亚波长金属十字孔结构在量子阱红外光探测器应用中的模拟研究
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摘要
传统的量子阱红外光探测器(QWIP,Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector)探测效率低,利用亚波长金属孔微结构可以提高量子阱红外光探测器的光吸收效率,从而提高探测器的探测效率。
金属中包含大量的自由电子,它们可以与电磁波耦合,在金属表面形成表面等离极化激元(SPP)。表面等离极化激元的电场局域在金属的表面,随着离开金属的距离呈指数衰减。金属孔结构可以激发表面等离极化激元产生独特的光学性质。如：透射增强、光学天线、负折射材料、荧光增强等。日前表面等离极化激元是科学界研究的热点方向。亚波长金属微纳结构是激发和控制表面等离极化激元的主要结构。表面等离极化激元的金属微纳结构的光子器件不仅能够改善传统器件的性能,而且还会产生一些新奇的物理现象和实现新的器件功能。
本文研究了周期性亚波长金属十字孔阵列的近场电场增强特性。我们用时域有限差分(FDTD)方法模拟了一系列的周期性亚波长金属十字孔阵列的光学特性。
1)光从空气-金属-量子阱材料(正面)入射,研究了表面等离极化激元(SPP)、局域表面等离激元(LSR)、透射增强(EOT)之间的关系。研究发现局域表面等离激元能够调节入射光与等离极化激元结构之间的耦合,表面等离极化激元能够维持光子-电子的长时间的共振,提高了光子的共振寿命。
2)光从量子阱材料-金属-空气(背面)入射,此时金属孔是通的,研究了表面等离极化激元、局域表面等离激元、法布里-帕罗(F-P)腔、近场电场增强之间的关系。金属很薄时,虽然背面入射的反射光谱与正面入射的反射光谱相同,但是背面入射的近场电场增强要比正面入射的透射增强要强。在背面入射的结构中,我们利用的是金属-量子阱一侧的光,因此金属可以变得很厚。
3)对于背面入射,透射到空气中的光是不会与量子阱中的电子耦合的,因此我们又设计了单端开口的十字孔金属光栅结构,研究了表面等离极化激元、局域表面等离激元、法布里一帕罗腔、近场电场增强之间的关系,此时,在量子阱处,有很高的电场分量,能够增加量子阱中电子与光子的耦合效率。
这些研究亚波长周期性金属孔结构的方法,也适用于不同结构的耦合光栅的研究。
The detectivity of traditional quantum well infrared photodetector is low. Subwavelength metal hole microstructure can improve optical absorption efficiency of quantum-well infrared photodetector, enhancing the photodetector's detectivity.
The metal possesses a large number of free electrons, which may couple with the electromagenetic waves, the coupling between free electrons and electromagnectic waves forms surface plasmon plasmon (SPP). The SPP's electric filed is localized on the metal surface and decays exponentially with the distance away from the metal surface. The perforated metal structure can excite the SPP mode on its surface and have unique optical properties, for example:enhanced optical transmission (EOT), optical antenna, negative refraction, enhanced fluorescence etc. Today it has become one of the research hot topics. Subwavelength metal microstructure is the main method of exciting and controling SPP mode. The photodevice of subwavelength metal microstructure of SPP can improve the performance of the tranditional devices, and still can produce some novel physical phenomenon and realize new device functions
In this paper, the near-field enhanced transmission of periodic sunwavelength metal cross-hole arrays is studied. We simulate the optical properties of subwavelength metal hole arrays from Finite Diffence Time-Domain (FDTD).
1) Light incidents from air-metal-quantum well material (front incidence), the relationship of surface plasmon plariton (SPP), localized surface plasmon (LSR) and enhanced optical transmission (EOT) are studied. We found that localized surface plasmon mediates the coupling between the incident light and plasmonic structure, and the surface plasmon plariton provides long-lived resonance, increasing photon resonance lifetime.
2) Light incidents from quantum well-metal-air (back incidence), the metal holes are open, surface plasmon plariton, localized surface plasmon and Fabry-Perot cavity are studied, which may affect the near-field electric intensity. When the metal is thin, the reflection spectra of light back incidence is identical to the front incidence of light. But the near-field electric intensity of light back incidence is higher than the electric intensity of light front incidence. In the structure of light back incidence, we utilize the light from metal-quantum well side, so we can thicken the metal.
