中国服务贸易与货物贸易关系的实证研究
|
摘要
在国际贸易发展的历史进程中,货物贸易发展一直处于主导地位,相比较服务贸易的规模要远远落后于货物贸易。随着国际分工的深化与服务业的发展,服务贸易也得以迅速发展,并超过了货物贸易的发展速度,在全球贸易总量中所占的比重不断上升。目前,世界各国顺应这一发展趋势,已将经济重心转为大力发展服务业与服务贸易。
2009年,我国货物贸易总额已超过日本,跃居世界第二,仅次于美国,贸易顺差世界第一。我国服务贸易与货物贸易的发展极不协调,服务贸易的发展远远滞后于货物贸易的发展。我国服务贸易总额虽排名第四,但与排名第三的英国有1000多亿美元的差距,并存在贸易逆差,且逆差额有逐年扩大的趋势。服务贸易结构也不尽合理,大多集中在传统的服务贸易行业,极大地制约了中国贸易强国的进程。因此,一方面我国要促进服务贸易与货物贸易协同发展,利用货物贸易的发展带动服务贸易的发展,提高服务贸易在国际上的竞争力;另一方面,要以服务贸易的发展推动货物贸易的结构升级,优化贸易结构,转变外贸增长方式,加快我国由贸易大国成为贸易强国的步伐。
本文基于国际分工理论、产业结构演化理论和全球价值链理论,探讨服务贸易与货物贸易协同发展的理论基础,认为货物贸易促进服务贸易发展,服务贸易优化货物贸易结构,两者是同一价值链上的不同环节,密不可分,相辅相成。随后描述我国服务贸易与货物贸易近年来的发展现状,从发展规模、增长速度、贸易竞争力等多方面客观的描述,直观地感受服务贸易与货物贸易之间的关联性。本文采用脉冲响应函数方法,利用VAR模型以及EVIEWS计量软件,通过对服务贸易与货物贸易总量及不同部分间的影响的动态分析,得出服务贸易与货物贸易之间有着滞后的冲击效应。货物贸易额每变动一个百分点,服务贸易额变动0.8468个百分点;服务贸易额每变动一个百分点,可以使货物贸易额变动1.1673个百分点。服务贸易对货物贸易的影响要大于货物贸易对服务贸易的影响;从结构方面入手,分析不同服务贸易部门对货物贸易影响的大小,得出消费性服务业与传统服务业对制造业的影响相对较大。最后在实证分析结果的基础上,对如何促进服务贸易与货物贸易的协同发展提出自己的对策建议。
In the process of development of international trade, trade in goods is in a dominant position, the scale of development of trade in services lagged far behind the scale of development of trade in goods. With the accelerating process of economic globalization and the further international division of labor, trade in service develop very fast, the developing rate of trade in service is faster than trade in goods, the share of trade in service is expanding in total world trade; Many countries followed this tendency, and changed their economy focus to developing services industry.
In 2009, the total of trade in goods in china is over Japan, ranked second position next to American, and trade surplus is the number one. The development of trade in service in China lagged behind the development of trade in goods, their development is uncoordinated. Although the total of trade in service in china ranks fourth, it still has 100 billion gaps with UK which ranked third. And the deficit of trade in services is gradually expanding. The internal structure of trade in services is unreasonable, mostly concentrated in traditional sectors of services industry, which greatly restricted the process from great to power of China. Therefore, on the one hand, we should promote trade in services and trade in goods trade coordinated development, using the development of trade in goods to drive the development of service trade, improving the international competitiveness of trade in service; On the other hand, the development of trade in service should promote the structure upgrade of trade in goods, optimize the trade structure and change the mode of foreign trade growth, accelerate the pace from great-trader to power-trader.
