含镍电镀污泥中镍的回收和综合应用
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摘要
随着电镀工业的迅猛发展,将会有越来越多的电镀废水产生。而电镀污泥是电镀废水处理后产生的固体废弃物,含有多种重金属元素。固体废弃物直接填埋,不仅破坏环境、危害人类健康,也会造成巨大的资源浪费。由于电镀镍具有高均匀性、高耐磨性、高耐蚀性等优点,因此被广泛地应用于工业生产。在我国《国家危险废物名录》(环发[1998]89号)的47类危险废物中,含镍电镀污泥被列为第十七类危险废物,它的无害化处理和资源化利用是目前备受瞩目的焦点。本文以某企业在镁铝合金镀镍过程中产生的含镍电镀污泥为原料,本着回收电镀污泥中的重金属资源及实现污泥无害化处理为原则,对电镀污泥中的重金属镍进行了回收应用的研究,提出了两种处理含镍电镀污泥的有效工艺:一是制备出氯化镍回用为镀镍原料;二是制得含镍、铜Ni/Cu/Al_2O_3/ZrO_2复相陶瓷,通过金属镍和铜实现陶瓷的增韧。
本文首先研究了含镍电镀污泥的成分和酸碱性,结果表明:①电镀污泥为弱碱性,pH值为8。②电镀污泥中镍的质量百分比为11.77%,铜的含量次之,且大都以氧化物形式存在。
采用选择性分离法制备氯化镍,用碳酸氢铵选择性浸出污泥中的镍离子和铜离子,形成配离子进入溶液,用盐酸滴定溶液,硫代乙酰胺作选择性沉淀剂,使铜离子沉淀,获得氯化镍溶液,蒸发结晶得到氯化镍晶体,纯度可以达到95.36%,镍的回收率达到92.5%。制得的氯化镍符合国家电镀工业的要求,可用作镀镍时的电解质和镍阳极活化剂。
鉴于污泥中除Ni的含量高外,Cu和Al的含量也较高,本文采用共沉淀化合物前躯体-水热反应法制得复合粉体Ni/Cu/Al_2O_3/ZrO_2,这样不仅回收了镍,也回收了其中的铜和铝,镍的回收率高达95.5%。烧制成的ZrO_2基复相陶瓷Ni/Cu/Al_2O_3/ZrO_2的断裂韧性KIC为8.52 MPa·m~(1/2),抗压强度σ_c为51 MPa,比纯ZrO_2陶瓷的性能分别提高了2.54倍和1.5倍,利用金属Ni和Cu增韧了ZrO_2陶瓷。
More and more electroplating wastewater is generated with rapid development of electroplating industry. The electroplating sludge is one kind of solid wastes from disposal of electroplating wastewater, including various heavy metallic elements. The direct landfill of electroplating sludge not only endangers environment,brings hazard to human health but also results in huge waste of resources. The nickel-plating is widely utilized in industrial production because its high uniformity, wear-resistance and causticity-resistance et al.. During 47 sorts of hazardous wastes specified in China“National Catalogue of Hazardous Wastes”, the electroplating sludge containing nickel is listed in the seventeenth, whose sound disposal and resource utilization is focused on presently. Based on the principle of recycling heavy metals of electroplating sludge and achieving sludge harmlessness, this paper studied on nickel recovery and application from the electroplating sludge caused in Mg-Al alloy nickel-plating production process in an enterprise, and put forward two valid technologies of treating the electroplating sludge containing nickel. The first one is to prepare NiCl_2 as nickel-plating raw material, and the second one is to obtain Ni/Cu/Al_2O_3/ZrO_2 composite ceramics and use nickel and copper to realize ceramics toughening.
At first, this paper researched components and acid-base property of the electroplating sludge. It indicates:①pH value of the sludge is 8, alkalescence.②for elements content of the electroplating sludge, Ni is 11.77%, Cu comes second. Also they are mostly in the form of oxides.
NiCl_2 was prepared by selective separation method. Firstly, NH4HCO3 solution was used to selectively leach Ni~(2+) and Cu~(2+) of the sludge into coordination ions in the solution. Further, HCl and TAA as selective precipitator was added to make Cu~(2+) precipitated so NiCl_2 solution was gotten. Finally, evaporating and crystallizing the solution derived NiCl_2 crystal. The purity reaches 95.36% and the recovery rate of nickel comes to 92.5%. The preparative NiCl_2 meets the requirement of national electroplating industry, which can be served as nickel-plating electrolyte or nickel anode activator.
