数字矿床及其实现
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摘要
本论文“数字矿床及其实现”是结合国家十五科技攻关项目“大型锡矿山接替资源探查技术与示范”(项目编号：2004BA615A-03)和云南省省院省校科技合作项目“个旧锡矿深部与外围成矿预测及矿山增储研究”(项目编号：2000YK-05)的科研需要而选题的。
地球是一个有限体，地球上人类赖以生存的自然资源是有限的。矿产资源的合理开发利用是关系到人类生存和可持续发展的大问题。对矿产资源的需求大幅度增长，使得地质学以发现矿产资源为目的的任务越来越明显。在矿产资源勘探中，人们逐渐将注意力放在矿床资源信息的定量化表达上来。将信息技术与地质学科相接合，解决矿床研究中存在的不足，是地质科学发展的必然趋势。在昆明理工大学矿产地质研究所多年矿床数学经济模型研究的基础上，论文提出“数字矿床”的概念。
数字矿床是对真实矿床及其相关现象的数字化重现及认识。数字矿床的核心思想是用数字化的手段整体地解决矿床及其与空间位置相关信息的表达与知识管理。具体地说，数字矿床充分利用已有资料，将已知的矿床自然资源信息和社会资源信息等存入计算机中，再根据地质学的理论基础，得到其它派生的矿床信息，从而形成一个完整的数字化的矿床数据库；然后将这些数字信息转化为可视的、容易理解的图形图像信息，构成矿床信息图谱，以构造一个三维化的虚拟矿床，能给出整个矿床范围内任意空间位置或范围的资源信息，能进行模拟勘查、能模拟矿床的开采，结合自动化技术，对矿床开采过程进行规划，并实时监控矿山生产。数字矿床还能对矿床信息进行抽象分析与知识提取，形成能为矿床预测勘查、设计与生产提供决策与服务的整体方案。数字矿床是地质科学与计算机科学高度结合、矿床信息的处理与表征高度统一的新的处理矿床信息的思想，具有较强的理论与实践意义。
数字矿床与数字矿山既有联系，又有区别。数字矿床是以地质科学为基础的，它主要强调的是矿床的资源信息，即处于地面及其以下的矿产资源情况。数字矿床是要解决矿床的资源评价问题，首先要建立资源的数字化模型，在此基础上再根据矿山的具体情况，考虑矿山设计、矿山生产动态管理等问题。数字矿山(矿区)则是近年来提出的以数字地球为依托的矿山数字化整体解决方案，其核心是在统一时间坐标与空间框架下，科学、合理地组织各类矿山信息，将海量异质的矿山信息资源进行全面、高效和有序的管理和整合。
数字矿床系统的实现，可以考虑完全自行开发全套软件系统，也可以考虑借助一套或几套相应的成熟软件系统的支持来实现。实现数字矿床的过程没有固定的模式，应根据矿床的具体情况，开展有针对性的应用。论文借助Micromine软件，对广西大厂锡矿、云南个旧锡矿、甘肃金川镍矿等大型矿山的部分矿体进行了数字矿床实现。并在数字矿床实现过程中，开发了一些用于数字矿床系统的接口软件。
在广西大厂92号矿体数字矿床实例中，以锡品位为主，并参考铅、锌品位，在32个剖面上逐一圈定矿体。选用距离反比法对锡、铅、锌进行品位估值，还选用克立格方法对锡进行了品位估值。克立格估值时，用两个球状模型组合而成变异函数模型。在得到品位模型后，给出了储量报告。并以品位模型为基础，结合矿山已有开采系统，进行了矿山设计，设计了采场和工作面。在矿山设计的基础上，根据采矿成本、运输成本、选矿成本、冶炼成本和金属的市场价格等经济指标，评价矿床的经济特性，建立了基于单元块的盈亏模型，并以此重新以盈利为条件圈定了矿体。
在个旧高松矿田10号矿群数字矿床实例中，在13个剖面上依次对矿体、断裂、地表、地层、花岗岩界限等进行了地质解释，得到10号矿群中五大矿体的地质模型。选用了距离反比法对锡和铅进行品位估值，还采用克立格方法对锡进行了品位估值。得到五大矿体的品位模型和储量报告。克立格估值时，用洞穴模型、高斯模型和球状模型三个模型组合而成变异函数曲线。在应用部分，尝试了使用克立格方差来进行储量分类。
在个旧马拉格矿33-1号矿体数字矿床实例中，以锡品位为主，参考岩性，对6个剖面进行了矿体的解释，得到33-1号矿体的地质模型。由于样品数较少，本矿体仅采用距离反比法计算锡和铜品位模型，得到储量报告，并探讨了因品位变化导致矿体形态变化的问题。
在个旧老厂锡矿5号矿体数字矿床实例中，将矿体分为氧化矿和硫化矿进行数字化。以岩性为主，参考锡和铜品位，在13个剖面上圈定矿体，得到了氧化矿和硫化矿两个矿体模型。根据统计分析结果，用距离反比法对锡和铜两种元素进行了品位估值，得到氧化矿和硫化矿中锡和铜的品位模型和储量报告，并对品位模型作了垂向变异分析。
金川Ⅱ矿区数字矿床实例中，在32个剖面上，以镍品位为主，按照低品位、高品位、特高品位对矿体进行了圈定，得到3个独立的矿体实体模型。选用了距离反比法和克立格两种方法分别对三个模型的镍进行品位估值，用距离反比法对铜进行品位估值，得到镍和铜的品位模型和储量报告。在此基础上上，提取和绘制了Ⅱ矿区900m、1000m、1100m、1200m和1300m等五个水平标高上的Ni、Cu品位以及Ni／Cu比值的平面分布图，进行了成矿预测。
数字矿床的应用，要根据具体情况，采取合适的估值方法，并结合实际进行有针对性的应用。论文以克立格方差来划分矿体储量级别、以数字矿床成果为基础进行成矿预测、以单元块为基础建立矿体盈亏模型、根据单元块品位对矿体储量进行动态管理等都是对具体应用的创新。随着数字矿床研究的深入和实践的不断进行，我们对数字矿床的认识也会越来越深，它的应用也会越来越广。
The doctorate dissertation title of Digital Mineral Deposit and its implementation is selected based on the National Key Technologies R&D Program in 10th Five-Year Plan of China "Technologies for exploring successive resources for large scale tin mines and their application cases" (No. 2004BA615A-03) and the Province and University Science and Technology Cooperation Projects of Yunnan Province "Research on the reserves increase and the prediction of deposits in the periphery and deep of Gejiu tin deposit" (No. 2000YK-05) .