This paper base on the theory of international division of labor, industrial structure evolution theory and the global value chain theory, discuss the joint development theory of trade in services and trade in goods. We found that trade in goods promotes the development of trade in services, trade in services optimizes the structure of trade in goods, the two are the different segments of the same value chain, and they are inseparable and complementary. And then, we describe recent development status of trade in service and trade in goods from the scale of development, growth, trade competitiveness, and many other objective aspects, intuitively feel the relationship between trade in service and trade in goods. This paper adopts impulse response function method, using VAR model and EVIEWS measuring software, analyze the dynamic interaction between trade in service and trade in goods, found that trade in goods have a greater role in promoting trade in services, but impact on trade in goods by trade in services delayed. Trade in goods every change one percentage point, trade in services volume change 0.8468 percentage points; trade in services every change one percentage point, can make trade in goods volume change 1.1673 percentage points. The influence of trade in services to trade in goods is big than trade in goods to trade in services. Meanwhile, starting from the structure, analysis the impact to trade in goods of diffident sectors, conclude that consumer services and traditional services play a greater impact on trade in goods. Finally, based on empirical analysis results, we make our own policy recommendations to promote the joint development of trade in services and trade in goods.
2009年,我国货物贸易总额已超过日本,跃居世界第二,仅次于美国,贸易顺差世界第一。我国服务贸易与货物贸易的发展极不协调,服务贸易的发展远远滞后于货物贸易的发展。我国服务贸易总额虽排名第四,但与排名第三的英国有1000多亿美元的差距,并存在贸易逆差,且逆差额有逐年扩大的趋势。服务贸易结构也不尽合理,大多集中在传统的服务贸易行业,极大地制约了中国贸易强国的进程。因此,一方面我国要促进服务贸易与货物贸易协同发展,利用货物贸易的发展带动服务贸易的发展,提高服务贸易在国际上的竞争力;另一方面,要以服务贸易的发展推动货物贸易的结构升级,优化贸易结构,转变外贸增长方式,加快我国由贸易大国成为贸易强国的步伐。
本文基于国际分工理论、产业结构演化理论和全球价值链理论,探讨服务贸易与货物贸易协同发展的理论基础,认为货物贸易促进服务贸易发展,服务贸易优化货物贸易结构,两者是同一价值链上的不同环节,密不可分,相辅相成。随后描述我国服务贸易与货物贸易近年来的发展现状,从发展规模、增长速度、贸易竞争力等多方面客观的描述,直观地感受服务贸易与货物贸易之间的关联性。本文采用脉冲响应函数方法,利用VAR模型以及EVIEWS计量软件,通过对服务贸易与货物贸易总量及不同部分间的影响的动态分析,得出服务贸易与货物贸易之间有着滞后的冲击效应。货物贸易额每变动一个百分点,服务贸易额变动0.8468个百分点;服务贸易额每变动一个百分点,可以使货物贸易额变动1.1673个百分点。服务贸易对货物贸易的影响要大于货物贸易对服务贸易的影响;从结构方面入手,分析不同服务贸易部门对货物贸易影响的大小,得出消费性服务业与传统服务业对制造业的影响相对较大。最后在实证分析结果的基础上,对如何促进服务贸易与货物贸易的协同发展提出自己的对策建议。
In the process of development of international trade, trade in goods is in a dominant position, the scale of development of trade in services lagged far behind the scale of development of trade in goods. With the accelerating process of economic globalization and the further international division of labor, trade in service develop very fast, the developing rate of trade in service is faster than trade in goods, the share of trade in service is expanding in total world trade; Many countries followed this tendency, and changed their economy focus to developing services industry.
In 2009, the total of trade in goods in china is over Japan, ranked second position next to American, and trade surplus is the number one. The development of trade in service in China lagged behind the development of trade in goods, their development is uncoordinated. Although the total of trade in service in china ranks fourth, it still has 100 billion gaps with UK which ranked third. And the deficit of trade in services is gradually expanding. The internal structure of trade in services is unreasonable, mostly concentrated in traditional sectors of services industry, which greatly restricted the process from great to power of China. Therefore, on the one hand, we should promote trade in services and trade in goods trade coordinated development, using the development of trade in goods to drive the development of service trade, improving the international competitiveness of trade in service; On the other hand, the development of trade in service should promote the structure upgrade of trade in goods, optimize the trade structure and change the mode of foreign trade growth, accelerate the pace from great-trader to power-trader.
