半干旱区苜蓿沟垄覆盖种植对集水保墒和土壤环境影响的研究
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摘要
针对西北地区种植结构单一,生产力低下,水资源不足导致紫花苜蓿出苗率、成苗率低,生长发育不良、产量低的特点,研究不同起垄覆盖集水保墒技术对紫花苜蓿产量和品质的影响,观测不同覆盖材料和不同沟垄比对干草产量、出苗率、土壤贮水量及土壤质量的影响。试验以紫花苜蓿为材料,采用田间沟垄覆盖集水种植设计,垄为集雨区,沟为种植区,小区随机排列,共设9个处理(4个沟垄比处理×2种垄覆盖方式×1种沟覆盖方式+1平作(CK)),重复3次。4种沟垄比为60:30、60:45、60:60、60:75(单位cm),垄覆盖方式为覆膜垄和土垄,覆膜垄上塑料薄膜宽1.2 m,厚度0.08 mm,边缘用土压牢,以防被风损害,土垄为人工原土夯实。沟覆盖方式为播种后沟内用秸秆(小麦)覆盖,秸秆覆盖量6600～6750 kg.hm-2,当牧草出苗率达70 %时,去除秸秆覆盖(膜垄沟覆麦秆简称为膜垄沟秸,土垄沟覆麦秆简称为土垄沟秸)。集雨垄高20 cm,顶部成弧形,垄面与地面成45°角,垄长6 m,每个小区有四条垄三条沟。对照为平地不覆盖秸秆,所有处理播种量、播种方式、播种深度、田间管理措施相同。研究结果表明:
1.膜垄沟秸处理提高了苜蓿的出苗率和成苗率,缩短了出苗天数和成苗天数。膜垄沟秸的平均出苗率为82.7%,成苗率为70.81%;土垄集雨面平均出苗率为74.2%,成苗率为59.03%。平作(CK)的出苗率和成苗率分别为77.9%和67.16%。出苗率的排序为MR60 > MR75> MR45 > SR60 > SR75 > CK >MR30 > SR45 > SR30,成苗率的排序为MR60 > MR75> MR45 > CK > SR75 > MR30> SR60 >SR45 > SR30,MR60的出苗率和成苗率最高,分别为90.37%a和78.33%a。
2.膜垄沟秸处理提高了单位面积的干草产量,促进了苜蓿对矿物质全磷全钙的吸收和粗蛋白粗脂肪的合成代谢,同时抑制了酸性纤维的合成。宽垄覆膜沟秸处理(沟宽:垄宽= 75 : 60 cm和沟宽:垄宽= 60 : 60 cm)的增产效果好于窄垄覆膜沟秸处理(沟宽:垄宽= 45 : 60 cm和沟宽:垄宽=30 : 60 cm),各处理干草产量次序为MR60 > MR75 > MR45 > MR30 > SR60 > SR75 > SR45 > SR30。MR60的综合表现最佳,苜蓿植株全钙含量为1.521%,全磷含量为0.571%,酸性纤维为11.294%,粗脂肪为2.973%,粗蛋白为27.413%。
3.垄膜沟秸处理对汇集雨水、降低土壤水分蒸发面、改善0-120cm土壤水分供应状况具有明显的作用和效果;土垄集雨作用并不明显。第一茬苜蓿生长阶段MR75处理土壤贮水量比CK高25.08mm,第二茬苜蓿生长阶段MR75处理土壤贮水量比CK高24.84mm。
4.沟垄覆盖集水栽培,一定程度上能够增加表层0-20cm土壤中有效养分,与CK相比,膜垄沟秸0-20cm表层土壤全氮含量显著提高,抑制了土壤有机碳含量的下降,降低了速效磷的下降程度,全磷全氮和有机质含量上升,速效成分下降。提高了水分效率,MR60的水分利用效率最高。
总之,膜垄沟秸处理与常规平作相比,特别是MR60和MR75处理,增加了土壤中养分含量,尤其是增加了土壤全氮含量,抑制有机质含量的下降速度,改善降水空间分配和土壤供水能力,增加局部水分供给,改善紫花苜蓿田间生态环境和水分利用率,提高雨水利用效率,提高苜蓿产量。
To aim to improve the hypogenesis of alfalfa resulted from single farming structure, low productivity and water resource deficiency, based on the generation of experiences and lessons of production practice in the past years, further research was conducted to investigate the effect of differences mulch and ridge integrated skills on the development and products of alfalfa, the effects of differences mulch and ridge on the rate of emergence, soil water storage and hay product.