The natural resources available on the earth that the humankinds depend on are limited. Rational exploitation and high efficient usage to mineral resources become essential to the future existence and sustainable development of humankind. The sharp increasing demand to the mineral resources because of the rapid social and economic progress in recent years has imposed greater importance to the geological mineral exploration. In the process of mineral exploitation, researchers transfer their attention to the quantitative expression of the mineral deposit information. It becomes the general trends of the geological development to solve the existing deficiencies in the mineral deposit research by combining the information technology with geological theory. Rooted on the research on the mathematical economic model of mineral deposit conducted by Institute of Geological Mineral, KUST for multiple years, this thesis proposed the concept of "Digital Mineral Deposit".
DMD is the visualization and reorganization of the real mineral deposits information and related phenomena by digital instruments. Its core concept consists of the information expression and knowledge management related to the mineral deposit as well as the spatial distribution revealment as a whole. To be more specific, DMD firstly stores the existing useful natural mineral deposit and social resource information into the computer, deduces other helpful deposit information from the geological theory, then built up an integrated digital database of mineral deposit. By transforming the digital information into visible and easy-to-understand images and graphs, finally we can construct mineral deposit atlas. The atlas can simulate the natural mineral deposit distribution and reproduce a three-dimensional virtual deposit, reveal the resource information in any location and range of the real mineral deposit. With the aid of automatic control technology, the virtual deposit system can also simulate the deposit exploration and mining planning procedure and furthermore inspect the mineral production in a real-time way. In addition, DMD technology can perform the abstract analysis and knowledge extraction from the mineral deposit information, provide an overall solution for mineral deposit exploration, design, mining and production. DMD is a combination of geology science with computer science, mineral information processing technology and graphic expressing.