This paper base on the theory of international division of labor, industrial structure evolution theory and the global value chain theory, discuss the joint development theory of trade in services and trade in goods. We found that trade in goods promotes the development of trade in services, trade in services optimizes the structure of trade in goods, the two are the different segments of the same value chain, and they are inseparable and complementary. And then, we describe recent development status of trade in service and trade in goods from the scale of development, growth, trade competitiveness, and many other objective aspects, intuitively feel the relationship between trade in service and trade in goods. This paper adopts impulse response function method, using VAR model and EVIEWS measuring software, analyze the dynamic interaction between trade in service and trade in goods, found that trade in goods have a greater role in promoting trade in services, but impact on trade in goods by trade in services delayed. Trade in goods every change one percentage point, trade in services volume change 0.8468 percentage points; trade in services every change one percentage point, can make trade in goods volume change 1.1673 percentage points. The influence of trade in services to trade in goods is big than trade in goods to trade in services. Meanwhile, starting from the structure, analysis the impact to trade in goods of diffident sectors, conclude that consumer services and traditional services play a greater impact on trade in goods. Finally, based on empirical analysis results, we make our own policy recommendations to promote the joint development of trade in services and trade in goods.
引文
1 Dick, R. and Dicke, H. Patterns of trade in knowledge in Giersoh, H. (eds.) International Economic Development and Resources Transfer. Tubingen: J-C-B, Mohr, 1979.
2 Fekekuty, G. International trade in services: An overview and blueprint for negotiations Cambridge Mass. American Thiperprise Institute and Ballinger, 1988.
3 Sampson, G. and Snape, R. Identifying the issues in trade in services. The Word Economy, 1985, 8, 171-182.
4 Hindley, B. and Smith, B. Comparative advantage and trade in services. The World Economy, 1984, 7, 389-402.
5 Markusen, J.R. Production, trade and migration with specialized skilled workers. Canadian Journal of Economics, 1988, 21, 492-506.
6 Hoekman,B. and Karsenty, G. Economic Development and International Transactions in services. Development Policy Review, 1992, 10, 211-236.
7 Melvin. James R. 1989. Trade in producer services: A Heckscher-Ohlin Approach. Journal of political Economy, 97(5): 1180-1196.
8 Sichei,Harnes and Kanfer, Determinants of South Africa-U.S. Intra-Industry Trade in Services, mimeo, 2006.
9李静萍.影响国际服务贸易的宏观因素[J].经济理论与经济管理,2002,(11):14-17.
10郑吉昌.基于服务经济的服务业与制造业的关系[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2003,(12):110-112.
11周燕,郑甘澍.货物贸易与服务贸易:总量互补和差额替代关系[J].亚太经济,2007(2):93-96.
12胡景岩.货物贸易与服务贸易的相关性曲线[J].国际贸易,2008,(6):36-38.
13谢康,李赞.货物贸易与服务贸易互补性的实证分析——兼论中美贸易部平衡的实质[J].国际贸易问题,2000,(9):47-52.
14陈兆军.对服务贸易与货物贸易互补性问题的再研究[J].对外经济贸易大学学报,2001,(4),48-53.
15程南洋,余金花.中国货物贸易与服务贸易结构变动的相关性检验:1997-2005[J].亚太经济,2007(1):94-97.
16夏晴.论货物贸易与服务贸易的协同发展[J].国际贸易问题,2004,(8):17-20.
17曲凤杰.优化结构与协调发展—发展服务贸易与转变我国外贸增长方式的战略措施[J].国际贸易,2006,(1):28-32.
