新型近红外荧光量子点探针的构建及成像应用
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摘要
分子生物成像的应用可使疾病的诊断水平提前至分子异常阶段,对分子水平的病变进行检测,可在体内直接观察疾病的起因、发生、发展等一系列过程,并观察疾病的基因、分子水平异常变化和特征,是一种非侵入性诊断疾病的方法。分子成像探针的合成是分子生物成像的关键。新型近红外荧光量子点不仅具有传统量子点的一些优势,如激发光谱宽、发射光谱窄而对称且可调、光稳定性高、荧光寿命长等优异的光学特性,同时其荧光发射波长位于近红外光区,具有较深的组织穿透性,并且可有效降低生物组织自荧光。此外,新型近红外荧光量子点不含有毒重金属元素,具有良好的的生物相容性,是一种优良的分子生物成像探针。本论文旨在探索新型近红外荧光量子点的合成,成像探针策略的构建,以及在细胞和活体生物成像中的应用。以下是本论文的主要研究内容和创新点。
(1)本章我们以巯基聚乙烯亚胺(SH-PEI)为配体,一锅法合成了具有NIR荧光发射和化学稳定性良好的银纳米簇(PEI-AgNCs), PEI-AgNCs进一步用FA功能化后用于细胞和活体肿瘤靶标成像。SH-PEI首先用硫辛酸与聚乙烯亚胺通过酰胺缩合反应路线合成,然后PEI-AgNCs在水相中通过一个简单和温和的合成路线合成。我们制备的PEI-AgNCs具有较强的NIR荧光发射、良好的荧光稳定性、超小的尺寸和较低的细胞毒性等性质,这些优越的性质都有利于其应用于生物像。SH-PEI不仅作为优良的稳定剂还有利于进一步用生物靶标分子进行表面后修饰。我们用叶酸功能化PEI-AgNCs后进一步用于MCF-7细胞和种有MCF-7的小鼠的活体肿瘤靶标成像。
(2)采用基于转铁蛋白稳定的金纳米簇和氧化石墨烯构建的活化近红外荧光探针用于细胞和活体肿瘤的转铁蛋白靶标成像。首先利用转铁蛋白作为模板,直接合成了一种同时具有生物靶标功能和近红外荧光发射的金纳米簇(Au NCs),制备的Au NCs有较小的尺寸和生物相容性。在我们设计合成转铁蛋白稳定的Au NCs (Tf-Au NCs)过程中,Tf不仅可以作为稳定剂还和还原剂,还保持了它的活性以便对TfR仍然有高度特异性识别能力。同时,为了构建活化荧光信号的成像探针,我们用氧化石墨烯(graphene oxide, GO)作为Tf-Au NCs的荧光猝灭剂,构建的Tf-Au NCs/GO复合成像探针有良好的生物相容性并且有效地降低生物体的背景荧光,当遇到高度表达转铁蛋白受体的肿瘤细胞表面时,Tf-Au NCs的荧光得以恢复,Tf-Au NCs/GO荧光活化成像探针成功的应用于肿瘤细胞和荷瘤小鼠的成像。
(3)以牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin, BSA)为模板,一锅法合成了具有超小尺寸和NIR荧光发射的BSA稳定的Ag2S QDs (BSA-Ag2S QDs), BSA-Ag2S QDs进一步用血管内皮生长因子抗体功能化后用于活体肿瘤靶标成像。BS A-Ag2S QDs首先在水相中通过一个简单和温和的合成路线合成,合成过程中不需要高温和气体保护。我们制备的BSA-Ag2S QDs具有较强的NIR荧光发射、超小的尺寸和较低的活体毒性等性质,这些优越的性质都有利于其应用于生物像。BSA不仅作为稳定剂还有利于进一步用生物靶标分子进行表面后修饰。因此,我们用血管内皮生长因子功能化BSA-Ag2S QDs后进一步用于种有人脑神经胶质瘤U-87MG小鼠的活体肿瘤靶标成像。
(4)本章我们通过无溶剂浪费的方法制备了一种高产率和高发光效率的NIR CuInS2/ZnS QDs,利用两亲性聚合物包覆后将其转移至水相。首先以十二硫醇同时作为配体和溶剂,通过热分解法合成了CuInS2QDs。然后,向合成的CuInS2QDs中加入硬脂酸锌,以生成核壳型CuInS2/ZnS QDs,其产率达92%。我们所合成的核壳型量子点具有正四面体结构,尺寸较小,量子产率较高。通过低分子量的两亲性聚合物包覆后,核壳型CuInS2/ZnS QDs成功的转移至水相中,该CuInS2/ZnS QDs在较宽的pH范围内有较好的稳定性,为进一步构建生物成像探针打下了基础。
Molecular imaging is a new frontier of biomedical research for visualizing, characterizing andmonitoring biological processes at the molecular and cellular levels in humans and other living systems using sensitive instrumentation and contrast mechanisms. Consequently, cancer molecular imaging has created unique opportunities to study and noninvasively monitor tumor genesis, development and metastasis in vivo. Design of the molecular probe is the key for molecular imaging. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging (650-900nm) displays properties of low absorption and relatively low autofluorescence, it offers several advantages over other modalities for imaging living organisms. Moreover, it is cost-efficient intermsof preparation of molecular probes and the detection hardware is relatively simple to operate. Compared with organic dyes, quantum dots (QDs) possess several distinct advantageous optic properties, such as greater brightness, better stability with respect to photobleaching, and narrow spectral line-width. The available NIR QDs offer a wide range of emission wavelengths spanning the optical window for deep tissue imaging, compositions presenting limited toxicity. Recently, the progress in controlled synthesis of high-quality NIR QDs without toxic elements and the effective surface modifications for NIR QDs has explored as promising molecular probes for bioimaging. This dissertation aims at developing available NIR QDs-based molecular probes for selective and sensitive bioimaging. The following is the main content and innovation point.
