机械合金化Si-B-C-N-Al粉末及陶瓷的组织结构与抗氧化性
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摘要
本文分别以铝粉和氮化铝粉为铝源，通过机械合金化的方法制备出了Si-B-C-N-Al粉末,系统研究了铝源种类及铝含量对粉末的微观组织结构、价键类型、热稳定性及抗氧化性的影响规律。在此基础上，采用热压烧结的方法成功制备出了Si-B-C-N-Al块体陶瓷材料，分析了烧结工艺、铝源种类及铝含量对陶瓷的物相、组织结构及性能的影响。通过高温氧化试验，研究了铝源种类及氧化温度对材料抗氧化性的影响并探讨了其高温抗氧化机理。
研究表明，以立方硅粉(c-Si)、六方氮化硼粉(h-BN)、石墨粉(C)和金属铝粉(Al)为原料制备的A3粉末，其粉末颗粒经高能球磨后完全实现了非晶化；而以氮化铝粉(AlN)为铝源制备的AN3粉末中，除了含有极少量的AlN纳米晶外，绝大部分的粉末粒子呈非晶态。价键分析显示：各种原料粉末在球磨过程中发生了相互反应，生成了Si-C、B-C-N、C-C、B-N和Al-N等化学键。所不同的是，A3粉末中还含有Al-O-N键，而AN3粉末不含具有氧的化学键；同时核磁共振结果表明，AN3粉末中的Al原子有着较A3粉末中的Al原子更为简单的结构环境。AN3粉末的抗氧化性优于A3粉末；而随着铝含量的增加，粉末的活化能减小，抗氧化性降低；在氩气中，各种粉末均表现出了良好的热稳定性。
采用不同烧结工艺制备了四种陶瓷，研究发现，烧结温度的升高和压力的增大，对陶瓷的物相组成影响不大，四种陶瓷中主要含有3C-SiC、BCN、AlN和AlON相。但烧结温度和压力对材料的致密化有显著影响，其中1900°C、50MPa下烧结的陶瓷密度最高，最致密。
铝含量和铝源种类对陶瓷的物相组成有较大的影响，其中铝含量较低的陶瓷中出现了4H-SiC相，而采用氮化铝粉为铝源制备的陶瓷中则不含有AlON相。两种不同铝源制备的陶瓷，其微观组织结构相似，均表现为组织均匀、晶粒细小，其中BCN相呈层片状，3C-SiC相中含有较多平直的层错，并且SiC、AlN和BCN晶粒内部均存在原子排列的混乱区。在1300°C时，三种材料的热膨胀系数值在4.8~5.1×10-6/°C之间。
在1200、1300和1400°C氧化时，随着氧化时间的增加，两种不同铝源制备的陶瓷其质量变化呈现出相似的变化趋势，即先失重，然后迅速增重，最后质量变化进入相对稳定阶段。在1200、1300和1400°C氧化80h后，两种陶瓷的氧化表面所含物相相同，氧化产物主要有SiO2、莫来石和C，其中C和莫来石的衍射峰强度随氧化温度的升高逐渐增强，而SiO2则由1200°C时的晶态衍射峰转变为1400°C时的非晶态漫散射峰，这一变化对提高材料的抗氧化性是有利的。两种陶瓷的氧化层厚度均随氧化温度的升高而增加；而在相同温度下氧化时，以铝粉为铝源制备的陶瓷其氧化层厚度略大于氮化铝粉为铝源制备的陶瓷。综合比较，氮化铝粉为铝源制备的陶瓷的抗氧化性优于铝粉为铝源制备的陶瓷。
陶瓷的氧化机理：1200°C时，氧化主要受扩散控制，1300°C以上时受氧化反应和扩散两种机制控制。
Si-B-C-N-Al powders have been prepared by mechanical alloying (MA)technique using aluminum (Al) and aluminum nitride (AlN) as aluminum source,respectively. The effects of aluminum source and content on microstructure, valencebond, thermal stability and oxidation resistance were systematically investigated.And Si-B-C-N-Al ceramics were fabricated by hot pressing (HP) technique. Theinfluence of sintering parameters, aluminum source and content on phasecompositions, microstructure and properties of the bulk ceramics has been studied.The effects of aluminum source and oxidation temperature on the oxidationbehaviour of materials were investigated and the oxidation mechanism was alsodiscussed.