The research adopted mulch and ridge integrated skills to grow alfalfa, furrows as planting areas, ridges as water-harvesting areas, experimental area was arranged at random, nine treatments(4 furrows and ridges ratio×2 mulched ridges pattern + 1 control), three replicate, where 4 furrows and ridges ratio(1:0.5、1: 0.75、1: 1和1: 1.25, that meant furrows and ridges ratios were 60:30、60:45、60:60 and 60:75 respectively, unit mm), mulched ridges pattern were plastic mulched and soil bared ridges, the width and thickness of the plastic film of plastic mulched ridge were 1.2 m and 0.08 mm respectively, the plastic mulch edges were compressed with soil in case of wind damage, which the soil bared ridges were original soil rammed. The seeds were sowed in the furrows, and then were mulched with straw of 6600~6750 kg.hm-2, when the rate of seedling emergence was 70%, the straw was removed. The height of water-harvesting ridges was 20cm, the top of which was arc; ridge surface and ground were angled. 45 degree, the width of ridges were 6m, every plots had four ridges and three furrows.The results as shown follows:
1. The average rate of seedling emergence and rate of seedling establishment were increased and at the same time the days of seedling emergence and seedling storage were decreased by the mulched ridge treatment. The average rate of seedling emergence and rate of seedling establishment in the mulched ridge treatment were 82.7% and 70.81 respectively; the average rate of seedling emergence and rate of seedling establishment in the bared ridge treatment were 82.7% and 70.81% respectively. The rates of seedling emergence were ordered as MR60 > MR75> MR45 > CK > SR75 > MR30> SR60 >SR45 > SR30,while the highest of them was MR60, which were 90.37%a and 78.33%a respectively.
2. The mulched ridge treatment increased the hay product per area as well as the synthesis of crude protein and absorption of total P. The wider mulched ridge treatment (furrow width: ridge width=75:60 and furrow width: ridge width=60:60) increased product more than the narrower mulched ridge treatment (furrow width: ridge width=45:60 and furrow width: ridge width=30:60), the sequence of hay product is MR60 > MR75 > MR45 > MR30 > SR60 > SR75 > SR45 > SR30. The highest of them was MR60, and its total calcium content、total P content、acid fiber、crude fat and crude protein were 1.521%、0.571%、11.294%、2.973% and 27.413% respectively.
3. The cultivation of mulch and ridge integrated cultivation had an especial effect on the water-harvesting of 0-120cm soil layer. The mulched ridge treatment has a significant effect on the water-harvesting、the reduction of soil water transpiration area and the improvement of water supply. On the contrary, the bared ridge treatment had not showed significant effect. The average soil water storage of MR75 during the first-cut alfalfa growing period was higher than CK by 25.08mm, while during the second-cut alfalfa growing period was higher than CK by 24. 84mm.
4. Among the cultivation of mulch and ridge integrated cultivation, the mulched ridge treatment had a significant effect on the increase of soil effective nutrition, especially the available N in the 0~20cm soil layer; inhibited the reduction of soil organic carbon, reduced the decreasing rate of available soil P, increased surface water as well as water use efficiency, while MR60 showed the highest water use efficiency. The total P and N and soil organic matter was increased and the available ingredients were reduced in the MR60 treatment.
In conclusion, compared mulched ridge treatment with conventional cultivation in a flat land, compared mulched ridge treatment with and bared ridge treatment, specially the MR60 and MR 75, increased the soil surface temperature, water use efficiency, soil nutrition content, especially the soil N and SOC content, improve the field ecology environment of alfalfa, to realize the purpose of increase the alfalfa product and farmers income, in addition, to provide technologic support to the conversion cultivated land to grass and ecologic construction strategy.
1.膜垄沟秸处理提高了苜蓿的出苗率和成苗率,缩短了出苗天数和成苗天数。膜垄沟秸的平均出苗率为82.7%,成苗率为70.81%;土垄集雨面平均出苗率为74.2%,成苗率为59.03%。平作(CK)的出苗率和成苗率分别为77.9%和67.16%。出苗率的排序为MR60 > MR75> MR45 > SR60 > SR75 > CK >MR30 > SR45 > SR30,成苗率的排序为MR60 > MR75> MR45 > CK > SR75 > MR30> SR60 >SR45 > SR30,MR60的出苗率和成苗率最高,分别为90.37%a和78.33%a。
2.膜垄沟秸处理提高了单位面积的干草产量,促进了苜蓿对矿物质全磷全钙的吸收和粗蛋白粗脂肪的合成代谢,同时抑制了酸性纤维的合成。宽垄覆膜沟秸处理(沟宽:垄宽= 75 : 60 cm和沟宽:垄宽= 60 : 60 cm)的增产效果好于窄垄覆膜沟秸处理(沟宽:垄宽= 45 : 60 cm和沟宽:垄宽=30 : 60 cm),各处理干草产量次序为MR60 > MR75 > MR45 > MR30 > SR60 > SR75 > SR45 > SR30。MR60的综合表现最佳,苜蓿植株全钙含量为1.521%,全磷含量为0.571%,酸性纤维为11.294%,粗脂肪为2.973%,粗蛋白为27.413%。
3.垄膜沟秸处理对汇集雨水、降低土壤水分蒸发面、改善0-120cm土壤水分供应状况具有明显的作用和效果;土垄集雨作用并不明显。第一茬苜蓿生长阶段MR75处理土壤贮水量比CK高25.08mm,第二茬苜蓿生长阶段MR75处理土壤贮水量比CK高24.84mm。
4.沟垄覆盖集水栽培,一定程度上能够增加表层0-20cm土壤中有效养分,与CK相比,膜垄沟秸0-20cm表层土壤全氮含量显著提高,抑制了土壤有机碳含量的下降,降低了速效磷的下降程度,全磷全氮和有机质含量上升,速效成分下降。提高了水分效率,MR60的水分利用效率最高。
总之,膜垄沟秸处理与常规平作相比,特别是MR60和MR75处理,增加了土壤中养分含量,尤其是增加了土壤全氮含量,抑制有机质含量的下降速度,改善降水空间分配和土壤供水能力,增加局部水分供给,改善紫花苜蓿田间生态环境和水分利用率,提高雨水利用效率,提高苜蓿产量。
To aim to improve the hypogenesis of alfalfa resulted from single farming structure, low productivity and water resource deficiency, based on the generation of experiences and lessons of production practice in the past years, further research was conducted to investigate the effect of differences mulch and ridge integrated skills on the development and products of alfalfa, the effects of differences mulch and ridge on the rate of emergence, soil water storage and hay product.
