接法律和工程的桥梁。论文的研究成果也可供其它大型建设项目的鉴识工程参考借鉴。
Presently the infrastructure construction is at the peak time in China. The engineeringdisasters and accidents happen frequently, which cause heavy economic losses andcasualities. Owing to the conventional concept, to assemble a temporary expert panel is thepopular method to deal with the controversies and accidents in China. The validity of theprocessing procedue and the scientificity of the conclusion are questioned in recent years.Now the bridge construction is going to scale and have been on the bay bridge projects time.That is mean the traditional accident process method can not satisfy the need of large-scalebridge engineering management. To trace to the accidents causing reason and distinguishthe responsibility, all need a specific institution, personnel and system, in order to guaranteethe validity and objectivity of the analysis and conclusion.
This dissertation combined the current situation of large-scale bridge engineering andjudicial system reformation in China. The idea of engineering all life cycle was introducedto discusse the method of establishing an impartial, independent, objective and third-partysystem of forensic engineering。
The main research works and results are as follows:
1. Typical accident processes and identifications in recent years of China isinvestigated and analied in this dissertation. At present, the temporary and curbstoneaccident identification method has can not satisfy the demands of large-scale bridgeconstruction projects’ management. The improvement should base on the neutral, legal andprofessional forensic engineering.
2. The concept of construction projects’ all life cycle is adopted into the methodologystudy of large-scale bridge construction projects’ risk forensic. The period health evaluationmodel of all life cycle is bringed forward. The risk and loss evaluation methods are studiedin this dissertation. The contribution and responsibility to the projects period risk are alsodistinguished. The result of research shows that the high contribution rate may come fromthe participants such as proprietor, engineering management departments and theengineering risk may inherit and transfer in all life cycle caused by engineering upperperiod such as planning and design. All of these shoul be paid more attention in the all process of project management.
3. Bridge Forensic Expert System is designed. This system includes a VFP-basedinterface for users, basic database management module and MATLAB-based neuralnetwork module. This system designed for bridge accident samples’ collection andmanagement, the neural network’s training and testing and the bridge projects’ forensicsimulation analisis.
4. Forensic engineering practice system is studied. Based on the large-scale bridgeconstruction practice, the forensic operation is suggested, which including accidentinvestigation, analytical process and report standards.
5. Forensic engineering judicial system is studied. On the premise that Chinesejudicial identification system is integrated with the system of expert witness in CommonLaw, basic analysis and suggestion have be done on the forensic engineering legislation inChina, which including forensic certification system, forensic start mechanism, forensicconclusion discovery system, cross-examination system and admissible system. Based onthe practice and judicial system research, the guidelines for large-scale bridge constructionprojects forensic engineering is suggested. The forensic start’s unification is emphasized inthis dissertation to avoid the multiple managements. The forensic conclusion discovery,cross-examination and admissible system is rebuild to improve the reliability andobjectivity of forensic engineering.
This study aim for the pioneering exploration on forensic engineering system andmethods of Chinese large-scale bridge construction projects, which for the sake of offeringscientific technical evaluation and responsibility investigation to engineering accidents, andvalid proof to engineering controversies. These study results are also could be available forthe reference of the other large construction projects’ forensic.