18陆锦周,汪小勤.全球服务贸易与货物贸易发展的协调性分析[J].国际贸易问题,2009,(3):85-91.
19亚当·斯密.国民财富的性质和原因的研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,1979.
20大卫·李嘉图.政治经济学及赋税原理[M].北京:商务印书馆,1962.
21伯尔蒂尔·俄林.地区间贸易和国际贸易[M].北京:商务印书馆,1986.
22配第.“政治算术”-《配第经济著作选集》,北京:商务印书馆,1997,19-20.
23罗斯特.经济增长的阶段——非共产党宣言[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2001.
24黄云强.服务贸易与货物贸易的关系研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2008.
25关于建立第三产业统计的报告,国家统计局,1985。
[1]程南洋,余金花.中国货物贸易与服务贸易结构变动的相关性检验:1997-2005[J].亚太经济,2007(1):94-97.
[2]陈兆军.对服务贸易与货物贸易互补性问题的再研究[J].对外经济贸易大学学报,2001,(4):48-53.
[3]胡玲玲.中国生产性服务贸易国际竞争力研究[D].南京:南京财经大学,2008.
[4]胡景岩.货物贸易与服务贸易的相关性曲线[J].国际贸易,2008,(6):36-38.
[5]胡笑寒,余清原.发展中经济体货物贸易对服务贸易的影响[J].商业时代,2009,(9):23-24.
[6]黄云强.服务贸易与货物贸易的关系研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2008.
[7]公维丽,孙庆峰.服务贸易与货物贸易的因果关系研究[J].中共青岛市委党校青岛行政学院学报,2010,(2):5-9.
[8]李秉强,逯宇铎.服务贸易与货物贸易的替代性及差异分析[J].财贸研究,2009,(1):55-60.
[9]蓝春汛,周升起.我国服务贸易与货物贸易关系的实证研究[J].商场现代化,2009,1(563):14-15.
[10]李静萍.影响国际服务贸易的宏观因素[J].经济理论与经济管理,2002,(11):14-17.
[11]陆锦周,汪小勤.全球服务贸易与货物贸易发展的协调性分析[J].国际贸易问题,2009,(3):85-91.
[12]曲凤杰.优化结构与协调发展—发展服务贸易与转变我国外贸增长方式的战略措施[J].国际贸易,2006,(1):28-32.
[13]任华.服务贸易与货物贸易的对比分析[J].新疆师范大学学报,2005,26(4):166-169.
[14]江维.宏观经济与货物贸易对服务贸易发展影响的实证检验[J].统计与决策,2008,(21):109-111.
[15]唐保庆,黄繁华.国际贸易结构对经济增长的影响路径研究——基于货物贸易与服务贸易的比较分析[J].世界经济研究,2008,(9):32-39.
[16]田俊芳.我国货物贸易与服务贸易的比较分析[J].知识经济,2008,(2):107-108.
[17]王英.中国货物贸易对服务贸易的促进作用——基于服务贸易引力模型的实证分析.世界经济研究,2010,(7):45-48.
[18]谢康,李赞.货物贸易与服务贸易互补性的实证分析——兼论中美贸易部平衡的实质[J].国际贸易问题,2000,(9):47-52.
[19]夏晴.论货物贸易与服务贸易的协同发展[J].国际贸易问题,2004,(8):17-20.
[20]庄丽娟,陈翠兰.我国服务贸易与货物贸易的动态相关性研究——基于脉冲响应函数方法的实证分析[J].国际贸易问题,2009,(2):54-60.
[21]邹健.制造业与生产者服务业互动关系的实证研究——以江苏省为例1990-2007[J].市场周刊·理论研究,2009,(4):38-40.
[22]郑吉昌.基于服务经济的服务业与制造业的关系[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2003,(12):110-112.
[23]张为付.服务业与服务贸易发生发展机理研究[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2006,(4):32-37.
[24]钟晓君.中国货物贸易与服务贸易关系实证研究[J].2009,9(388):3-6.
