金属材料高能喷丸表面纳米化研究
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摘要
工程上绝大多数零件的失效都是从表面开始的，因此开发新的表面强化技术对提高机械零件的使用寿命具有重要的意义。表面纳米化被认为是最具前景的表面技术之一。
本文利用高能振动喷丸技术对低碳钢和工业纯钛进行了表面纳米化处理。通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)，显微硬度计和表面粗糙度仪等对样品进行观察测试，分析了喷丸强度与喷丸时间、喷丸距离、输入的频率、弹丸尺寸和数量等喷丸工艺参数之间的关系，以及样品的硬度、粗糙度的变化。
实验结果表明，高能喷丸处理可在低碳钢和工业纯钛表面得到一定深度的纳米层和剧烈塑性变形层。喷丸时间越长，样品表面的形变层越深。表面硬度随喷丸时间的延长而提高，并且硬度由表面到心部逐渐降低。喷丸过程中，样品的表面粗糙度刚开始时增加很快，最后将在某一值附近波动。平板样品喷丸后的翘曲高度与表面变形层深度有较好的对应关系，可以用来衡量喷丸强度的大小。喷丸工艺参数对样品喷丸后的翘曲高度有很大的影响；随着喷丸距离的增加，喷丸相同时间后样品的翘曲高度也逐渐增加，达到最大值后开始下降；弹丸的装入数量也有类似的规律，即先随着装入量的提高不断提高，达到一定量后下降；采用较大的弹丸直径和较高的输入频率，喷丸后样品的翘曲高度也将提高。
对表面变形层的微观分析表明，经纳米化处理后，低碳钢表层变形层深度随喷丸时间的延长而增加，但在喷丸开始阶段增加较快，然后趋于平缓。经2小时喷丸后深度可达80微米，表层纳米晶粒可以细化到20纳米左右。高能喷丸也可以使密排六方金属表面纳米化。工业纯钛经喷丸处理后，表面变形层深度可达200多微米，表层晶粒尺寸也可以细化到22纳米左右。
In industry,most of failures of machine parts begin from their surface,so it is important to explore new surface-strengthening technologies in order to improve their durability. Surface nanocrystallization has been regarded as one of the most prosperous surface technologies.
The surface nanocrystallization of a low carbon steel and commercial pure titanium was realized by using high-energy shot peening technique. The relationships of the buckling height as a peening intensity measurement with the peening time,the peening height,the inputting frequency,the size and the number of balls,and the variation of hardness and roughness were analyzed by means of optical microscope,scanning electronic microscope(SEM),transmission electronic microscope(TEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),microhardness testing machine and surface roughness testing machine .
Experimental results showed that the layers of severe plastic deformation with nanocrystalline structures were gotten.on low carbon steel surface and on commercial pure titanium after the high-energy shot peening treatment. The longer the peening time,the thicker the deformation layers. The surface-hardness of the samples increased greatly after the treatment,and decreased gradually from the surface to the centre. During the peening,the surface-roughness was enhanced rapidly in the beginning,and finally it would wave around certain value. The depths of plastic deformation were well coincided with the buckling heights of the plane samples,and the buckling height was influenced greatly by the peening processing parameters. The buckling height increased little by little with the increment of the peening hight in some periods and then decreased.,that is,the buckling height increased with the peening height first,and then decreased after the peening height was over a critical value. The effect of the number of in
putted balls on the buckling hight was similar to the influence of the peenig height,that is,it
increased first and then decreased over a certain number. The buckling was high when the bigger balls in size and higher input frequency were employed.
The microstructure analyses of surface deformation layers showed that the depth of plastic deformation increased with peening time,but the increase was fast in the starting stage and then slow during peening. After peening for 120 minutes,the depth was over 80 micron and grainsize was fined to about 20 nanometers from micron size. The metals with hep structure were nanocrystallizationed in surface layer by means of high-energy shot peening. The plastic deformation depth of commercial pure titanium would reach to over 200 micron and the grainsize would reach to 20 nanometers.
本文利用高能振动喷丸技术对低碳钢和工业纯钛进行了表面纳米化处理。通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)，显微硬度计和表面粗糙度仪等对样品进行观察测试，分析了喷丸强度与喷丸时间、喷丸距离、输入的频率、弹丸尺寸和数量等喷丸工艺参数之间的关系，以及样品的硬度、粗糙度的变化。
实验结果表明，高能喷丸处理可在低碳钢和工业纯钛表面得到一定深度的纳米层和剧烈塑性变形层。喷丸时间越长，样品表面的形变层越深。表面硬度随喷丸时间的延长而提高，并且硬度由表面到心部逐渐降低。喷丸过程中，样品的表面粗糙度刚开始时增加很快，最后将在某一值附近波动。平板样品喷丸后的翘曲高度与表面变形层深度有较好的对应关系，可以用来衡量喷丸强度的大小。喷丸工艺参数对样品喷丸后的翘曲高度有很大的影响；随着喷丸距离的增加，喷丸相同时间后样品的翘曲高度也逐渐增加，达到最大值后开始下降；弹丸的装入数量也有类似的规律，即先随着装入量的提高不断提高，达到一定量后下降；采用较大的弹丸直径和较高的输入频率，喷丸后样品的翘曲高度也将提高。
对表面变形层的微观分析表明，经纳米化处理后，低碳钢表层变形层深度随喷丸时间的延长而增加，但在喷丸开始阶段增加较快，然后趋于平缓。经2小时喷丸后深度可达80微米，表层纳米晶粒可以细化到20纳米左右。高能喷丸也可以使密排六方金属表面纳米化。工业纯钛经喷丸处理后，表面变形层深度可达200多微米，表层晶粒尺寸也可以细化到22纳米左右。
In industry,most of failures of machine parts begin from their surface,so it is important to explore new surface-strengthening technologies in order to improve their durability. Surface nanocrystallization has been regarded as one of the most prosperous surface technologies.
The surface nanocrystallization of a low carbon steel and commercial pure titanium was realized by using high-energy shot peening technique. The relationships of the buckling height as a peening intensity measurement with the peening time,the peening height,the inputting frequency,the size and the number of balls,and the variation of hardness and roughness were analyzed by means of optical microscope,scanning electronic microscope(SEM),transmission electronic microscope(TEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),microhardness testing machine and surface roughness testing machine .
Experimental results showed that the layers of severe plastic deformation with nanocrystalline structures were gotten.on low carbon steel surface and on commercial pure titanium after the high-energy shot peening treatment. The longer the peening time,the thicker the deformation layers. The surface-hardness of the samples increased greatly after the treatment,and decreased gradually from the surface to the centre. During the peening,the surface-roughness was enhanced rapidly in the beginning,and finally it would wave around certain value. The depths of plastic deformation were well coincided with the buckling heights of the plane samples,and the buckling height was influenced greatly by the peening processing parameters. The buckling height increased little by little with the increment of the peening hight in some periods and then decreased.,that is,the buckling height increased with the peening height first,and then decreased after the peening height was over a critical value. The effect of the number of in
putted balls on the buckling hight was similar to the influence of the peenig height,that is,it
increased first and then decreased over a certain number. The buckling was high when the bigger balls in size and higher input frequency were employed.
The microstructure analyses of surface deformation layers showed that the depth of plastic deformation increased with peening time,but the increase was fast in the starting stage and then slow during peening. After peening for 120 minutes,the depth was over 80 micron and grainsize was fined to about 20 nanometers from micron size. The metals with hep structure were nanocrystallizationed in surface layer by means of high-energy shot peening. The plastic deformation depth of commercial pure titanium would reach to over 200 micron and the grainsize would reach to 20 nanometers.
引文
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