There exists linkage between DMD and Digital Mine (DM) even they still have the difference. Based on geological science, the DMD emphasizes more on mineral deposit resource information both above and below the surface of earth and aims the problem of deposit resource assessment. It establishes a mathematic model for the mineral resource and consequently considers the design, plan and dynamic production management, etc, on the basis of mine's real situation. Meanwhile, the DM, put forwarded in recent years, is a digit overall solution to the mine on the theoretical basis of digit earth. The core concept of DM is to integrate the time axis and spatial framework, organize and manage the tremendous heterogeneous mineral resource information in all-round, efficient and orderly manner.
The implementation of DMD technology could either be fulfilled by totally independent software development, or with the assistance of exist software tool kits. There are no fixed patterns for the of DMD system development, but the real characters or conditions of each mineral deposit must be fully considered according to DMD development purpose. By virtue of Micromine, DMD technology are implemented to the mineral deposits in DaChang Tin (GuangXi Province), GeJiu Tin (YunNan Province) and JinChuan Nickel Mineral (GanSu Province). Moreover, some software interfaces are also developed for the digital mineral hardware.
In the application of No.92 ore-body in Guangxi Dachang which mainly consist of Sn, 32 cross sections have been circled with reference of Pb and Zn grade. The inverse distance weighting and Kriging method are selected as the grade estimation to the sin, Pb and Zn respectively, and the semi-variogram functions which are composed of two Spherical model are applied for the estimation of Sn grade. The reserves report is drawn from the grade model. On the base of grade model and the existing mining system, the exploration workflow that contain the stope and working surface is designed. Moreover, the cell cost-profit model based on the economy indexes criterions such as mine cost, transportation margin, mill operation cost, smelt cost and price of metal market are established for the evaluation of the mine economic property. And finally, the ore deposits are located judged from the cost-profit assessment.
In the application of No. 10 Gaosong Gejiu ore cluster digital deposit, the geological explanation are drawn from point view of ore body, faults, topography, strata and granite boundary on the 13 cross sections and 5 mineral geology models out of the 10 clusters are derived herewith. The inverse distance weighting and Kriging method are selected as the Sn and Pb grade estimation, and 5 ore deposits grade models and reserves report are acquired. The semi-variogram models which is composed of Cave model, Gauss model and Spherical model are chosen when Kriging grade estimation method are established and Kriging variance is attempted in the reserves scale classification.
As for the example of the tin deposit of Gejiu Malage No.33-1 digitalization, the geological mineral model for the No.33-1 deposit has been established within the interpretation on 6 sections for the tin grade in respect of rock petrology. Due to the shortage of sample, the means of the inverse-distance method has only been selected for the modeling of tin and copper grade appraisals. The reserve reported for tin and copper is derived herewith and issue on the grade changing causing by ore-body shape changing.
As for the example of the tin deposit of Gejiu Laochang No.5 digitalization, ore-bodies are digitized for the oxidized ore and sulfide ore. Two ore models for the oxidized ore and sulfide ore individually are established based on the mineral samples outlining on 13 cross sections in view of the rock petrology with reference to the tin and copper grade. The tin and copper grade are estimated by the inverse-distance method according to the statistics results, the grade models and reserve reports of the tin and copper metals are set up for the oxidized ore and sulfide ore respectively, and vertical variation analysis is carried out for grade models.
As for the DMD of the Jinchuan Nickel deposit No.Ⅱore district, the ore-body is outlined on the 32 cross sections with reference to three grade categories: the low, high and super high grade respectively, and three individual ore-body model are established. Two methods, the inverse-distance weighting and krigging, are applied in the three grades estimation models, and inverse-distance weighting are selected in the copper grade estimation models respectively. The reserve report of nickel and copper are drawn. On the basis of the models mentioned above, the Ni, Cu grade and Ni/Cu ratios plane maps on the 5 different altitudes, 900m, 1000m, 1100m, 1200m and 1300m are selected and portrayed, and the mineralization targets are put forward the follow-up exploration.
The application of DMD should be strictly complied with the mineral real condition and adopt properly evaluation methods. This dissertation makes some innovative efforts on the following aspect: classifying the mineral reverses scale by the Clige variance, estimating the mineral reserves on the ground of DMD results, establishing the mineral profit and loss model on the cell volume basis and lodging the concept of dynamic mineral quality management according to the cell samples. With the deepening of the DMD research and its expanding application, the knowledge base on DMD will be enhanced and its application prospect will become more brilliant.