The experimental results show that in the A3powders, which were preparedusing crystalline silicon (Si), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), graphite (C) andaluminum (Al) as starting materials, the particles are completely amorphous; theas-prepared AN3powders using AlN as aluminum source are predominantlyamorphous with a very small volume fraction of AlN nano-crystalline phase. Theanalysis on bonds shows that the solid reactions among raw materials occurred byMA, which resulted in the generation of new chemical bonds such as Si-C, B-C-N,C-C, B-N and Al-N. Compared with the A3powders, the AN3powders have similarbonding types but no oxygen-containing bonds and have relatively simpleenvironment of aluminum atoms. The oxidation resistance of AN3is better than thatof A3. The activation energies and oxidation resistance of the powders reduced withthe increase of aluminum content. The thermal stability of Si-B-C-N-Al powderswas excellent at high temperature in argon.
There are four ceramics prepared using different sintering technique. Theincrease of sintering temperature and pressure has little effect on the phasecompositions and3C-SiC、BCN、AlN and AlON are the main phases in the fourceramics. While the increase of sintering temperature and pressure has a great effecton densification, the ceramics prepared at1900°C under a pressure of50MPa havethe highest density and are most dense.
The aluminum source and content have a greater impact on the phasecompositions. The ceramics with lower aluminum content contain4H-SiC phase andthe ceramics using AlN powders as aluminum source does not have AlON phase.The microstructures are fine and homogeneous in the two ceramics using differentaluminum source, lamellar BCN and3C-SiC with straight stacking faults areobserved, disordered atom areas were also found in3C-SiC、 AlN and BCN grains.The thermal expansion coefficient values of the three ceramics were4.8~5.1×10-6/°C at1300°C.
The weight change of the two ceramics using different aluminum source showsthe similar trends with the oxidation time increasing when the oxidationtemperatures are1200、1300and1400°C, that is first weight loss, then rapid weightgain and finally into a relatively stable stage of weight change. The phasecompositions on the oxidation surface are the same for the two ceramics afteroxidation for80h at1200、1300and1400°C. The oxidation products are SiO2、mullite and C, the diffraction peaks of mullite and C increase in intensity withoxidation temperature raising, while the crystalline diffraction peaks of SiO2at1200°C changed into amorphous diffuse scattering peaks at1400°C, this change isbeneficial on improving the oxidation resisitance of the materials. The thickness ofoxide scales increased with increasing oxidation temperature for the two ceramics;while at the same oxidation temperature, the oxide scales of the ceramics using Alpowders as aluminum source are slightly thicker than those of the ceramics usingAlN powders as aluminum source. The oxidation resistance of the ceramics usingAlN powders as aluminum source is superior to the ceramics using Al powders asaluminum source with comprehensive comparison.
The analysis on the oxidation mechanism of the ceramics shows that thediffusion mechanism controls the oxidation at1200°C, the oxidation behaviour iscontrolled by the oxidation reaction and diffusion mechanism when the temperatureis higher than1300°C.
研究表明，以立方硅粉(c-Si)、六方氮化硼粉(h-BN)、石墨粉(C)和金属铝粉(Al)为原料制备的A3粉末，其粉末颗粒经高能球磨后完全实现了非晶化；而以氮化铝粉(AlN)为铝源制备的AN3粉末中，除了含有极少量的AlN纳米晶外，绝大部分的粉末粒子呈非晶态。价键分析显示：各种原料粉末在球磨过程中发生了相互反应，生成了Si-C、B-C-N、C-C、B-N和Al-N等化学键。所不同的是，A3粉末中还含有Al-O-N键，而AN3粉末不含具有氧的化学键；同时核磁共振结果表明，AN3粉末中的Al原子有着较A3粉末中的Al原子更为简单的结构环境。AN3粉末的抗氧化性优于A3粉末；而随着铝含量的增加，粉末的活化能减小，抗氧化性降低；在氩气中，各种粉末均表现出了良好的热稳定性。
采用不同烧结工艺制备了四种陶瓷，研究发现，烧结温度的升高和压力的增大，对陶瓷的物相组成影响不大，四种陶瓷中主要含有3C-SiC、BCN、AlN和AlON相。但烧结温度和压力对材料的致密化有显著影响，其中1900°C、50MPa下烧结的陶瓷密度最高，最致密。
铝含量和铝源种类对陶瓷的物相组成有较大的影响，其中铝含量较低的陶瓷中出现了4H-SiC相，而采用氮化铝粉为铝源制备的陶瓷中则不含有AlON相。两种不同铝源制备的陶瓷，其微观组织结构相似，均表现为组织均匀、晶粒细小，其中BCN相呈层片状，3C-SiC相中含有较多平直的层错，并且SiC、AlN和BCN晶粒内部均存在原子排列的混乱区。在1300°C时，三种材料的热膨胀系数值在4.8~5.1×10-6/°C之间。
在1200、1300和1400°C氧化时，随着氧化时间的增加，两种不同铝源制备的陶瓷其质量变化呈现出相似的变化趋势，即先失重，然后迅速增重，最后质量变化进入相对稳定阶段。在1200、1300和1400°C氧化80h后，两种陶瓷的氧化表面所含物相相同，氧化产物主要有SiO2、莫来石和C，其中C和莫来石的衍射峰强度随氧化温度的升高逐渐增强，而SiO2则由1200°C时的晶态衍射峰转变为1400°C时的非晶态漫散射峰，这一变化对提高材料的抗氧化性是有利的。两种陶瓷的氧化层厚度均随氧化温度的升高而增加；而在相同温度下氧化时，以铝粉为铝源制备的陶瓷其氧化层厚度略大于氮化铝粉为铝源制备的陶瓷。综合比较，氮化铝粉为铝源制备的陶瓷的抗氧化性优于铝粉为铝源制备的陶瓷。