[25]周燕,郑甘澎.货物贸易与服务贸易:总量互补与差额替代关系[J].亚太经济,2007,(2):93-96.
[26]周燕,黄建忠.服务贸易、货物贸易和劳动生产率变动:理论和实证——基于李嘉图连续统模型的贸易差额分析[J].国际商务-对外经济大学学报,2009,(4):54-67.
[27] Dick, R. and Dicke, H. Patterns of trade in knowledge in Giersoh, H. (eds.) International Economic Development and Resources Transfer. Tubingen: J-C-B, Mohr, 1979.
[28] Fekekuty, G. International trade in services: An overview and blueprint for negotiations Cambridge Mass. American Thiperprise Institute and Ballinger, 1988.
[29] Hoekman,B. and Karsenty, G. Economic Development and International Transactions in services. Development Policy Review, 1992, 10, 211-236.
[30] Hindley, B. and Smith, B. Comparative advantage and trade in services. The World Economy, 1984, 7, 389-402.
[31] Marjit, S. Trade theory and the role of time zones. International Review Economic and Finance, 2007(16), 153-160.
[32] Markusen, James R. Trade in Producer Services and in Other Specialized Intermediate inputs. The American Economic Review, 1989(89), 85-95.
[33] Markusen, J.R. Production, trade and migration with specialized skilled workers. Canadian Journal of Economics, 1988, 21, 492-506.
[34] Melvin. James R. 1989. Trade in producer services: A Heckscher-Ohlin Approach. Journal of political Economy, 97(5): 1180-1196.
[35] Nordas, H.K., The Impact of Services Trade Liberalization on Trade in Non-Agricultural Products, OECD Trade Policy Working Papers, No. 81, OECD publishing, ? OECD.doi:10.1787/227107117401.
[36] Nordas, H.K., Trade in Goods and Services: Two Sides of the Same Coin? Economic Modeling (2009), doi:10.1010/j.econmod.2009.11.002.
[37] Sayer, M. and Walker, R.A., Is there a service economy? The changing capitalist division of lobor in Bryson and Daniels, 1998.
[38] Sampson, G. and Snape, R., identifying the issues in trade in services. The Word Economy, 1985, 8, 171-182.
[39] Sichei, Harnes and Kanfer, Determinants of South Africa-U.S. Intra-Industry Trade in Services, mimeo, 2006
[40] Toru Kikuchi, Kazumichi Iwasa. A Simple Model of Service Trade with Time Zone Differences. International Review of economics and finance, 2010, 75-80.
[41] Water Kuemmerle.Foreign direct investment in industrial research in the pharmaceutical and electronic ndustries-results from a survey of multinational firms. Research Policy, 1999 (28).
[42] Wong, C., Wu, J., and Zhang, A., A model of trade liberalization in services, Review of international economics, 2006.
2 Fekekuty, G. International trade in services: An overview and blueprint for negotiations Cambridge Mass. American Thiperprise Institute and Ballinger, 1988.
3 Sampson, G. and Snape, R. Identifying the issues in trade in services. The Word Economy, 1985, 8, 171-182.
4 Hindley, B. and Smith, B. Comparative advantage and trade in services. The World Economy, 1984, 7, 389-402.
5 Markusen, J.R. Production, trade and migration with specialized skilled workers. Canadian Journal of Economics, 1988, 21, 492-506.
6 Hoekman,B. and Karsenty, G. Economic Development and International Transactions in services. Development Policy Review, 1992, 10, 211-236.
7 Melvin. James R. 1989. Trade in producer services: A Heckscher-Ohlin Approach. Journal of political Economy, 97(5): 1180-1196.
8 Sichei,Harnes and Kanfer, Determinants of South Africa-U.S. Intra-Industry Trade in Services, mimeo, 2006.
9李静萍.影响国际服务贸易的宏观因素[J].经济理论与经济管理,2002,(11):14-17.