(1) We report a one-pot fabrication of mercapto polyethyleneimine (SH-PEI) stabilized ultrasmall NIR fluorescent silver nanoclusters (PEI-AgNCs), and the bioconjugation of the PEI-AgNCs with folate (FA) for targeted cancer imaging in vitro and in vivo. Firstly, mercapto polyethyleneimine was prepared through an amide condensation reaction. PEI-AgNCs are synthesized in aqueous solution via a simple synthetic route. The resulting PEI-AgNCs exhibit intense NIR fluorescence, ultrasmall size and low in vitro toxicity, which is favorable for bioimaging. SH-PEI not only acts as a stabilizer, but also facilitates post-surface modifications with functional biomolecules. Compared with the existing methods, the PEI-AgNCs have an excellent stability. Further bioconjugation of PEI-AgNCs with FA allows targeted imaging of the folate receptor positive tumor MCF-7-bearing mice.
(2) We report the fabrication of transferrin functionalized gold nanoclusters (Tf-AuNCs)/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite (Tf-AuNCs/GO) as a turn-on NIR fluorescent probe for bioimaging cancer cells and small animals. Tf was used not only as stabilizer and reducer, but also as a functional ligand for targeting TfR to prepare Tf-AuNCs via a one-step approach. The resulting Tf-AuNCs exhibited intense NIR fluorescence that could avoid interference from biological media such as tissue auto-fluorescence and scattering light. To achieve a fluorescent signal activation process, GO, an efficient fluorescence quencher, was employed to fabricate a turn-on NIR fluorescent probe of Tf-AuNCs/GO composite with negligible fluorescence background. The prepared probe was successfully applied for turn-on NIR fluorescent imaging TfR over-expressed cancer cells and Hela tumor sites in mice. To our knowledge, no AuNCs based fluorescent turn-on probes have been reported for bioimaging small animals so far.
(3) We report a one-pot fabrication of bovine serum albumin (BSA) stabilized ultrasmall NIR fluorescent Ag2S QDs, and the bioconjugation of the BSA-stabilized Ag2S QDs with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody (antiVEGF) for targeted cancer imaging in vivo. BSA stabilized Ag2S QDs are firstly synthesized in aqueous solution via a simple and mild synthetic route without the need for high temperature and inert gas protection. The resulting Ag2S QDs exhibit intense NIR fluorescence, ultrasmall size and low in vivo toxicity, which is favorable for bioimaging. BSA not only acts as a stabilizer, but also facilitates post-surface modifications with functional biomolecules. Further bioconjugation of BSA-stabilized Ag2S QDs with antiVEGF allows targeted imaging of the VEGF positive U-87MG human glioblastoma tumor-bearing mice. To our knowledge, no functionalized Ag2S QDs fluorescent probes have been reported for targeted cancer imaging in vivo so far.