地球是一个有限体，地球上人类赖以生存的自然资源是有限的。矿产资源的合理开发利用是关系到人类生存和可持续发展的大问题。对矿产资源的需求大幅度增长，使得地质学以发现矿产资源为目的的任务越来越明显。在矿产资源勘探中，人们逐渐将注意力放在矿床资源信息的定量化表达上来。将信息技术与地质学科相接合，解决矿床研究中存在的不足，是地质科学发展的必然趋势。在昆明理工大学矿产地质研究所多年矿床数学经济模型研究的基础上，论文提出“数字矿床”的概念。
数字矿床是对真实矿床及其相关现象的数字化重现及认识。数字矿床的核心思想是用数字化的手段整体地解决矿床及其与空间位置相关信息的表达与知识管理。具体地说，数字矿床充分利用已有资料，将已知的矿床自然资源信息和社会资源信息等存入计算机中，再根据地质学的理论基础，得到其它派生的矿床信息，从而形成一个完整的数字化的矿床数据库；然后将这些数字信息转化为可视的、容易理解的图形图像信息，构成矿床信息图谱，以构造一个三维化的虚拟矿床，能给出整个矿床范围内任意空间位置或范围的资源信息，能进行模拟勘查、能模拟矿床的开采，结合自动化技术，对矿床开采过程进行规划，并实时监控矿山生产。数字矿床还能对矿床信息进行抽象分析与知识提取，形成能为矿床预测勘查、设计与生产提供决策与服务的整体方案。数字矿床是地质科学与计算机科学高度结合、矿床信息的处理与表征高度统一的新的处理矿床信息的思想，具有较强的理论与实践意义。
数字矿床与数字矿山既有联系，又有区别。数字矿床是以地质科学为基础的，它主要强调的是矿床的资源信息，即处于地面及其以下的矿产资源情况。数字矿床是要解决矿床的资源评价问题，首先要建立资源的数字化模型，在此基础上再根据矿山的具体情况，考虑矿山设计、矿山生产动态管理等问题。数字矿山(矿区)则是近年来提出的以数字地球为依托的矿山数字化整体解决方案，其核心是在统一时间坐标与空间框架下，科学、合理地组织各类矿山信息，将海量异质的矿山信息资源进行全面、高效和有序的管理和整合。
数字矿床系统的实现，可以考虑完全自行开发全套软件系统，也可以考虑借助一套或几套相应的成熟软件系统的支持来实现。实现数字矿床的过程没有固定的模式，应根据矿床的具体情况，开展有针对性的应用。论文借助Micromine软件，对广西大厂锡矿、云南个旧锡矿、甘肃金川镍矿等大型矿山的部分矿体进行了数字矿床实现。并在数字矿床实现过程中，开发了一些用于数字矿床系统的接口软件。
在广西大厂92号矿体数字矿床实例中，以锡品位为主，并参考铅、锌品位，在32个剖面上逐一圈定矿体。选用距离反比法对锡、铅、锌进行品位估值，还选用克立格方法对锡进行了品位估值。克立格估值时，用两个球状模型组合而成变异函数模型。在得到品位模型后，给出了储量报告。并以品位模型为基础，结合矿山已有开采系统，进行了矿山设计，设计了采场和工作面。在矿山设计的基础上，根据采矿成本、运输成本、选矿成本、冶炼成本和金属的市场价格等经济指标，评价矿床的经济特性，建立了基于单元块的盈亏模型，并以此重新以盈利为条件圈定了矿体。
在个旧高松矿田10号矿群数字矿床实例中，在13个剖面上依次对矿体、断裂、地表、地层、花岗岩界限等进行了地质解释，得到10号矿群中五大矿体的地质模型。选用了距离反比法对锡和铅进行品位估值，还采用克立格方法对锡进行了品位估值。得到五大矿体的品位模型和储量报告。克立格估值时，用洞穴模型、高斯模型和球状模型三个模型组合而成变异函数曲线。在应用部分，尝试了使用克立格方差来进行储量分类。
在个旧马拉格矿33-1号矿体数字矿床实例中，以锡品位为主，参考岩性，对6个剖面进行了矿体的解释，得到33-1号矿体的地质模型。由于样品数较少，本矿体仅采用距离反比法计算锡和铜品位模型，得到储量报告，并探讨了因品位变化导致矿体形态变化的问题。
在个旧老厂锡矿5号矿体数字矿床实例中，将矿体分为氧化矿和硫化矿进行数字化。以岩性为主，参考锡和铜品位，在13个剖面上圈定矿体，得到了氧化矿和硫化矿两个矿体模型。根据统计分析结果，用距离反比法对锡和铜两种元素进行了品位估值，得到氧化矿和硫化矿中锡和铜的品位模型和储量报告，并对品位模型作了垂向变异分析。
金川Ⅱ矿区数字矿床实例中，在32个剖面上，以镍品位为主，按照低品位、高品位、特高品位对矿体进行了圈定，得到3个独立的矿体实体模型。选用了距离反比法和克立格两种方法分别对三个模型的镍进行品位估值，用距离反比法对铜进行品位估值，得到镍和铜的品位模型和储量报告。在此基础上上，提取和绘制了Ⅱ矿区900m、1000m、1100m、1200m和1300m等五个水平标高上的Ni、Cu品位以及Ni／Cu比值的平面分布图，进行了成矿预测。
数字矿床的应用，要根据具体情况，采取合适的估值方法，并结合实际进行有针对性的应用。论文以克立格方差来划分矿体储量级别、以数字矿床成果为基础进行成矿预测、以单元块为基础建立矿体盈亏模型、根据单元块品位对矿体储量进行动态管理等都是对具体应用的创新。随着数字矿床研究的深入和实践的不断进行，我们对数字矿床的认识也会越来越深，它的应用也会越来越广。
The doctorate dissertation title of Digital Mineral Deposit and its implementation is selected based on the National Key Technologies R&D Program in 10th Five-Year Plan of China "Technologies for exploring successive resources for large scale tin mines and their application cases" (No. 2004BA615A-03) and the Province and University Science and Technology Cooperation Projects of Yunnan Province "Research on the reserves increase and the prediction of deposits in the periphery and deep of Gejiu tin deposit" (No. 2000YK-05) .