10郑吉昌.基于服务经济的服务业与制造业的关系[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2003,(12):110-112.
11周燕,郑甘澍.货物贸易与服务贸易:总量互补和差额替代关系[J].亚太经济,2007(2):93-96.
12胡景岩.货物贸易与服务贸易的相关性曲线[J].国际贸易,2008,(6):36-38.
13谢康,李赞.货物贸易与服务贸易互补性的实证分析——兼论中美贸易部平衡的实质[J].国际贸易问题,2000,(9):47-52.
14陈兆军.对服务贸易与货物贸易互补性问题的再研究[J].对外经济贸易大学学报,2001,(4),48-53.
15程南洋,余金花.中国货物贸易与服务贸易结构变动的相关性检验:1997-2005[J].亚太经济,2007(1):94-97.
16夏晴.论货物贸易与服务贸易的协同发展[J].国际贸易问题,2004,(8):17-20.
17曲凤杰.优化结构与协调发展—发展服务贸易与转变我国外贸增长方式的战略措施[J].国际贸易,2006,(1):28-32.
18陆锦周,汪小勤.全球服务贸易与货物贸易发展的协调性分析[J].国际贸易问题,2009,(3):85-91.
19亚当·斯密.国民财富的性质和原因的研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,1979.
20大卫·李嘉图.政治经济学及赋税原理[M].北京:商务印书馆,1962.
21伯尔蒂尔·俄林.地区间贸易和国际贸易[M].北京:商务印书馆,1986.
22配第.“政治算术”-《配第经济著作选集》,北京:商务印书馆,1997,19-20.
23罗斯特.经济增长的阶段——非共产党宣言[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2001.
24黄云强.服务贸易与货物贸易的关系研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2008.
25关于建立第三产业统计的报告,国家统计局,1985。
[1]程南洋,余金花.中国货物贸易与服务贸易结构变动的相关性检验:1997-2005[J].亚太经济,2007(1):94-97.
[2]陈兆军.对服务贸易与货物贸易互补性问题的再研究[J].对外经济贸易大学学报,2001,(4):48-53.
[3]胡玲玲.中国生产性服务贸易国际竞争力研究[D].南京:南京财经大学,2008.
[4]胡景岩.货物贸易与服务贸易的相关性曲线[J].国际贸易,2008,(6):36-38.
[5]胡笑寒,余清原.发展中经济体货物贸易对服务贸易的影响[J].商业时代,2009,(9):23-24.
[6]黄云强.服务贸易与货物贸易的关系研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2008.
[7]公维丽,孙庆峰.服务贸易与货物贸易的因果关系研究[J].中共青岛市委党校青岛行政学院学报,2010,(2):5-9.
[8]李秉强,逯宇铎.服务贸易与货物贸易的替代性及差异分析[J].财贸研究,2009,(1):55-60.
[9]蓝春汛,周升起.我国服务贸易与货物贸易关系的实证研究[J].商场现代化,2009,1(563):14-15.
[10]李静萍.影响国际服务贸易的宏观因素[J].经济理论与经济管理,2002,(11):14-17.
[11]陆锦周,汪小勤.全球服务贸易与货物贸易发展的协调性分析[J].国际贸易问题,2009,(3):85-91.
[12]曲凤杰.优化结构与协调发展—发展服务贸易与转变我国外贸增长方式的战略措施[J].国际贸易,2006,(1):28-32.
[13]任华.服务贸易与货物贸易的对比分析[J].新疆师范大学学报,2005,26(4):166-169.
[14]江维.宏观经济与货物贸易对服务贸易发展影响的实证检验[J].统计与决策,2008,(21):109-111.
[15]唐保庆,黄繁华.国际贸易结构对经济增长的影响路径研究——基于货物贸易与服务贸易的比较分析[J].世界经济研究,2008,(9):32-39.
[16]田俊芳.我国货物贸易与服务贸易的比较分析[J].知识经济,2008,(2):107-108.