The research adopted mulch and ridge integrated skills to grow alfalfa, furrows as planting areas, ridges as water-harvesting areas, experimental area was arranged at random, nine treatments(4 furrows and ridges ratio×2 mulched ridges pattern + 1 control), three replicate, where 4 furrows and ridges ratio(1:0.5、1: 0.75、1: 1和1: 1.25, that meant furrows and ridges ratios were 60:30、60:45、60:60 and 60:75 respectively, unit mm), mulched ridges pattern were plastic mulched and soil bared ridges, the width and thickness of the plastic film of plastic mulched ridge were 1.2 m and 0.08 mm respectively, the plastic mulch edges were compressed with soil in case of wind damage, which the soil bared ridges were original soil rammed. The seeds were sowed in the furrows, and then were mulched with straw of 6600~6750 kg.hm-2, when the rate of seedling emergence was 70%, the straw was removed. The height of water-harvesting ridges was 20cm, the top of which was arc; ridge surface and ground were angled. 45 degree, the width of ridges were 6m, every plots had four ridges and three furrows.The results as shown follows:
1. The average rate of seedling emergence and rate of seedling establishment were increased and at the same time the days of seedling emergence and seedling storage were decreased by the mulched ridge treatment. The average rate of seedling emergence and rate of seedling establishment in the mulched ridge treatment were 82.7% and 70.81 respectively; the average rate of seedling emergence and rate of seedling establishment in the bared ridge treatment were 82.7% and 70.81% respectively. The rates of seedling emergence were ordered as MR60 > MR75> MR45 > CK > SR75 > MR30> SR60 >SR45 > SR30,while the highest of them was MR60, which were 90.37%a and 78.33%a respectively.
2. The mulched ridge treatment increased the hay product per area as well as the synthesis of crude protein and absorption of total P. The wider mulched ridge treatment (furrow width: ridge width=75:60 and furrow width: ridge width=60:60) increased product more than the narrower mulched ridge treatment (furrow width: ridge width=45:60 and furrow width: ridge width=30:60), the sequence of hay product is MR60 > MR75 > MR45 > MR30 > SR60 > SR75 > SR45 > SR30. The highest of them was MR60, and its total calcium content、total P content、acid fiber、crude fat and crude protein were 1.521%、0.571%、11.294%、2.973% and 27.413% respectively.
3. The cultivation of mulch and ridge integrated cultivation had an especial effect on the water-harvesting of 0-120cm soil layer. The mulched ridge treatment has a significant effect on the water-harvesting、the reduction of soil water transpiration area and the improvement of water supply. On the contrary, the bared ridge treatment had not showed significant effect. The average soil water storage of MR75 during the first-cut alfalfa growing period was higher than CK by 25.08mm, while during the second-cut alfalfa growing period was higher than CK by 24. 84mm.
4. Among the cultivation of mulch and ridge integrated cultivation, the mulched ridge treatment had a significant effect on the increase of soil effective nutrition, especially the available N in the 0~20cm soil layer; inhibited the reduction of soil organic carbon, reduced the decreasing rate of available soil P, increased surface water as well as water use efficiency, while MR60 showed the highest water use efficiency. The total P and N and soil organic matter was increased and the available ingredients were reduced in the MR60 treatment.
In conclusion, compared mulched ridge treatment with conventional cultivation in a flat land, compared mulched ridge treatment with and bared ridge treatment, specially the MR60 and MR 75, increased the soil surface temperature, water use efficiency, soil nutrition content, especially the soil N and SOC content, improve the field ecology environment of alfalfa, to realize the purpose of increase the alfalfa product and farmers income, in addition, to provide technologic support to the conversion cultivated land to grass and ecologic construction strategy.
引文
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