量子通信中信息传输的研究
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摘要
量子通信是利用量子力学原理进行信息传递的一种新型通信方式。这种通信方式既可实现无条件安全的保密通信,也可实现量子态的超空间传输。自1984年第一个量子密钥分发协议的提出以及1993年量子态隐形传输方案提出以来,量子通信在理论研究和实践应用方面都取得了重大突破,已经吸引了一大批科学家的注意。
本论文的内容包括量子密钥分发、双向量子安全通信、量子隐形传输、远程量子态的制备四个方面。
对量子密钥分发,我们提出一个以四粒子纠缠簇态为量子通道,采用纠缠交换技术来产生随机密钥的方案,并证明了它的安全性。
在双向量子安全通信方面,由于以前的许多双向量子通信协议都存在的“秘密信息泄露”的缺陷。针对这个问题,本论文中提出三种解决方案。第一种是基于秘密量子态的通信方案,我们把量子密钥分发与确定性量子安全通信两个思想相结合,分别以秘密的纠缠EPR对和单光子为量子通道,提出两个可抵抗窃听者常规攻击及“秘密信息泄露”的双向量子通信协议。第二种方案是基于EPR对的关联提取性和辅助单光子来实现的,该协议不仅被证明可以抵抗常规攻击和“秘密信息泄露”,而且适用于通信双方交换信息量不相等的场合。第三种是基于非破坏测量的双向量子通信协议方案。在该方案中,N粒子纠缠GHZ态用作量子通道,只用一个辅助粒子执行非破坏测量来实现双方无信息泄露的秘密信息的交换。该协议的优点是当N足够大时通信效率趋于100%。
对隐形传输,我们从信息论“熵”的角度分析了MM协议中隐形传输Bell态所需经典信息量,结果表明2比特经典信息足以实现EPR态的隐形传输。接着我们利用张量技术计算了N粒子GHZ态的隐形传输过程,从接收方手中塌缩态的张量形式和“熵”的角度分析了通信中所需的经典信息量,计算结果表明,在采用N个EPR对作为量子信道的情况下只需要(N+1)比特经典信息。
对远程态制备,我们研究了任意二粒子态的远程制备。我们提出了以四粒子簇态为量子通道实现任意二粒子态的制备,也提出了以两个三粒子非最大纠缠GHZ态为量子通道,通过两步投影测量的办法来实现高概率的二粒子态的远程制备方案。
Quantum communication is a new way of transmitting information. Based on quantum mechanics, it is possible for us to realize unconditionally secure commu-nication and teleportation. Since the publication of first quantum key distribution in 1984 and quantum teleportation in 1993, quantum communication has develope-d very quickly and obtained significant achievements in theory and experiments. Many scientists have focused on this field.
The content of this dissertation includes quantum key distribution (QKD), bidirectional quantum secure communication (BQSC), quantum teleportation(QT) and remote state preparation (RSP).
In the area of quantum key distribution, we proposed a new protocol based on four-particle cluster and the technique of quantum entanglement swapping, and its security is also analyzed.
In the area of bidirectional quantum secure communication (BQSC), due to the drawback of "information leakage" existing in most of present BQSC, we devised three methods to overcome this shortcoming. First is about two BQSD schemes that based on the idea of QKD, in our schemes, private EPR pairs and single photons are respectively used as quantum channels. These two protocols can not only resist common attacks but also discard the drawback "information leakage". In the second protocol, we introduced the auxiliary particle and utilized the special character of EPR pair, "correlation extractability", and put forward a BQSC protocol that possessed security. This scheme is suitable when the secret message of Alice is twice as many as that of Bob. In the third protocol, we designed a BQSC protocol based on non-destructive measurement. In this scheme, by employing N-particle GHZ state quantum channel and non-destructive measurement based on one auxiliary particle, we can realize BQSC without information leakage. The advantage of this scheme is the communication efficiency can reach 100% if N is big enough.
In the area of quantum teleportation, from the perspective of Shannon entropy we study the cost of classical communication in teleportation of Bell state in MM scheme, the result shows that two bits of classical information are enough for MM scheme. Consequently, by using the technique of tensor representation, we described the process of teleportation of N-particle GHZ state, from the tensor form of the collapsed state at receiver and the definition of Shannon entropy, we calculate the cost of classical information in teleportation of N-particle GHZ state. Our result shows that (N+1) bits of classical information are sufficient for teleportation of N-particle GHZ state if N EPR pairs act as quantum channels.
