黄土高原城市雨水集蓄利用研究
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摘要
本文以庆阳市西峰区的水文资料为基础,对城市雨水集蓄利用系统做了分析和规划设计。首先利用城市硬化集流面、布设的管网及其末端的天湖集蓄雨水,然后通过灌溉、绿化、环卫、地下水回灌、旅游景观及养殖等形式使水资源得到充分利用。对雨水集蓄过程中的产流、水面蒸发、水质及雨水利用过程中的湖水运行调度做了系统的测试和示范研究,得到了如下结论:
(1)单位面积(1km2)集流场上的实际产流量Q′(104m3)与降雨量P(mm)的关系式为: Q ' = 0.104P?0.382, R 2 =0.993;集流效率RCE与降雨量P(mm)的关系式为: RCE = 0 .262ln( P) +0.002, R 2 =0.866。
(2)水面蒸发量总体趋势是1～8月逐渐增大,8～12月逐渐减小,最大值出现在8月,最小值出现在1月;试验观测的水面蒸发量仅占理论值的55.4%,且水面实际蒸发量月分配比例,除了1～3月不同程度的小于理论值,其他月份的该值均大于理论值。
(3)在监测的12项指标中,pH、氯化物、铜、锌、硝酸盐、硫酸盐、铅等均达到《地表水环境质量标准》I类标准,总磷、化学需氧量和5日生化需氧量、类大肠菌群均达到《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类标准,只有总氮未达到《地表水环境质量标准》最低要求V类标准。
(4)利用人工湿地入渗补给地下水是可行的;小规模的灌注井回灌地下水有很大局限性,有待在今后的试验项目中进一步完善。
(5)在环卫用水、绿化用水及损失水量确定的前提下,通过库容调节计算得到天湖能提供的农业灌溉用水量及泄水量分别为9.00万m3和6.47万m3,灌溉水量占年复蓄水量的24%,泄水量占年复蓄水量的17%。此时灌溉面积最大,为1500亩。
(6)环境影响评价的结论:除了淹没造成土地资源损失外,该项目的规划、施工及成湖后的雨水集蓄系统运行都不存在制约性的环境影响,该项目是合理的。
(7)项目区雨水集蓄系统的实施运行每年可防止水土流失的面积为117.4ha,有效控制了项目区的水土流失现象。
(8)城市雨水集蓄利用是集农业灌溉、环卫绿化、水土保持、旅游景观、城市防洪等为一体的综合性生态水利工程。以人工湖为载体的城市雨水集蓄利用系统为降雨量较大的城市高效利用雨水开创了新的模式,具有可观的社会、经济效益和潜在的生态效益。
The paper takes the hydrological data in Xifeng district Qingyang city as a foundation, has analysed and designed the urban rainwater collection and utilization system. First using the urban hardening collection surface, the pipe net layout and the Tianhu lake in the end of pipe network gathers the rain water, then through irrigation, afforestation, environmental sanitation, ground water recharge, traveling landscape, cultivation and so on takes full use of the water resources. By testing and studying on the runoff yield, water surface evaporation, water quality in the process of the rainwater collection and running scheduling of lake water in the process of rainwater using, obtained the following conclusions:
(1) The relation equation between practical production flow and rainfall of per unit area of rainwater catching field was Q ' = 0.104P?0.382, R 2 =0.993; The relation equation between practical rainwater collection efficiency and rainfall was RCE = 0 .262ln( P) +0.002, R 2 =0.866.
(2) The general trend of water surface evaporation increases gradually from January to August, and decreases form August to December. The water surface evaporation is the largest in August and the smallest in December. The water surface evaporation of experimental observation only occupies the theoretical value 55.4%, and the monthly distribution proportion of water surface actual Evaporation is smaller than the theoretical value from January to March, other months of this value is bigger than the theoretical value.
(3) In monitor 12 indexes, pH, the chloride, the copper, the zinc, the nitrate, the sulfate and the lead meets "Surface Water Environment Quality Standard" I; the total phosphorus, the chemical oxygen demand and the five day biochemical oxygen demand and the escherichia coli meets "Surface water Environment quality Standard"Ⅲ; Only the total nitrogen has not achieved "Surface water Environment quality Standard" V, which is the lowest requirements.
(4)It was feasible to infiltrate and recharge groundwater by using artificial wetland; There was great limitation to recirculate groundwater by small scale filling well which waits for further improvement in present's test project.
(5) The paper obtains the agricultural irrigation water consumption and surplus water which the Tianhu lake can provide by the storage capacity adjustment computation, respectively is 90,000 cubic meters and 64,700 cubic meters, under the prerequisite condition of definiting the environmental sanitation, afforested and loss water volume. The irrigation water consumption accounts for the annual duplication water Storage capacity 24%, the surplus water accounts for the annual duplication water Storage capacity 17%. The irrigated area is 1500 Chinese acres which is the biggest, at this moment.
(6) Environmental Impact Assessment: The project’planning, construction and operation of lake rainwater collection system don’t have the conditionality environmental effect, besides waste of land resources caused by submerge, this project is reasonable.
(7) The implementation and operation of rainwater collection in project area can prevent soil erosion about 117.4ha annual. It has controlled project area soil erosion phenomenon effectively.