本文基于我国大型桥梁建设的工程实际，结合我国法律制度改革的趋势，引入工程全寿命理念，探讨公平、独立、客观的“鉴识工程”第三方机制及方法。
本文的主要工作和结果如下：
1.调查和分析了我国近年来桥梁和地下工程典型事故的处理和鉴定情况。目前临时性、非专业的事故鉴定方式，已经不能满足我国高速发展的大型桥梁建设的项目管理需要，必须通过建立中立、合法、专业的鉴识工程制度来对其进行改善。
2.引入工程全寿命周期理念，研究大型桥梁建设项目的全寿命风险鉴识方法。论文提出了全寿命期阶段健康的评价模型，建立了事故风险和损失的评价方法，对工程阶段风险的贡献和责任可能进行辨析。研究结果表明，业主、管理部门等工程参与方对事故风险存在高贡献可能，规划、设计等工程上游阶段对工程风险的继承和传递有很大的影响，需要在项目的全过程管理中予以高度的重视。
3.设计了桥梁专家鉴识系统。该系统包括了基于VFP语言开发的用户界面、基础数据库管理模块以及基于MATLAB的人工神经网络模块。该系统用于事故样本的收集和整理、神经网络的训练和检验以及桥梁建设项目的工程鉴识仿真分析。
4.进行了鉴识工程实践架构的研究。基于我国大型桥梁建设的实际，对鉴识过程中的实践操作提出了建议，包括事故调查、分析过程和报告规范等。
5.进行了鉴识工程法律制度构架的研究。在我国目前的鉴定制度与英美法系专家证人制度相融合的改革趋势前提下，对我国的鉴识工程立法进行必要的基础分析，并提出了相关和建议，包括鉴识执业制度、鉴识启动机制、鉴识结论的开示制度、质证制度和采信制度等。基于实践和法律制度架构的研究，建议了大型桥梁建设项目的鉴识工程导则。
本研究旨在对我国的大型桥梁建设项目的鉴识工程制度与方法做开创性的探索，从而为大型桥梁工程事故的处理提供科学的技术鉴定和责任识别方法，为工程争议提供有效的法律证据，使之成为连接法律和工程的桥梁。论文的研究成果也可供其它大型建设项目的鉴识工程参考借鉴。
Presently the infrastructure construction is at the peak time in China. The engineeringdisasters and accidents happen frequently, which cause heavy economic losses andcasualities. Owing to the conventional concept, to assemble a temporary expert panel is thepopular method to deal with the controversies and accidents in China. The validity of theprocessing procedue and the scientificity of the conclusion are questioned in recent years.Now the bridge construction is going to scale and have been on the bay bridge projects time.That is mean the traditional accident process method can not satisfy the need of large-scalebridge engineering management. To trace to the accidents causing reason and distinguishthe responsibility, all need a specific institution, personnel and system, in order to guaranteethe validity and objectivity of the analysis and conclusion.
This dissertation combined the current situation of large-scale bridge engineering andjudicial system reformation in China. The idea of engineering all life cycle was introducedto discusse the method of establishing an impartial, independent, objective and third-partysystem of forensic engineering。
The main research works and results are as follows:
1. Typical accident processes and identifications in recent years of China isinvestigated and analied in this dissertation. At present, the temporary and curbstoneaccident identification method has can not satisfy the demands of large-scale bridgeconstruction projects’ management. The improvement should base on the neutral, legal andprofessional forensic engineering.
2. The concept of construction projects’ all life cycle is adopted into the methodologystudy of large-scale bridge construction projects’ risk forensic. The period health evaluationmodel of all life cycle is bringed forward. The risk and loss evaluation methods are studiedin this dissertation. The contribution and responsibility to the projects period risk are alsodistinguished. The result of research shows that the high contribution rate may come fromthe participants such as proprietor, engineering management departments and theengineering risk may inherit and transfer in all life cycle caused by engineering upperperiod such as planning and design. All of these shoul be paid more attention in the all process of project management.
3. Bridge Forensic Expert System is designed. This system includes a VFP-basedinterface for users, basic database management module and MATLAB-based neuralnetwork module. This system designed for bridge accident samples’ collection andmanagement, the neural network’s training and testing and the bridge projects’ forensicsimulation analisis.
4. Forensic engineering practice system is studied. Based on the large-scale bridgeconstruction practice, the forensic operation is suggested, which including accidentinvestigation, analytical process and report standards.
5. Forensic engineering judicial system is studied. On the premise that Chinesejudicial identification system is integrated with the system of expert witness in CommonLaw, basic analysis and suggestion have be done on the forensic engineering legislation inChina, which including forensic certification system, forensic start mechanism, forensicconclusion discovery system, cross-examination system and admissible system. Based onthe practice and judicial system research, the guidelines for large-scale bridge constructionprojects forensic engineering is suggested. The forensic start’s unification is emphasized inthis dissertation to avoid the multiple managements. The forensic conclusion discovery,cross-examination and admissible system is rebuild to improve the reliability andobjectivity of forensic engineering.
This study aim for the pioneering exploration on forensic engineering system andmethods of Chinese large-scale bridge construction projects, which for the sake of offeringscientific technical evaluation and responsibility investigation to engineering accidents, andvalid proof to engineering controversies. These study results are also could be available forthe reference of the other large construction projects’ forensic.
引文
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