In the area of remote state preparation, we put forward two schemes for remote preparation of arbitrary two-particle state. One scheme is realized by using four-particle cluster, and the other is achieved by two-step projective measurements, the latter protocol has high success probability.
本论文的内容包括量子密钥分发、双向量子安全通信、量子隐形传输、远程量子态的制备四个方面。
对量子密钥分发,我们提出一个以四粒子纠缠簇态为量子通道,采用纠缠交换技术来产生随机密钥的方案,并证明了它的安全性。
在双向量子安全通信方面,由于以前的许多双向量子通信协议都存在的“秘密信息泄露”的缺陷。针对这个问题,本论文中提出三种解决方案。第一种是基于秘密量子态的通信方案,我们把量子密钥分发与确定性量子安全通信两个思想相结合,分别以秘密的纠缠EPR对和单光子为量子通道,提出两个可抵抗窃听者常规攻击及“秘密信息泄露”的双向量子通信协议。第二种方案是基于EPR对的关联提取性和辅助单光子来实现的,该协议不仅被证明可以抵抗常规攻击和“秘密信息泄露”,而且适用于通信双方交换信息量不相等的场合。第三种是基于非破坏测量的双向量子通信协议方案。在该方案中,N粒子纠缠GHZ态用作量子通道,只用一个辅助粒子执行非破坏测量来实现双方无信息泄露的秘密信息的交换。该协议的优点是当N足够大时通信效率趋于100%。
对隐形传输,我们从信息论“熵”的角度分析了MM协议中隐形传输Bell态所需经典信息量,结果表明2比特经典信息足以实现EPR态的隐形传输。接着我们利用张量技术计算了N粒子GHZ态的隐形传输过程,从接收方手中塌缩态的张量形式和“熵”的角度分析了通信中所需的经典信息量,计算结果表明,在采用N个EPR对作为量子信道的情况下只需要(N+1)比特经典信息。
对远程态制备,我们研究了任意二粒子态的远程制备。我们提出了以四粒子簇态为量子通道实现任意二粒子态的制备,也提出了以两个三粒子非最大纠缠GHZ态为量子通道,通过两步投影测量的办法来实现高概率的二粒子态的远程制备方案。
Quantum communication is a new way of transmitting information. Based on quantum mechanics, it is possible for us to realize unconditionally secure commu-nication and teleportation. Since the publication of first quantum key distribution in 1984 and quantum teleportation in 1993, quantum communication has develope-d very quickly and obtained significant achievements in theory and experiments. Many scientists have focused on this field.
The content of this dissertation includes quantum key distribution (QKD), bidirectional quantum secure communication (BQSC), quantum teleportation(QT) and remote state preparation (RSP).
In the area of quantum key distribution, we proposed a new protocol based on four-particle cluster and the technique of quantum entanglement swapping, and its security is also analyzed.
In the area of bidirectional quantum secure communication (BQSC), due to the drawback of "information leakage" existing in most of present BQSC, we devised three methods to overcome this shortcoming. First is about two BQSD schemes that based on the idea of QKD, in our schemes, private EPR pairs and single photons are respectively used as quantum channels. These two protocols can not only resist common attacks but also discard the drawback "information leakage". In the second protocol, we introduced the auxiliary particle and utilized the special character of EPR pair, "correlation extractability", and put forward a BQSC protocol that possessed security. This scheme is suitable when the secret message of Alice is twice as many as that of Bob. In the third protocol, we designed a BQSC protocol based on non-destructive measurement. In this scheme, by employing N-particle GHZ state quantum channel and non-destructive measurement based on one auxiliary particle, we can realize BQSC without information leakage. The advantage of this scheme is the communication efficiency can reach 100% if N is big enough.
In the area of quantum teleportation, from the perspective of Shannon entropy we study the cost of classical communication in teleportation of Bell state in MM scheme, the result shows that two bits of classical information are enough for MM scheme. Consequently, by using the technique of tensor representation, we described the process of teleportation of N-particle GHZ state, from the tensor form of the collapsed state at receiver and the definition of Shannon entropy, we calculate the cost of classical information in teleportation of N-particle GHZ state. Our result shows that (N+1) bits of classical information are sufficient for teleportation of N-particle GHZ state if N EPR pairs act as quantum channels.
In the area of remote state preparation, we put forward two schemes for remote preparation of arbitrary two-particle state. One scheme is realized by using four-particle cluster, and the other is achieved by two-step projective measurements, the latter protocol has high success probability.
引文
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