[17]王英.中国货物贸易对服务贸易的促进作用——基于服务贸易引力模型的实证分析.世界经济研究,2010,(7):45-48.
[18]谢康,李赞.货物贸易与服务贸易互补性的实证分析——兼论中美贸易部平衡的实质[J].国际贸易问题,2000,(9):47-52.
[19]夏晴.论货物贸易与服务贸易的协同发展[J].国际贸易问题,2004,(8):17-20.
[20]庄丽娟,陈翠兰.我国服务贸易与货物贸易的动态相关性研究——基于脉冲响应函数方法的实证分析[J].国际贸易问题,2009,(2):54-60.
[21]邹健.制造业与生产者服务业互动关系的实证研究——以江苏省为例1990-2007[J].市场周刊·理论研究,2009,(4):38-40.
[22]郑吉昌.基于服务经济的服务业与制造业的关系[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2003,(12):110-112.
[23]张为付.服务业与服务贸易发生发展机理研究[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2006,(4):32-37.
[24]钟晓君.中国货物贸易与服务贸易关系实证研究[J].2009,9(388):3-6.
[25]周燕,郑甘澎.货物贸易与服务贸易:总量互补与差额替代关系[J].亚太经济,2007,(2):93-96.
[26]周燕,黄建忠.服务贸易、货物贸易和劳动生产率变动:理论和实证——基于李嘉图连续统模型的贸易差额分析[J].国际商务-对外经济大学学报,2009,(4):54-67.
[27] Dick, R. and Dicke, H. Patterns of trade in knowledge in Giersoh, H. (eds.) International Economic Development and Resources Transfer. Tubingen: J-C-B, Mohr, 1979.
[28] Fekekuty, G. International trade in services: An overview and blueprint for negotiations Cambridge Mass. American Thiperprise Institute and Ballinger, 1988.
[29] Hoekman,B. and Karsenty, G. Economic Development and International Transactions in services. Development Policy Review, 1992, 10, 211-236.
[30] Hindley, B. and Smith, B. Comparative advantage and trade in services. The World Economy, 1984, 7, 389-402.
[31] Marjit, S. Trade theory and the role of time zones. International Review Economic and Finance, 2007(16), 153-160.
[32] Markusen, James R. Trade in Producer Services and in Other Specialized Intermediate inputs. The American Economic Review, 1989(89), 85-95.
[33] Markusen, J.R. Production, trade and migration with specialized skilled workers. Canadian Journal of Economics, 1988, 21, 492-506.
[34] Melvin. James R. 1989. Trade in producer services: A Heckscher-Ohlin Approach. Journal of political Economy, 97(5): 1180-1196.
[35] Nordas, H.K., The Impact of Services Trade Liberalization on Trade in Non-Agricultural Products, OECD Trade Policy Working Papers, No. 81, OECD publishing, ? OECD.doi:10.1787/227107117401.
[36] Nordas, H.K., Trade in Goods and Services: Two Sides of the Same Coin? Economic Modeling (2009), doi:10.1010/j.econmod.2009.11.002.
[37] Sayer, M. and Walker, R.A., Is there a service economy? The changing capitalist division of lobor in Bryson and Daniels, 1998.
[38] Sampson, G. and Snape, R., identifying the issues in trade in services. The Word Economy, 1985, 8, 171-182.
[39] Sichei, Harnes and Kanfer, Determinants of South Africa-U.S. Intra-Industry Trade in Services, mimeo, 2006
[40] Toru Kikuchi, Kazumichi Iwasa. A Simple Model of Service Trade with Time Zone Differences. International Review of economics and finance, 2010, 75-80.
[41] Water Kuemmerle.Foreign direct investment in industrial research in the pharmaceutical and electronic ndustries-results from a survey of multinational firms. Research Policy, 1999 (28).
[42] Wong, C., Wu, J., and Zhang, A., A model of trade liberalization in services, Review of international economics, 2006.