面向控制网络的介质访问控制相关问题研究
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摘要
信息技术的快速发展导致了自动化领域的深刻变革,逐渐形成了自动化领域的开放式系统互连通信网络。各种通信网络越来越多的进入系统的控制闭环,为控制系统的分析和设计带来了新的发展机遇和前所未有的挑战。由于引入特殊的非线性,控制系统在实现网络化的同时一个重要的课题随之出现,即必须尽量降低通信网络对控制系统的不良影响。这就要求一方面在网络化的背景下针对控制理论研究新的分析和设计方法,与此同时,从通信网络的角度而言,采用与之适应的通信协议也是非常重要的一项措施,有助于从根本上解决新的网络问题,降低理论研究复杂程度。
以太网是目前最有希望弥补现场总线技术不足的有线控制网络技术,其发展前景为各界一致看好。然而,以太网的实时性一直是限制其进入控制系统应用的一个重要障碍,以太网还不能很好地满足工业控制环境下数据传输的确定性、时序性和优先级等特殊要求,即使是采用交换结构或者改进上层实时通信协议,也面临着诸如不确定性转移、传递时延增加、实现复杂等诸多新问题。无线控制网络无需布线、支持移动、成本低廉,可以作为有线网络的有效补充手段在特定应用中发挥重要作用,比如无线传感器网络。由于通常不能进行能量补充,功率控制成为无线控制网络中的一个突出问题,直接影响无线信号的传输质量、电池或节点寿命、网络拓扑。无线功率控制与以太网的实时性是目前控制网络研究中比较突出的两个问题,而且都与网络的介质访问控制协议密切相关。本文结合其研究的最新进展,针对控制网络中介质访问控制的相关问题进行进一步探讨,并取得了如下几方面研究成果和创新。
针对上层协议提供实时性时会导致消息传递的协议栈层次过多、处理时延增加等问题,本文分析了在数据链路层定义优先级机制的可行性,提出一种基于可变载波长度的物理信令传播机制:利用标准协议中的可变帧长和CSMA网络固有的载波侦听功能实现信道多状态信息反馈。链路层可共享全局冲突、成功和优先级等多种控制信息,也可将优先级的动态管理交付上层协议,面向应用,对消息传递的中间层次做透明处理,具有一定通用性。该方法充分考虑了CSMA网络自身的功能和特点,便于实现。
针对以太网传输时延的不确定问题,提出了一与现有的以太网兼容的实时介质访问控制协议。新协议基于可变载波长度信令原理获取多种信道状态信息,在信道发生冲突时采用持续发送竞争帧和阻塞信道的方法决定的信道访问权的归属,以此实现优先级传输,同时保证高优先级信息在满足一定伪周期条件下具有确定性的传输时延。信道不发生竞争时,节点仍然按照基于best-effort原理的CSMA/CD规则访问信道,保证消息以最快速度获得传输。与现有方法相比,新协议充分保留标准以太网的优点和特征,并与以太网标准兼容,实时以太网总线不需经过协议转换装置即可与现有网关实现互连。
时序排队系统在控制网络中大量存在,鉴于传统虚时钟协议采用随机延迟的退避重传策略导致时序传输的非严格性问题,提出一个即时的虚时轴消息冲突解析算法BOVTA。与Tree和Window等算法不同,BOVTA算法利用与虚时钟信道访问规则完全一致的方式进行解析过程的同步,避免了引入额外的站点相关信息,使冲突解析过程变得简单易行,而带来的信道负荷却保持很小。在此基础之上,提出基于BOVTA算法的多优先级虚时钟以太网协议,保证了传输时序的严格性。
针对无线控制网络的功率控制问题,基于带干扰范围的无线传输模型,指出导致PCM协议牺牲能效的过度保护问题,并提出一种自适应功率控制解决方案IP-PCM,在不违背数据传输功率最小化的情况下,利用干扰平衡原理自适应地控制忙音的传输功率,使载波侦听范围以独立于干扰范围的方式实现最佳控制。与传统PCM协议相比,IP-PCM改进了信道的空间重复利用效率,实现能量效率的进一步提高。
以OPNET通信网络建模和仿真环境为例,详细描述了以上介质访问控制协议基于离散事件原理的有限状态机(FSM)建模原理,为协议的理论分析和设计提供参考。
The rapid development of information technology has incurred profound transformation of automations, and gradually leads to the open and interconnected communication networks in control areas. More and more networks of various types are integrated into system’s control loop, bringing great opportunities and unprecedented challenges for control system’s analysis and design. Because of introducing special nonlinearities, an important issue arising simultaneously in the process of networking control system is that the negative influence cast by networks on control systems must be minimized. For traditional control theory, it means new methods must be developed to analysis and design corresponding networked systems. At the other side, from the point of communication networks, applying appropriate communication protocols is also a very important issue that is helpful to solve the new network problems in essential and reduce complexity of the theoretic research.