(4) We report an efficient synthesis of CuInS2QDs with strong photoluminescence in the near-infrared. This method can produce gram quantities of material with a chemical yield in excess of90%with minimal solvent waste. The overgrowth of as-prepared nanocrystals with a few monolayers of ZnS increases the photoluminescence quantum efficiency to>60%. Furthermore, the obtained NIR CuInS2/ZnS QDs are transferred into aqueous phase by a simple method. The CuInS2/ZnS QDs phase transfer technique utilized a low molecular weight amphiphilic polymer that is formed via maleic anhydride coupling of poly(styreneco-maleic anhydride) with6-aminocaproic acid. The polymer encapsulated water-soluble CuInS2/ZnS QDs exhibit the same optical spectra and colloidally stable over a wide pH range.
(1)本章我们以巯基聚乙烯亚胺(SH-PEI)为配体,一锅法合成了具有NIR荧光发射和化学稳定性良好的银纳米簇(PEI-AgNCs), PEI-AgNCs进一步用FA功能化后用于细胞和活体肿瘤靶标成像。SH-PEI首先用硫辛酸与聚乙烯亚胺通过酰胺缩合反应路线合成,然后PEI-AgNCs在水相中通过一个简单和温和的合成路线合成。我们制备的PEI-AgNCs具有较强的NIR荧光发射、良好的荧光稳定性、超小的尺寸和较低的细胞毒性等性质,这些优越的性质都有利于其应用于生物像。SH-PEI不仅作为优良的稳定剂还有利于进一步用生物靶标分子进行表面后修饰。我们用叶酸功能化PEI-AgNCs后进一步用于MCF-7细胞和种有MCF-7的小鼠的活体肿瘤靶标成像。
(2)采用基于转铁蛋白稳定的金纳米簇和氧化石墨烯构建的活化近红外荧光探针用于细胞和活体肿瘤的转铁蛋白靶标成像。首先利用转铁蛋白作为模板,直接合成了一种同时具有生物靶标功能和近红外荧光发射的金纳米簇(Au NCs),制备的Au NCs有较小的尺寸和生物相容性。在我们设计合成转铁蛋白稳定的Au NCs (Tf-Au NCs)过程中,Tf不仅可以作为稳定剂还和还原剂,还保持了它的活性以便对TfR仍然有高度特异性识别能力。同时,为了构建活化荧光信号的成像探针,我们用氧化石墨烯(graphene oxide, GO)作为Tf-Au NCs的荧光猝灭剂,构建的Tf-Au NCs/GO复合成像探针有良好的生物相容性并且有效地降低生物体的背景荧光,当遇到高度表达转铁蛋白受体的肿瘤细胞表面时,Tf-Au NCs的荧光得以恢复,Tf-Au NCs/GO荧光活化成像探针成功的应用于肿瘤细胞和荷瘤小鼠的成像。
(3)以牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin, BSA)为模板,一锅法合成了具有超小尺寸和NIR荧光发射的BSA稳定的Ag2S QDs (BSA-Ag2S QDs), BSA-Ag2S QDs进一步用血管内皮生长因子抗体功能化后用于活体肿瘤靶标成像。BS A-Ag2S QDs首先在水相中通过一个简单和温和的合成路线合成,合成过程中不需要高温和气体保护。我们制备的BSA-Ag2S QDs具有较强的NIR荧光发射、超小的尺寸和较低的活体毒性等性质,这些优越的性质都有利于其应用于生物像。BSA不仅作为稳定剂还有利于进一步用生物靶标分子进行表面后修饰。因此,我们用血管内皮生长因子功能化BSA-Ag2S QDs后进一步用于种有人脑神经胶质瘤U-87MG小鼠的活体肿瘤靶标成像。
(4)本章我们通过无溶剂浪费的方法制备了一种高产率和高发光效率的NIR CuInS2/ZnS QDs,利用两亲性聚合物包覆后将其转移至水相。首先以十二硫醇同时作为配体和溶剂,通过热分解法合成了CuInS2QDs。然后,向合成的CuInS2QDs中加入硬脂酸锌,以生成核壳型CuInS2/ZnS QDs,其产率达92%。我们所合成的核壳型量子点具有正四面体结构,尺寸较小,量子产率较高。通过低分子量的两亲性聚合物包覆后,核壳型CuInS2/ZnS QDs成功的转移至水相中,该CuInS2/ZnS QDs在较宽的pH范围内有较好的稳定性,为进一步构建生物成像探针打下了基础。
Molecular imaging is a new frontier of biomedical research for visualizing, characterizing andmonitoring biological processes at the molecular and cellular levels in humans and other living systems using sensitive instrumentation and contrast mechanisms. Consequently, cancer molecular imaging has created unique opportunities to study and noninvasively monitor tumor genesis, development and metastasis in vivo. Design of the molecular probe is the key for molecular imaging. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging (650-900nm) displays properties of low absorption and relatively low autofluorescence, it offers several advantages over other modalities for imaging living organisms. Moreover, it is cost-efficient intermsof preparation of molecular probes and the detection hardware is relatively simple to operate. Compared with organic dyes, quantum dots (QDs) possess several distinct advantageous optic properties, such as greater brightness, better stability with respect to photobleaching, and narrow spectral line-width. The available NIR QDs offer a wide range of emission wavelengths spanning the optical window for deep tissue imaging, compositions presenting limited toxicity. Recently, the progress in controlled synthesis of high-quality NIR QDs without toxic elements and the effective surface modifications for NIR QDs has explored as promising molecular probes for bioimaging. This dissertation aims at developing available NIR QDs-based molecular probes for selective and sensitive bioimaging. The following is the main content and innovation point.
