人工电磁超材料波导的物理特性及其在光子器件上的应用
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摘要
人工电磁超材料是由亚波长的结构单元周期性排列形成的等效介质。它具有强大的调控电磁波的能力,不仅可以支持新奇的电磁效应,如负折射、超分辨成像,还可以设计实现电磁隐身、超高折射率、零折射率,极慢的光波传输等。在本论文中,我们深入挖掘超材料波导的独特性质,并探究了超材料波导在光子器件方面的若干应用。
首先,我们研究了左手性的超材料中传播的电磁波的动量问题。介质中电磁波的动量问题已经饱受争议长达一个世纪。对于左手超材料中的动量,人们甚至还没有搞清楚光动量的方向。这里我们从宏观的Maxwell方程出发,研究了左手介质中的电磁场动量。最终的计算结果表明,左手介质中电磁波的动量方向是与能流的方向一致,与波矢的方向相反的。计算结果还表明,我们的动量理论与基本的物理规律,动量守恒和能量守恒定律相吻合。
接下来,我们研究了厚度渐变的超材料慢光波导中的光波传输问题。通过调节超材料波导的厚度到一个关键厚度,波导中的模式的群速度可以达到零。因为不同的光频率对应不同的关键厚度,一篇发表于Nature上的论文认为厚度渐变的慢光波导可以把不同频率的光停止在不同的关键厚度处,形成所谓的“静止彩虹”效应。但我们的研究发现,在关键厚度附近,前向模和后向模接近简并,相互之间非常容易耦合。这种模式之间的耦合,会导致入射的能量被完全地反射回来,使光不可能完全停留在关键厚度处。不过,在这种波导里,光的传播速度确实被显著减小,光的传播时间被大大延长。
在理论研究之后,我们还尝试着利用超材料波导的独特性质,设计出若干光子器件。
我们设计了嵌有两个椭圆形金属纳米颗粒的介质波导。两个金属纳米颗粒分别工作在亮态和暗态上。它们之间的近场耦合使得波导的透射谱出现类似于量子系统中出现的电磁感应透明现象。
我们还研究了由双曲超材料形成的单个波导和耦合波导的模式特性。研究发现,双曲超材料形成的波导可以支持折射率超高的波导模式。利用这种高折射率性质,我们用两根波导耦合形成沟槽结构,实现了极大的光场增强和光力增强。
我们用损耗强各向异性的超材料实现了深亚波长的无衍射的光束传输。这里亚波长光束传输的能力可以用损耗强各向异性超材料所支持的超平的等频率曲线来解释。我们还利用金属纳米线腔阵列实现了完美的红外吸波器。该结构的谐振模式支持电共振和磁共振,因此能够高效地吸收入射光波。
最后我们总结了本论文的研究内容,并指出下一步工作的相关研究点。
The emergence of metamaterial with artificially engineered building blocks provides a new perspective on electromagnetic wave manipulation. Metamaterial can not only exhibit novel electromagnetic phenomena such as negative refraction and super-resolution imaging, but also be designed to achieve e.g., invisible cloaking, ultra-high refractive indices, zero refractive indices and light propagation with ultra-small group velocity. In this thesis, some special properties of metamaterials waveguide are thoroughly investigated and their applications to photonic devices are explored.
First of all, the momentum carried by an electromagnetic wave travelling inside a left-handed metamaterial is studied. The momentum of light in a medium has undergone intense debates for over a century. As to the momentum of light in a metamaterial, even the direction of the light's momentum remains ambiguous. Here we have studied the momentum of electromagnetic waves in a metamaterial based on macroscopic Maxwell's equations. It turns out that the momentum of light in a metamaterial is in the direction of energy flow, instead of wave vectors. Our further analysis shows that our momentum theory is consistent with the requirement of the two fundamental physical laws, namely, the energy conservation and momentum conservation.
Then the propagation of light in a tapered metamaterial slow light waveguide is studied. A metamaterial waveguide can be designed to support mode with zero group velocity, by tuning the thickness of the metamaterial core layer. Since the critical thickness corresponding to zero velocity is different for different light frequency, an article published in Nature claimed that lights in a broad frequency range can be stopped in the tapered waveguide, forming "trapped rainbow". However, our investigation finds that strong intermodal coupling between the forward mode and the backward mode will occur due to the degeneracy of these two modes at the critical thickness. The mode coupling will lead to the reflection of incident light, breaking down the dream of "trapped rainbow". Despite that, light can indeed be trapped inside the slow light waveguide for a relatively long time.
Some photonic devices are designed by exploiting the unique properties of metamaterial.
We have designed a dielectric waveguide with two elliptical silver nanoparticles embedded. The two nanoparticles work as bright state and dark state. The near field coupling between these two resonators results in a transmission spectrum similar to the quantum effect of electromagnetically induced transparency.
We have also investigated the properties of individual and coupled waveguides made of hyperbolic metamaterials. The hyperbolic metamaterial waveguides are found to support modes with ultra-high refractive indices. The high-index waveguides are then utilized to greatly enhance the optical fields and optical forces by constructing a slot waveguide configuration.
We have also proposed an extremely loss-anisotropic metamaterial capable of supporting the propagation of a diffraction-free beam with deep subwavelength size and a perfect infrared absorber made of metallic nanowire cavity arrays. The deep subwavelength beam propagation inside the loss-anisotropic metamaterial is due to the ultra-flat iso-frequency contour. The perfect absorption of incident light is explained by examining its electric resonance and magnetic resonance.
