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创新型企业绩效评价研究
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摘要
经济全球化进程加快,知识经济飞速发展,世界各国都在努力提高自己的综合实力以适应经济发展的新趋势和新要求。为顺应世界经济发展的步伐,使中国尽早立于世界强国之林,增强自主创新能力,建设创新型国家以及大力发展创新型企业的内容在党的十六届五中全会和全国科技大会上作为国家重要的发展战略。我国的一个伟大战略目标就是在2020年建成创新型国家。企业是国家创新体系的基础和重要组成部分,故建设创新型国家的核心和主体内容之一就是建设创新型企业。创新型企业是指拥有自主知识产权、核心技术和知名品牌,并在国际上有较强竞争力,以不断创新来激发企业持续稳定的发展的新型企业。其活动的指导思想为不断创新的观念和组织文化,其创新手段为自主研发、消化吸收、再创新,通过技术创新来支撑企业的创新研发。截至目前,共有国家和省级约500个创新型企业。在创新型企业建设过程中,如何客观、科学地评价创新型企业创新能力所带来的经营绩效逐渐成为理论界和实务界研究的热点问题。但由于创新型企业是一类新型企业,目前尚未有适用于创新型企业的定量与定性相结合的绩效评价方法,因此,对于创新型企业绩效评价进行研究是具有现实和理论的双重意义。
     结合国内外现有绩效评价的研究现状,分别以创新型企业的核心理论、支撑理论、相关理论作为文章的理论支撑,其中创新型企业绩效评价的核心理论包括创新理论、绩效评价理论;创新型企业绩效评价的支撑理论包括企业生命周期理论、协同理论、知识管理理论;创新型企业绩效评价的相关理论包括利益相关者理论、权变管理理论。将以上理论作为理论基础并结合系统工程学、管理学、技术经济学、统计学等相关数量经济学科的集成方法研究创新型企业绩效评价,分别构建数据包络分析模型(DEA)和神经网络模型,并进行模型的应用分析。
     本文的研究成果主要有:
     (1)探讨了创新型企业绩效评价方法的创新。从基本功能和特殊功能两方面对创新型企业绩效评价进行功能定位,其中特殊功能为激励企业创新活动、激发员工创新动力、形成企业创新文化三方面的特殊功能。
     (2)分析了创新型企业绩效评价的特征,以及现有传统绩效评价对于创新型企业的不适应性。分别对数据包络分析和神经网络应用于创新型企业绩效评价的优势进行分析。创新型企业绩效评价指标体系设计,其中包括DEA模型的输入输出指标体系和神经网络模型的八个层面指标体系。
     (3)应用数据包络分析方法(DEA),构建创新型企业绩效评价模型。数据包络分析法是一种统计学分析方法,具体包括:总效率分析、规模报酬分析、变量分析、敏感性分析等,从四个方面对创新型企业绩效进行综合、客观评价,避免人为赋权的主观性,使其评价更有说服力,更接近绩效的实际状态。在此基础上,选择电子信息产业16家上市公司作为样本,并运用DEAP2.1软件对创新型企业绩效评价进行实证分析。
     (4)运用广义方差极小法,从财务状况、经营成果、技术创新、知识管理创新、市场创新、制度创新、文化创新、业务流程等八个层面进行创新型企业绩效评价指标设计,搜集大量创新型企业数据,应用神经网络—卡尔曼滤波模型,构建创新型企业绩效评价模型,该模型通过量化专家对创新型企业绩效水平的评价,得出绩效评价的最优方程,避免人为赋权的主观性,使其评价更有说服力。然后,以A电子公司和B电子公司两个创新型企业为例,进行案例分析,应用所得神经网络模型对两个企业进行绩效评价,分别确定造成各企业绩效水平不高的弱势指标,并进行重点分析,分别提出提高A电子公司和B电子公司创新型企业绩效的对策。
     (5)结合规范分析和实证分析提出提高创新型企业绩效的对策。包括以下六个方面:一是加强政府部门的监管和支持;二是加大技术创新投入力度;三是提高区域创新能力;四是建立企业创新机制;五是加强产学结合;六是重视市场发展。
     对于创新型企业绩效评价的研究是迫在眉睫的问题,本文通过绩效评价方面的研究可以推动创新型企业的创新管理,使企业的创新能力得到进一步的增强,提高整体经营绩效,此研究也可加大企业的竞争力,让企业保持长期可持续性的发展。
Based on the new trends and new demands of rapid development knowledge economy, all countries in the world are making efforts to improve their comprehensive ability in order to comply with the pace of development of the world, to have the ability remain powerful nations in the world-lam, our country's5th Plenary Session of the sixteen Central Committee and National Science and Technology Committee enhance the capability of independent innovation, building an innovation-oriented country as an important national strategies. Developing a number of innovative enterprises is one of the key points to build an innovation-oriented country. Our country has already put forward to build an innovation-oriented country in2020as a great strategic goal. The enterprise is the foundation and the main body of a national innovation system, the construction of innovative enterprises is the core that builds innovation nation. Innovative enterprise is a kind of enterprise with core technology of intellectual property rights, famous brands rights. It also has stronger international competitiveness, use innovative concepts and organizational culture as a guide, technical innovative activities as supporting, R&D, absorption or re-innovation as methods. constantly innovate to encourage enterprises to the sustained and stable development. Up to now, there are about500innovative enterprises are affirmed by our country. In the process of building innovative enterprises, the hot issue is how to scientific evaluate the performance of innovative enterprises. But for innovative enterprises are a new kind of enterprise, there is no performance evaluation methods use quantitative and qualitative methods together for innovative enterprises. So it has a great realistic and theoretical significance for the research of evaluation of innovative enterprise performance.