The natural resources available on the earth that the humankinds depend on are limited. Rational exploitation and high efficient usage to mineral resources become essential to the future existence and sustainable development of humankind. The sharp increasing demand to the mineral resources because of the rapid social and economic progress in recent years has imposed greater importance to the geological mineral exploration. In the process of mineral exploitation, researchers transfer their attention to the quantitative expression of the mineral deposit information. It becomes the general trends of the geological development to solve the existing deficiencies in the mineral deposit research by combining the information technology with geological theory. Rooted on the research on the mathematical economic model of mineral deposit conducted by Institute of Geological Mineral, KUST for multiple years, this thesis proposed the concept of "Digital Mineral Deposit".
DMD is the visualization and reorganization of the real mineral deposits information and related phenomena by digital instruments. Its core concept consists of the information expression and knowledge management related to the mineral deposit as well as the spatial distribution revealment as a whole. To be more specific, DMD firstly stores the existing useful natural mineral deposit and social resource information into the computer, deduces other helpful deposit information from the geological theory, then built up an integrated digital database of mineral deposit. By transforming the digital information into visible and easy-to-understand images and graphs, finally we can construct mineral deposit atlas. The atlas can simulate the natural mineral deposit distribution and reproduce a three-dimensional virtual deposit, reveal the resource information in any location and range of the real mineral deposit. With the aid of automatic control technology, the virtual deposit system can also simulate the deposit exploration and mining planning procedure and furthermore inspect the mineral production in a real-time way. In addition, DMD technology can perform the abstract analysis and knowledge extraction from the mineral deposit information, provide an overall solution for mineral deposit exploration, design, mining and production. DMD is a combination of geology science with computer science, mineral information processing technology and graphic expressing.