陶瓷的氧化机理：1200°C时，氧化主要受扩散控制，1300°C以上时受氧化反应和扩散两种机制控制。
Si-B-C-N-Al powders have been prepared by mechanical alloying (MA)technique using aluminum (Al) and aluminum nitride (AlN) as aluminum source,respectively. The effects of aluminum source and content on microstructure, valencebond, thermal stability and oxidation resistance were systematically investigated.And Si-B-C-N-Al ceramics were fabricated by hot pressing (HP) technique. Theinfluence of sintering parameters, aluminum source and content on phasecompositions, microstructure and properties of the bulk ceramics has been studied.The effects of aluminum source and oxidation temperature on the oxidationbehaviour of materials were investigated and the oxidation mechanism was alsodiscussed.
The experimental results show that in the A3powders, which were preparedusing crystalline silicon (Si), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), graphite (C) andaluminum (Al) as starting materials, the particles are completely amorphous; theas-prepared AN3powders using AlN as aluminum source are predominantlyamorphous with a very small volume fraction of AlN nano-crystalline phase. Theanalysis on bonds shows that the solid reactions among raw materials occurred byMA, which resulted in the generation of new chemical bonds such as Si-C, B-C-N,C-C, B-N and Al-N. Compared with the A3powders, the AN3powders have similarbonding types but no oxygen-containing bonds and have relatively simpleenvironment of aluminum atoms. The oxidation resistance of AN3is better than thatof A3. The activation energies and oxidation resistance of the powders reduced withthe increase of aluminum content. The thermal stability of Si-B-C-N-Al powderswas excellent at high temperature in argon.
There are four ceramics prepared using different sintering technique. Theincrease of sintering temperature and pressure has little effect on the phasecompositions and3C-SiC、BCN、AlN and AlON are the main phases in the fourceramics. While the increase of sintering temperature and pressure has a great effecton densification, the ceramics prepared at1900°C under a pressure of50MPa havethe highest density and are most dense.
The aluminum source and content have a greater impact on the phasecompositions. The ceramics with lower aluminum content contain4H-SiC phase andthe ceramics using AlN powders as aluminum source does not have AlON phase.The microstructures are fine and homogeneous in the two ceramics using differentaluminum source, lamellar BCN and3C-SiC with straight stacking faults areobserved, disordered atom areas were also found in3C-SiC、 AlN and BCN grains.The thermal expansion coefficient values of the three ceramics were4.8~5.1×10-6/°C at1300°C.
The weight change of the two ceramics using different aluminum source showsthe similar trends with the oxidation time increasing when the oxidationtemperatures are1200、1300and1400°C, that is first weight loss, then rapid weightgain and finally into a relatively stable stage of weight change. The phasecompositions on the oxidation surface are the same for the two ceramics afteroxidation for80h at1200、1300and1400°C. The oxidation products are SiO2、mullite and C, the diffraction peaks of mullite and C increase in intensity withoxidation temperature raising, while the crystalline diffraction peaks of SiO2at1200°C changed into amorphous diffuse scattering peaks at1400°C, this change isbeneficial on improving the oxidation resisitance of the materials. The thickness ofoxide scales increased with increasing oxidation temperature for the two ceramics;while at the same oxidation temperature, the oxide scales of the ceramics using Alpowders as aluminum source are slightly thicker than those of the ceramics usingAlN powders as aluminum source. The oxidation resistance of the ceramics usingAlN powders as aluminum source is superior to the ceramics using Al powders asaluminum source with comprehensive comparison.
The analysis on the oxidation mechanism of the ceramics shows that thediffusion mechanism controls the oxidation at1200°C, the oxidation behaviour iscontrolled by the oxidation reaction and diffusion mechanism when the temperatureis higher than1300°C.
引文
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