Today, Ethernet has become the most prospective wired control network technology that also may compensate shortcomings of Fieldbus. Its development prospects in the future are even more expected conformably by the enterprises and the researchers. However, one of the main obstacles still constricting its applications in control areas is that due to the lack of real-time performances, Ethernet doesn’t meet such industrial requirements as transmission determinism, order and priority. Even applying Ethernet switch or constructing real time protocols in high stack layers does not sufficiently qualify by introducing new sustitute problems of shifted nondeterminism, increased inter-layer delivery delay, and complexity. Wireless control networks have advantages of supporting cable-freedom, mobility and low cost and could be applied in many special areas working as the effective complement of wired networks, such as wireless sensor networks. Due to the lack of constant power supply, transmit power control in wireless control networks has become one significant issue that is crucial to quality of wireless signal, lifetime of battery or wireless node, and network topology. Real-time Ethernet and wireless transmit power control are two distinct problems confronted in control networks, both of which are close related with medium access control protocol. Companying with the most recent advancements, we studied corresponding medium access control problems for control networks in the dissertation and achieve the following major contributions.
Considering providing real time performances by the high layers may lead to increased intermediate transfer layers and processing delay for a message, we analysis the possibility of defining priority mechanism at data link layer, and propose a physical signaling method based on carrier’s variable length character. Variant lengths of standard frame are used to realize multi-channel state feedback with the help of the intrinsic carrier sensing function of CSMA networks. Then global information of transmission’s collision, success and priority is easily obtained at data link layer. Beside, priority management may also be handled to high layer protocols and made application oriented, where intermediate layers are treated as transparent. So the new method is more general in practices. In fact, the proposed mechanism makes great efforts to utilize the intrinsic function and character of CSMA network itself, which also makes it easy to implement.
Considering the non-determinism problem of Ethernet, we propose a real time medium access control protocol compatible with Ethernet standard. Obtaining multi-channel state information using the variant frame length signaling method, the proposed scheme determines channel access right by introducing persistent frame contending and channel blocking in the event of collisions. By this means, it realizes prioritized transmission and promises that for the highest priority class message, delivery delay is deterministic when it satisfying certain pseudo periodic condition. When there generates no collision, the best-effort CSMA/CD is chosen as the channel access rule to make the message transmit as fast as possible. Comparing with existent methods, new protocol tries to conserve the virtue and character of standard Ethernet meanwhile. It is also completely compatible with Ethernet. The new real time Ethernet bus can be connected directly to current gateway without any protocol transfer equipment.
Ordered transmit schedule is very common in control networks. Considering the non-strictness problem of such schedule caused by random delayed retransmission strategy in the virtual time protocol, we propose a timely collision resolution algorithm, BOVTA, carrying also on virtual time axis. Not the same as its counterparts, BOVTA utilizes a principle consistent to the virtual time channel access rule to perform resolution synchronization and thus avoids introducing extra station dependent information. It makes the collision resolution more simple and easy to perform, meanwhile keeping the channel overhead relatively low. We then propose a multi-priority virtual time Ethernet protocol based on BOVTA algorithm, which promises strictness of the ordered transmit schedule.
Considering power control problems for wireless control networks, we first point out an over-protect drawback of PCM which cause extra energy efficiency price, then propose an adaptive power control scheme named IP-PCM. Without violating the minimized power principle for data transmission, transmit power of busy tone is adaptively controlled according to an interference balancing mechanism. As the result, the carrier sensing range is optimized independent of the interference range. Comparing with PCM, IP-PCM apparently improved the spatial reuse and finally increased the energy efficiency.