(1) We report a one-pot fabrication of mercapto polyethyleneimine (SH-PEI) stabilized ultrasmall NIR fluorescent silver nanoclusters (PEI-AgNCs), and the bioconjugation of the PEI-AgNCs with folate (FA) for targeted cancer imaging in vitro and in vivo. Firstly, mercapto polyethyleneimine was prepared through an amide condensation reaction. PEI-AgNCs are synthesized in aqueous solution via a simple synthetic route. The resulting PEI-AgNCs exhibit intense NIR fluorescence, ultrasmall size and low in vitro toxicity, which is favorable for bioimaging. SH-PEI not only acts as a stabilizer, but also facilitates post-surface modifications with functional biomolecules. Compared with the existing methods, the PEI-AgNCs have an excellent stability. Further bioconjugation of PEI-AgNCs with FA allows targeted imaging of the folate receptor positive tumor MCF-7-bearing mice.
(2) We report the fabrication of transferrin functionalized gold nanoclusters (Tf-AuNCs)/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite (Tf-AuNCs/GO) as a turn-on NIR fluorescent probe for bioimaging cancer cells and small animals. Tf was used not only as stabilizer and reducer, but also as a functional ligand for targeting TfR to prepare Tf-AuNCs via a one-step approach. The resulting Tf-AuNCs exhibited intense NIR fluorescence that could avoid interference from biological media such as tissue auto-fluorescence and scattering light. To achieve a fluorescent signal activation process, GO, an efficient fluorescence quencher, was employed to fabricate a turn-on NIR fluorescent probe of Tf-AuNCs/GO composite with negligible fluorescence background. The prepared probe was successfully applied for turn-on NIR fluorescent imaging TfR over-expressed cancer cells and Hela tumor sites in mice. To our knowledge, no AuNCs based fluorescent turn-on probes have been reported for bioimaging small animals so far.
(3) We report a one-pot fabrication of bovine serum albumin (BSA) stabilized ultrasmall NIR fluorescent Ag2S QDs, and the bioconjugation of the BSA-stabilized Ag2S QDs with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody (antiVEGF) for targeted cancer imaging in vivo. BSA stabilized Ag2S QDs are firstly synthesized in aqueous solution via a simple and mild synthetic route without the need for high temperature and inert gas protection. The resulting Ag2S QDs exhibit intense NIR fluorescence, ultrasmall size and low in vivo toxicity, which is favorable for bioimaging. BSA not only acts as a stabilizer, but also facilitates post-surface modifications with functional biomolecules. Further bioconjugation of BSA-stabilized Ag2S QDs with antiVEGF allows targeted imaging of the VEGF positive U-87MG human glioblastoma tumor-bearing mice. To our knowledge, no functionalized Ag2S QDs fluorescent probes have been reported for targeted cancer imaging in vivo so far.
(4) We report an efficient synthesis of CuInS2QDs with strong photoluminescence in the near-infrared. This method can produce gram quantities of material with a chemical yield in excess of90%with minimal solvent waste. The overgrowth of as-prepared nanocrystals with a few monolayers of ZnS increases the photoluminescence quantum efficiency to>60%. Furthermore, the obtained NIR CuInS2/ZnS QDs are transferred into aqueous phase by a simple method. The CuInS2/ZnS QDs phase transfer technique utilized a low molecular weight amphiphilic polymer that is formed via maleic anhydride coupling of poly(styreneco-maleic anhydride) with6-aminocaproic acid. The polymer encapsulated water-soluble CuInS2/ZnS QDs exhibit the same optical spectra and colloidally stable over a wide pH range.
引文
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