In the end, we give a brief summary of our investigations and discuss some future research directions.
首先,我们研究了左手性的超材料中传播的电磁波的动量问题。介质中电磁波的动量问题已经饱受争议长达一个世纪。对于左手超材料中的动量,人们甚至还没有搞清楚光动量的方向。这里我们从宏观的Maxwell方程出发,研究了左手介质中的电磁场动量。最终的计算结果表明,左手介质中电磁波的动量方向是与能流的方向一致,与波矢的方向相反的。计算结果还表明,我们的动量理论与基本的物理规律,动量守恒和能量守恒定律相吻合。
接下来,我们研究了厚度渐变的超材料慢光波导中的光波传输问题。通过调节超材料波导的厚度到一个关键厚度,波导中的模式的群速度可以达到零。因为不同的光频率对应不同的关键厚度,一篇发表于Nature上的论文认为厚度渐变的慢光波导可以把不同频率的光停止在不同的关键厚度处,形成所谓的“静止彩虹”效应。但我们的研究发现,在关键厚度附近,前向模和后向模接近简并,相互之间非常容易耦合。这种模式之间的耦合,会导致入射的能量被完全地反射回来,使光不可能完全停留在关键厚度处。不过,在这种波导里,光的传播速度确实被显著减小,光的传播时间被大大延长。
在理论研究之后,我们还尝试着利用超材料波导的独特性质,设计出若干光子器件。
我们设计了嵌有两个椭圆形金属纳米颗粒的介质波导。两个金属纳米颗粒分别工作在亮态和暗态上。它们之间的近场耦合使得波导的透射谱出现类似于量子系统中出现的电磁感应透明现象。
我们还研究了由双曲超材料形成的单个波导和耦合波导的模式特性。研究发现,双曲超材料形成的波导可以支持折射率超高的波导模式。利用这种高折射率性质,我们用两根波导耦合形成沟槽结构,实现了极大的光场增强和光力增强。
我们用损耗强各向异性的超材料实现了深亚波长的无衍射的光束传输。这里亚波长光束传输的能力可以用损耗强各向异性超材料所支持的超平的等频率曲线来解释。我们还利用金属纳米线腔阵列实现了完美的红外吸波器。该结构的谐振模式支持电共振和磁共振,因此能够高效地吸收入射光波。
最后我们总结了本论文的研究内容,并指出下一步工作的相关研究点。
The emergence of metamaterial with artificially engineered building blocks provides a new perspective on electromagnetic wave manipulation. Metamaterial can not only exhibit novel electromagnetic phenomena such as negative refraction and super-resolution imaging, but also be designed to achieve e.g., invisible cloaking, ultra-high refractive indices, zero refractive indices and light propagation with ultra-small group velocity. In this thesis, some special properties of metamaterials waveguide are thoroughly investigated and their applications to photonic devices are explored.
First of all, the momentum carried by an electromagnetic wave travelling inside a left-handed metamaterial is studied. The momentum of light in a medium has undergone intense debates for over a century. As to the momentum of light in a metamaterial, even the direction of the light's momentum remains ambiguous. Here we have studied the momentum of electromagnetic waves in a metamaterial based on macroscopic Maxwell's equations. It turns out that the momentum of light in a metamaterial is in the direction of energy flow, instead of wave vectors. Our further analysis shows that our momentum theory is consistent with the requirement of the two fundamental physical laws, namely, the energy conservation and momentum conservation.
Then the propagation of light in a tapered metamaterial slow light waveguide is studied. A metamaterial waveguide can be designed to support mode with zero group velocity, by tuning the thickness of the metamaterial core layer. Since the critical thickness corresponding to zero velocity is different for different light frequency, an article published in Nature claimed that lights in a broad frequency range can be stopped in the tapered waveguide, forming "trapped rainbow". However, our investigation finds that strong intermodal coupling between the forward mode and the backward mode will occur due to the degeneracy of these two modes at the critical thickness. The mode coupling will lead to the reflection of incident light, breaking down the dream of "trapped rainbow". Despite that, light can indeed be trapped inside the slow light waveguide for a relatively long time.
Some photonic devices are designed by exploiting the unique properties of metamaterial.
We have designed a dielectric waveguide with two elliptical silver nanoparticles embedded. The two nanoparticles work as bright state and dark state. The near field coupling between these two resonators results in a transmission spectrum similar to the quantum effect of electromagnetically induced transparency.
We have also investigated the properties of individual and coupled waveguides made of hyperbolic metamaterials. The hyperbolic metamaterial waveguides are found to support modes with ultra-high refractive indices. The high-index waveguides are then utilized to greatly enhance the optical fields and optical forces by constructing a slot waveguide configuration.
We have also proposed an extremely loss-anisotropic metamaterial capable of supporting the propagation of a diffraction-free beam with deep subwavelength size and a perfect infrared absorber made of metallic nanowire cavity arrays. The deep subwavelength beam propagation inside the loss-anisotropic metamaterial is due to the ultra-flat iso-frequency contour. The perfect absorption of incident light is explained by examining its electric resonance and magnetic resonance.
In the end, we give a brief summary of our investigations and discuss some future research directions.
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