(8) The urban rainwater collection and utilization is a comprehensive ecology hydraulic engineering that integrates agriculture irrigation, the environmental sanitation afforests, soil and water conservation, the tourist landscape, the urban flood control and so on into one system. The urban rainwater collection and utilization system which takes the artificial lake as the carrier founds the new pattern for the large rainfall city highly efficient use of the rain water, and has the considerable benefits of society, economy and the potential benefit of ecology.
(1)单位面积(1km2)集流场上的实际产流量Q′(104m3)与降雨量P(mm)的关系式为: Q ' = 0.104P?0.382, R 2 =0.993;集流效率RCE与降雨量P(mm)的关系式为: RCE = 0 .262ln( P) +0.002, R 2 =0.866。
(2)水面蒸发量总体趋势是1～8月逐渐增大,8～12月逐渐减小,最大值出现在8月,最小值出现在1月;试验观测的水面蒸发量仅占理论值的55.4%,且水面实际蒸发量月分配比例,除了1～3月不同程度的小于理论值,其他月份的该值均大于理论值。
(3)在监测的12项指标中,pH、氯化物、铜、锌、硝酸盐、硫酸盐、铅等均达到《地表水环境质量标准》I类标准,总磷、化学需氧量和5日生化需氧量、类大肠菌群均达到《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类标准,只有总氮未达到《地表水环境质量标准》最低要求V类标准。
(4)利用人工湿地入渗补给地下水是可行的;小规模的灌注井回灌地下水有很大局限性,有待在今后的试验项目中进一步完善。
(5)在环卫用水、绿化用水及损失水量确定的前提下,通过库容调节计算得到天湖能提供的农业灌溉用水量及泄水量分别为9.00万m3和6.47万m3,灌溉水量占年复蓄水量的24%,泄水量占年复蓄水量的17%。此时灌溉面积最大,为1500亩。
(6)环境影响评价的结论:除了淹没造成土地资源损失外,该项目的规划、施工及成湖后的雨水集蓄系统运行都不存在制约性的环境影响,该项目是合理的。
(7)项目区雨水集蓄系统的实施运行每年可防止水土流失的面积为117.4ha,有效控制了项目区的水土流失现象。
(8)城市雨水集蓄利用是集农业灌溉、环卫绿化、水土保持、旅游景观、城市防洪等为一体的综合性生态水利工程。以人工湖为载体的城市雨水集蓄利用系统为降雨量较大的城市高效利用雨水开创了新的模式,具有可观的社会、经济效益和潜在的生态效益。
The paper takes the hydrological data in Xifeng district Qingyang city as a foundation, has analysed and designed the urban rainwater collection and utilization system. First using the urban hardening collection surface, the pipe net layout and the Tianhu lake in the end of pipe network gathers the rain water, then through irrigation, afforestation, environmental sanitation, ground water recharge, traveling landscape, cultivation and so on takes full use of the water resources. By testing and studying on the runoff yield, water surface evaporation, water quality in the process of the rainwater collection and running scheduling of lake water in the process of rainwater using, obtained the following conclusions:
(1) The relation equation between practical production flow and rainfall of per unit area of rainwater catching field was Q ' = 0.104P?0.382, R 2 =0.993; The relation equation between practical rainwater collection efficiency and rainfall was RCE = 0 .262ln( P) +0.002, R 2 =0.866.
(2) The general trend of water surface evaporation increases gradually from January to August, and decreases form August to December. The water surface evaporation is the largest in August and the smallest in December. The water surface evaporation of experimental observation only occupies the theoretical value 55.4%, and the monthly distribution proportion of water surface actual Evaporation is smaller than the theoretical value from January to March, other months of this value is bigger than the theoretical value.
(3) In monitor 12 indexes, pH, the chloride, the copper, the zinc, the nitrate, the sulfate and the lead meets "Surface Water Environment Quality Standard" I; the total phosphorus, the chemical oxygen demand and the five day biochemical oxygen demand and the escherichia coli meets "Surface water Environment quality Standard"Ⅲ; Only the total nitrogen has not achieved "Surface water Environment quality Standard" V, which is the lowest requirements.
(4)It was feasible to infiltrate and recharge groundwater by using artificial wetland; There was great limitation to recirculate groundwater by small scale filling well which waits for further improvement in present's test project.
(5) The paper obtains the agricultural irrigation water consumption and surplus water which the Tianhu lake can provide by the storage capacity adjustment computation, respectively is 90,000 cubic meters and 64,700 cubic meters, under the prerequisite condition of definiting the environmental sanitation, afforested and loss water volume. The irrigation water consumption accounts for the annual duplication water Storage capacity 24%, the surplus water accounts for the annual duplication water Storage capacity 17%. The irrigated area is 1500 Chinese acres which is the biggest, at this moment.
(6) Environmental Impact Assessment: The project’planning, construction and operation of lake rainwater collection system don’t have the conditionality environmental effect, besides waste of land resources caused by submerge, this project is reasonable.
(7) The implementation and operation of rainwater collection in project area can prevent soil erosion about 117.4ha annual. It has controlled project area soil erosion phenomenon effectively.
(8) The urban rainwater collection and utilization is a comprehensive ecology hydraulic engineering that integrates agriculture irrigation, the environmental sanitation afforests, soil and water conservation, the tourist landscape, the urban flood control and so on into one system. The urban rainwater collection and utilization system which takes the artificial lake as the carrier founds the new pattern for the large rainfall city highly efficient use of the rain water, and has the considerable benefits of society, economy and the potential benefit of ecology.
引文
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