3) The light that transmits to the air won't couple with electrons in the quantum well, so we design another kind of coupling structure which is closed on another side of the hole. Then the surface plasmon plariton, localized surface plasmon and Fabry-Perot cavity are studied, which may affect the near-field electric intensity. In the quantum-well place, the electric component in the z direction is high, which enhances the optical coupling efficiency with the electrons.
For couplers with other different hole shapes, similar analysis can be performed.
金属中包含大量的自由电子,它们可以与电磁波耦合,在金属表面形成表面等离极化激元(SPP)。表面等离极化激元的电场局域在金属的表面,随着离开金属的距离呈指数衰减。金属孔结构可以激发表面等离极化激元产生独特的光学性质。如：透射增强、光学天线、负折射材料、荧光增强等。日前表面等离极化激元是科学界研究的热点方向。亚波长金属微纳结构是激发和控制表面等离极化激元的主要结构。表面等离极化激元的金属微纳结构的光子器件不仅能够改善传统器件的性能,而且还会产生一些新奇的物理现象和实现新的器件功能。
本文研究了周期性亚波长金属十字孔阵列的近场电场增强特性。我们用时域有限差分(FDTD)方法模拟了一系列的周期性亚波长金属十字孔阵列的光学特性。
1)光从空气-金属-量子阱材料(正面)入射,研究了表面等离极化激元(SPP)、局域表面等离激元(LSR)、透射增强(EOT)之间的关系。研究发现局域表面等离激元能够调节入射光与等离极化激元结构之间的耦合,表面等离极化激元能够维持光子-电子的长时间的共振,提高了光子的共振寿命。
2)光从量子阱材料-金属-空气(背面)入射,此时金属孔是通的,研究了表面等离极化激元、局域表面等离激元、法布里-帕罗(F-P)腔、近场电场增强之间的关系。金属很薄时,虽然背面入射的反射光谱与正面入射的反射光谱相同,但是背面入射的近场电场增强要比正面入射的透射增强要强。在背面入射的结构中,我们利用的是金属-量子阱一侧的光,因此金属可以变得很厚。
3)对于背面入射,透射到空气中的光是不会与量子阱中的电子耦合的,因此我们又设计了单端开口的十字孔金属光栅结构,研究了表面等离极化激元、局域表面等离激元、法布里一帕罗腔、近场电场增强之间的关系,此时,在量子阱处,有很高的电场分量,能够增加量子阱中电子与光子的耦合效率。
这些研究亚波长周期性金属孔结构的方法,也适用于不同结构的耦合光栅的研究。
The detectivity of traditional quantum well infrared photodetector is low. Subwavelength metal hole microstructure can improve optical absorption efficiency of quantum-well infrared photodetector, enhancing the photodetector's detectivity.
The metal possesses a large number of free electrons, which may couple with the electromagenetic waves, the coupling between free electrons and electromagnectic waves forms surface plasmon plasmon (SPP). The SPP's electric filed is localized on the metal surface and decays exponentially with the distance away from the metal surface. The perforated metal structure can excite the SPP mode on its surface and have unique optical properties, for example:enhanced optical transmission (EOT), optical antenna, negative refraction, enhanced fluorescence etc. Today it has become one of the research hot topics. Subwavelength metal microstructure is the main method of exciting and controling SPP mode. The photodevice of subwavelength metal microstructure of SPP can improve the performance of the tranditional devices, and still can produce some novel physical phenomenon and realize new device functions
In this paper, the near-field enhanced transmission of periodic sunwavelength metal cross-hole arrays is studied. We simulate the optical properties of subwavelength metal hole arrays from Finite Diffence Time-Domain (FDTD).
1) Light incidents from air-metal-quantum well material (front incidence), the relationship of surface plasmon plariton (SPP), localized surface plasmon (LSR) and enhanced optical transmission (EOT) are studied. We found that localized surface plasmon mediates the coupling between the incident light and plasmonic structure, and the surface plasmon plariton provides long-lived resonance, increasing photon resonance lifetime.