There exists linkage between DMD and Digital Mine (DM) even they still have the difference. Based on geological science, the DMD emphasizes more on mineral deposit resource information both above and below the surface of earth and aims the problem of deposit resource assessment. It establishes a mathematic model for the mineral resource and consequently considers the design, plan and dynamic production management, etc, on the basis of mine's real situation. Meanwhile, the DM, put forwarded in recent years, is a digit overall solution to the mine on the theoretical basis of digit earth. The core concept of DM is to integrate the time axis and spatial framework, organize and manage the tremendous heterogeneous mineral resource information in all-round, efficient and orderly manner.
The implementation of DMD technology could either be fulfilled by totally independent software development, or with the assistance of exist software tool kits. There are no fixed patterns for the of DMD system development, but the real characters or conditions of each mineral deposit must be fully considered according to DMD development purpose. By virtue of Micromine, DMD technology are implemented to the mineral deposits in DaChang Tin (GuangXi Province), GeJiu Tin (YunNan Province) and JinChuan Nickel Mineral (GanSu Province). Moreover, some software interfaces are also developed for the digital mineral hardware.
In the application of No.92 ore-body in Guangxi Dachang which mainly consist of Sn, 32 cross sections have been circled with reference of Pb and Zn grade. The inverse distance weighting and Kriging method are selected as the grade estimation to the sin, Pb and Zn respectively, and the semi-variogram functions which are composed of two Spherical model are applied for the estimation of Sn grade. The reserves report is drawn from the grade model. On the base of grade model and the existing mining system, the exploration workflow that contain the stope and working surface is designed. Moreover, the cell cost-profit model based on the economy indexes criterions such as mine cost, transportation margin, mill operation cost, smelt cost and price of metal market are established for the evaluation of the mine economic property. And finally, the ore deposits are located judged from the cost-profit assessment.
In the application of No. 10 Gaosong Gejiu ore cluster digital deposit, the geological explanation are drawn from point view of ore body, faults, topography, strata and granite boundary on the 13 cross sections and 5 mineral geology models out of the 10 clusters are derived herewith. The inverse distance weighting and Kriging method are selected as the Sn and Pb grade estimation, and 5 ore deposits grade models and reserves report are acquired. The semi-variogram models which is composed of Cave model, Gauss model and Spherical model are chosen when Kriging grade estimation method are established and Kriging variance is attempted in the reserves scale classification.
As for the example of the tin deposit of Gejiu Malage No.33-1 digitalization, the geological mineral model for the No.33-1 deposit has been established within the interpretation on 6 sections for the tin grade in respect of rock petrology. Due to the shortage of sample, the means of the inverse-distance method has only been selected for the modeling of tin and copper grade appraisals. The reserve reported for tin and copper is derived herewith and issue on the grade changing causing by ore-body shape changing.
As for the example of the tin deposit of Gejiu Laochang No.5 digitalization, ore-bodies are digitized for the oxidized ore and sulfide ore. Two ore models for the oxidized ore and sulfide ore individually are established based on the mineral samples outlining on 13 cross sections in view of the rock petrology with reference to the tin and copper grade. The tin and copper grade are estimated by the inverse-distance method according to the statistics results, the grade models and reserve reports of the tin and copper metals are set up for the oxidized ore and sulfide ore respectively, and vertical variation analysis is carried out for grade models.
As for the DMD of the Jinchuan Nickel deposit No.Ⅱore district, the ore-body is outlined on the 32 cross sections with reference to three grade categories: the low, high and super high grade respectively, and three individual ore-body model are established. Two methods, the inverse-distance weighting and krigging, are applied in the three grades estimation models, and inverse-distance weighting are selected in the copper grade estimation models respectively. The reserve report of nickel and copper are drawn. On the basis of the models mentioned above, the Ni, Cu grade and Ni/Cu ratios plane maps on the 5 different altitudes, 900m, 1000m, 1100m, 1200m and 1300m are selected and portrayed, and the mineralization targets are put forward the follow-up exploration.
The application of DMD should be strictly complied with the mineral real condition and adopt properly evaluation methods. This dissertation makes some innovative efforts on the following aspect: classifying the mineral reverses scale by the Clige variance, estimating the mineral reserves on the ground of DMD results, establishing the mineral profit and loss model on the cell volume basis and lodging the concept of dynamic mineral quality management according to the cell samples. With the deepening of the DMD research and its expanding application, the knowledge base on DMD will be enhanced and its application prospect will become more brilliant.
引文
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