     Combine with the research status of domestic and international about the performance evaluation. Use the core theory, the support theory and the theory of innovation enterprise as the basis theory of the article.the innovative enterprise performance evaluation of the core theory includes theoretical innovation, performance evaluation theory; innovation enterprise performance evaluation theory includes the enterprise life cycle theory, coordination theory, the theory of knowledge management; innovative enterprise performance evaluation theory on stakeholder theory, contingency theory of management. The above theory as the theoretical foundation and the combination of systems engineering, management science, economics, statistics and other relevant technical economy of amount of interdisciplinary integration method of innovation of enterprise performance evaluation, were used to build the data envelopment analysis model (DEA) and neural network model, and applied analysis of model.
     The main results of this study include:
     (1) Discuss the innovation of performance evaluation method of innovative enterprises. Make functional orientation from two aspects of basic functions and special functions. Special functions include three aspects:the incentive of enterprise innovation activity, stimulate staff innovation, formation of enterprise innovation culture.
     (2) Analyses on characteristics of evaluation of innovative enterprises performance and inapplicability of existing traditional performance evaluation on innovative enterprises. Use the advantages of two method of the data envelopment and neural network to analysis the performance evaluation of the innovation enterprise.Design the innovative enterprise performance evaluation index system, including input and output index system of the DEA model and the eight index system of neural network model.
     (3) Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method constructs the innovative enterprise performance evaluation model. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) method is a statistical analysis method. It specific includes:total efficiency analysis, scale rewarding analysis, multivariate analysis, sensitivity analysis and others. Through this way it can avoid the subjectivity of human, makes the evaluation more persuasive, closer to the actual state of performance. Seclect16listing Corporations of the electronic information industry as sample and use software DEAP2.1to empirical analysis of performance evaluation of innovative enterprises.
     (4) Some indexes are selected by using the generalized minimum variance analysis, which include the financial position, operating results, technical innovation, knowledge innovation, market innovation, system innovation, cultural innovation, business process to design the indexes of innovation enterprises.Massive data about construction industry are collected and kalman filter performance evaluation model of innovative enterprises is established. The innovative enterprises performance evaluations from experts are quantified in this mode, the subjectivity of artificially weight evaluation is avoided. It made the performance evaluation more convincing and closer to the actual performance. Then, A electronic company and B electronic company are taken as examples to case analysis and the evaluation Neural network-Kalman filter model is applied in these innovative enterprises. The performance of cases is evaluated and weaker indicators determining low performance could be found separately. Put forward countermeasures respectively to improve A electronic company and B electronic company innovative enterprise performance.
     (5) Raise innovative enterprise performance countermeasures which combine normative analysis and empirical analysis. It includes six aspects:First, to strengthen the supervision and support of the government. Second, increase the investment of technical innovation. Third, enhance the ability of area innovation. Forth, establish the mechanism of enterprise innovation. Fifth, strengthen the combination of production. Sixth, pay attention to market development.
     The research of the evaluation of innovation enterprise performance is imminent problems, through paper's performance evaluation it can enhance innovative enterprise innovation management, further improve innovation capability and overall business performance of the innovative enterprises, enhance the competitiveness of enterprises, and promote the enterprise sustainable development.
引文
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