In view of Cu and Al content being high in the electroplating sludge except Ni, Ni/Cu/Al_2O_3/ZrO_2 composite powder was attained through co-precipitation compound precursor-hydrothermal processing where not only Ni but Cu and Al were recycled. The recovery rate of nickel is up to 95.5%. The fracture toughness of sintered ZrO_2-based composite ceramics Ni/Cu/Al_2O_3/ZrO_2 is 8.52 MPa·m~(1/2) and the compressive strength is 51 MPa, which increase by 2.54 times and 1.5 times compared with those of pure ZrO_2 ceramics, respectively. The nickel and copper particles toughen ZrO_2 ceramics.
本文首先研究了含镍电镀污泥的成分和酸碱性,结果表明:①电镀污泥为弱碱性,pH值为8。②电镀污泥中镍的质量百分比为11.77%,铜的含量次之,且大都以氧化物形式存在。
采用选择性分离法制备氯化镍,用碳酸氢铵选择性浸出污泥中的镍离子和铜离子,形成配离子进入溶液,用盐酸滴定溶液,硫代乙酰胺作选择性沉淀剂,使铜离子沉淀,获得氯化镍溶液,蒸发结晶得到氯化镍晶体,纯度可以达到95.36%,镍的回收率达到92.5%。制得的氯化镍符合国家电镀工业的要求,可用作镀镍时的电解质和镍阳极活化剂。
鉴于污泥中除Ni的含量高外,Cu和Al的含量也较高,本文采用共沉淀化合物前躯体-水热反应法制得复合粉体Ni/Cu/Al_2O_3/ZrO_2,这样不仅回收了镍,也回收了其中的铜和铝,镍的回收率高达95.5%。烧制成的ZrO_2基复相陶瓷Ni/Cu/Al_2O_3/ZrO_2的断裂韧性KIC为8.52 MPa·m~(1/2),抗压强度σ_c为51 MPa,比纯ZrO_2陶瓷的性能分别提高了2.54倍和1.5倍,利用金属Ni和Cu增韧了ZrO_2陶瓷。
More and more electroplating wastewater is generated with rapid development of electroplating industry. The electroplating sludge is one kind of solid wastes from disposal of electroplating wastewater, including various heavy metallic elements. The direct landfill of electroplating sludge not only endangers environment,brings hazard to human health but also results in huge waste of resources. The nickel-plating is widely utilized in industrial production because its high uniformity, wear-resistance and causticity-resistance et al.. During 47 sorts of hazardous wastes specified in China“National Catalogue of Hazardous Wastes”, the electroplating sludge containing nickel is listed in the seventeenth, whose sound disposal and resource utilization is focused on presently. Based on the principle of recycling heavy metals of electroplating sludge and achieving sludge harmlessness, this paper studied on nickel recovery and application from the electroplating sludge caused in Mg-Al alloy nickel-plating production process in an enterprise, and put forward two valid technologies of treating the electroplating sludge containing nickel. The first one is to prepare NiCl_2 as nickel-plating raw material, and the second one is to obtain Ni/Cu/Al_2O_3/ZrO_2 composite ceramics and use nickel and copper to realize ceramics toughening.
At first, this paper researched components and acid-base property of the electroplating sludge. It indicates:①pH value of the sludge is 8, alkalescence.②for elements content of the electroplating sludge, Ni is 11.77%, Cu comes second. Also they are mostly in the form of oxides.
NiCl_2 was prepared by selective separation method. Firstly, NH4HCO3 solution was used to selectively leach Ni~(2+) and Cu~(2+) of the sludge into coordination ions in the solution. Further, HCl and TAA as selective precipitator was added to make Cu~(2+) precipitated so NiCl_2 solution was gotten. Finally, evaporating and crystallizing the solution derived NiCl_2 crystal. The purity reaches 95.36% and the recovery rate of nickel comes to 92.5%. The preparative NiCl_2 meets the requirement of national electroplating industry, which can be served as nickel-plating electrolyte or nickel anode activator.
In view of Cu and Al content being high in the electroplating sludge except Ni, Ni/Cu/Al_2O_3/ZrO_2 composite powder was attained through co-precipitation compound precursor-hydrothermal processing where not only Ni but Cu and Al were recycled. The recovery rate of nickel is up to 95.5%. The fracture toughness of sintered ZrO_2-based composite ceramics Ni/Cu/Al_2O_3/ZrO_2 is 8.52 MPa·m~(1/2) and the compressive strength is 51 MPa, which increase by 2.54 times and 1.5 times compared with those of pure ZrO_2 ceramics, respectively. The nickel and copper particles toughen ZrO_2 ceramics.
引文
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