Utilizing the famous OPNET modeling and simulation tool for communication networks, we describe the modeling principle in detail for the studied MAC protocols based on discrete-event-driven finite state machine (FSM). It provides a basis for further theoretic analysis and design of these solutions.
以太网是目前最有希望弥补现场总线技术不足的有线控制网络技术,其发展前景为各界一致看好。然而,以太网的实时性一直是限制其进入控制系统应用的一个重要障碍,以太网还不能很好地满足工业控制环境下数据传输的确定性、时序性和优先级等特殊要求,即使是采用交换结构或者改进上层实时通信协议,也面临着诸如不确定性转移、传递时延增加、实现复杂等诸多新问题。无线控制网络无需布线、支持移动、成本低廉,可以作为有线网络的有效补充手段在特定应用中发挥重要作用,比如无线传感器网络。由于通常不能进行能量补充,功率控制成为无线控制网络中的一个突出问题,直接影响无线信号的传输质量、电池或节点寿命、网络拓扑。无线功率控制与以太网的实时性是目前控制网络研究中比较突出的两个问题,而且都与网络的介质访问控制协议密切相关。本文结合其研究的最新进展,针对控制网络中介质访问控制的相关问题进行进一步探讨,并取得了如下几方面研究成果和创新。
针对上层协议提供实时性时会导致消息传递的协议栈层次过多、处理时延增加等问题,本文分析了在数据链路层定义优先级机制的可行性,提出一种基于可变载波长度的物理信令传播机制:利用标准协议中的可变帧长和CSMA网络固有的载波侦听功能实现信道多状态信息反馈。链路层可共享全局冲突、成功和优先级等多种控制信息,也可将优先级的动态管理交付上层协议,面向应用,对消息传递的中间层次做透明处理,具有一定通用性。该方法充分考虑了CSMA网络自身的功能和特点,便于实现。
针对以太网传输时延的不确定问题,提出了一与现有的以太网兼容的实时介质访问控制协议。新协议基于可变载波长度信令原理获取多种信道状态信息,在信道发生冲突时采用持续发送竞争帧和阻塞信道的方法决定的信道访问权的归属,以此实现优先级传输,同时保证高优先级信息在满足一定伪周期条件下具有确定性的传输时延。信道不发生竞争时,节点仍然按照基于best-effort原理的CSMA/CD规则访问信道,保证消息以最快速度获得传输。与现有方法相比,新协议充分保留标准以太网的优点和特征,并与以太网标准兼容,实时以太网总线不需经过协议转换装置即可与现有网关实现互连。
时序排队系统在控制网络中大量存在,鉴于传统虚时钟协议采用随机延迟的退避重传策略导致时序传输的非严格性问题,提出一个即时的虚时轴消息冲突解析算法BOVTA。与Tree和Window等算法不同,BOVTA算法利用与虚时钟信道访问规则完全一致的方式进行解析过程的同步,避免了引入额外的站点相关信息,使冲突解析过程变得简单易行,而带来的信道负荷却保持很小。在此基础之上,提出基于BOVTA算法的多优先级虚时钟以太网协议,保证了传输时序的严格性。
针对无线控制网络的功率控制问题,基于带干扰范围的无线传输模型,指出导致PCM协议牺牲能效的过度保护问题,并提出一种自适应功率控制解决方案IP-PCM,在不违背数据传输功率最小化的情况下,利用干扰平衡原理自适应地控制忙音的传输功率,使载波侦听范围以独立于干扰范围的方式实现最佳控制。与传统PCM协议相比,IP-PCM改进了信道的空间重复利用效率,实现能量效率的进一步提高。
以OPNET通信网络建模和仿真环境为例,详细描述了以上介质访问控制协议基于离散事件原理的有限状态机(FSM)建模原理,为协议的理论分析和设计提供参考。
The rapid development of information technology has incurred profound transformation of automations, and gradually leads to the open and interconnected communication networks in control areas. More and more networks of various types are integrated into system’s control loop, bringing great opportunities and unprecedented challenges for control system’s analysis and design. Because of introducing special nonlinearities, an important issue arising simultaneously in the process of networking control system is that the negative influence cast by networks on control systems must be minimized. For traditional control theory, it means new methods must be developed to analysis and design corresponding networked systems. At the other side, from the point of communication networks, applying appropriate communication protocols is also a very important issue that is helpful to solve the new network problems in essential and reduce complexity of the theoretic research.