2) Light incidents from quantum well-metal-air (back incidence), the metal holes are open, surface plasmon plariton, localized surface plasmon and Fabry-Perot cavity are studied, which may affect the near-field electric intensity. When the metal is thin, the reflection spectra of light back incidence is identical to the front incidence of light. But the near-field electric intensity of light back incidence is higher than the electric intensity of light front incidence. In the structure of light back incidence, we utilize the light from metal-quantum well side, so we can thicken the metal.
3) The light that transmits to the air won't couple with electrons in the quantum well, so we design another kind of coupling structure which is closed on another side of the hole. Then the surface plasmon plariton, localized surface plasmon and Fabry-Perot cavity are studied, which may affect the near-field electric intensity. In the quantum-well place, the electric component in the z direction is high, which enhances the optical coupling efficiency with the electrons.
For couplers with other different hole shapes, similar analysis can be performed.
引文
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[2]H. A. Bethe. Theory of diffraction by small holes. Phys. Rev.66,163-182 (1944).
[3]T. W. Ebbesen, H. J. Lezec, H. F Ghaemi, T. Thio, P. A. Wolff. Extraordinary optical transmission through sub-wavelength hole arrays. Nature 391,667-669 (1998).
[4]Barnes. W. L, Dereux. A, Ebbesen. T. W. Surface plasmon subwavelength optics. Nature,424:824-830 (2003).
[5]Lezec. H. J, Degiron. A, Devaux. E, et al. Beaming light from a subwavelength aperture. Science,297:820-822 (2002).
[6]Martin-Moreno L, Garcia-Vidal F. J, Lezec H. J, et al. Theory of extraordinary optical transmission through subwavelenrth hole arrays. Phys. Rev. Lett.86: 1114-1117(2001).
[7]Salomon. L, Grillot. F, Zayats A. V. Optical transmission of a metal film with periodic subwavelength holes:a near-field view. Phys. Rev. Lett.86:1110-1113 (2001).
[8]Damanyan.S. A, Zayats A. V. Light tunneling via resonant surface plasmon polariton states and the enhanced transmission of periodically nanostructured metal films:an analytical study. Phys. Rev. B,67:035424 (2003).
[9]Degiron A, Lezec H.J, et al. Effects of hole depth on enhanced light transmission through subwavelength hole arrays. Appl. Phys.Lett,81:4327 (2002).
[10]Novotny. L. Bian R. X. Xie. X. S. Thoery of nanometric optical tweezers. Phys. Rev. Lett.79:645-648 (1997).
[11]Jersch J, Demming F, Dickmann. K. Nanostructuring with laser radiation in the nearfield of a tip from a scanning force microscope. Appl. Phys. A 64:29-32 (1997).
[12]R. A. Shelby, D. R. Smith, Schultz. Experimental verification of a negative index of refraction. Science 292,77-79 (2001).
[13]L. Ran, J. Huangfu, H. Chen, Y. Li, X. Zhang, K. Chen, J. A. Kong. Microwave solid-state left-handed material with a broad bandwidth and anultralow loss. Phys. Rev. B 70,073102(2004).
[14]H. Chen, L. Ran, J. Huangfu, X. Zhang, K. Chen, T. M. Grzegorczyk, J. A. Kong. Negative refraction of a combined double S-shaped metamaterial. Appl. Phys. Lett.86, 151909(2005).
[15]Hung-Ta Chien, Hui-Ting Tang, Chao-Hsien Kuo, Chii-Chang Chen, Zhen Ye. Directed diffraction without negative refraction. Phys. Rev. B 70,113101 (2004).
[16]V. M. Shalaev, W. Cai, U.K. Chettiar, H. K. Sarychev, V. P. Drachev, A. V. Kildishev. Negatie index of refraction in optical metamaterials. Opt. Lett.30,3356 (2005).
[17]J. Zhou, L. Zhang, G. Tuttle, T. Koschny, C. M. Soukoulis. Negative index materials using simple short wire pairs. Phys. Rev. B 73,041101 (2006).
[18]S. Zhang, W. Fan, B. K. Minhas, Fauenglass, K. J. Malloy, S. R. J. Brueck. Midinfrared resonant magnetic nanostructures exhibiting a negative permeability. Phys. Rev. Lett.94,037402 (2005).
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