Today, Ethernet has become the most prospective wired control network technology that also may compensate shortcomings of Fieldbus. Its development prospects in the future are even more expected conformably by the enterprises and the researchers. However, one of the main obstacles still constricting its applications in control areas is that due to the lack of real-time performances, Ethernet doesn’t meet such industrial requirements as transmission determinism, order and priority. Even applying Ethernet switch or constructing real time protocols in high stack layers does not sufficiently qualify by introducing new sustitute problems of shifted nondeterminism, increased inter-layer delivery delay, and complexity. Wireless control networks have advantages of supporting cable-freedom, mobility and low cost and could be applied in many special areas working as the effective complement of wired networks, such as wireless sensor networks. Due to the lack of constant power supply, transmit power control in wireless control networks has become one significant issue that is crucial to quality of wireless signal, lifetime of battery or wireless node, and network topology. Real-time Ethernet and wireless transmit power control are two distinct problems confronted in control networks, both of which are close related with medium access control protocol. Companying with the most recent advancements, we studied corresponding medium access control problems for control networks in the dissertation and achieve the following major contributions.
Considering providing real time performances by the high layers may lead to increased intermediate transfer layers and processing delay for a message, we analysis the possibility of defining priority mechanism at data link layer, and propose a physical signaling method based on carrier’s variable length character. Variant lengths of standard frame are used to realize multi-channel state feedback with the help of the intrinsic carrier sensing function of CSMA networks. Then global information of transmission’s collision, success and priority is easily obtained at data link layer. Beside, priority management may also be handled to high layer protocols and made application oriented, where intermediate layers are treated as transparent. So the new method is more general in practices. In fact, the proposed mechanism makes great efforts to utilize the intrinsic function and character of CSMA network itself, which also makes it easy to implement.
Considering the non-determinism problem of Ethernet, we propose a real time medium access control protocol compatible with Ethernet standard. Obtaining multi-channel state information using the variant frame length signaling method, the proposed scheme determines channel access right by introducing persistent frame contending and channel blocking in the event of collisions. By this means, it realizes prioritized transmission and promises that for the highest priority class message, delivery delay is deterministic when it satisfying certain pseudo periodic condition. When there generates no collision, the best-effort CSMA/CD is chosen as the channel access rule to make the message transmit as fast as possible. Comparing with existent methods, new protocol tries to conserve the virtue and character of standard Ethernet meanwhile. It is also completely compatible with Ethernet. The new real time Ethernet bus can be connected directly to current gateway without any protocol transfer equipment.
Ordered transmit schedule is very common in control networks. Considering the non-strictness problem of such schedule caused by random delayed retransmission strategy in the virtual time protocol, we propose a timely collision resolution algorithm, BOVTA, carrying also on virtual time axis. Not the same as its counterparts, BOVTA utilizes a principle consistent to the virtual time channel access rule to perform resolution synchronization and thus avoids introducing extra station dependent information. It makes the collision resolution more simple and easy to perform, meanwhile keeping the channel overhead relatively low. We then propose a multi-priority virtual time Ethernet protocol based on BOVTA algorithm, which promises strictness of the ordered transmit schedule.
Considering power control problems for wireless control networks, we first point out an over-protect drawback of PCM which cause extra energy efficiency price, then propose an adaptive power control scheme named IP-PCM. Without violating the minimized power principle for data transmission, transmit power of busy tone is adaptively controlled according to an interference balancing mechanism. As the result, the carrier sensing range is optimized independent of the interference range. Comparing with PCM, IP-PCM apparently improved the spatial reuse and finally increased the energy efficiency.
Utilizing the famous OPNET modeling and simulation tool for communication networks, we describe the modeling principle in detail for the studied MAC protocols based on discrete-event-driven finite state machine (FSM). It provides a basis for further theoretic analysis and design of these solutions.
引文
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