电子垃圾中多氯联苯的环境转移和潜在的健康风险
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摘要
当前,电子垃圾已成为世界上增长速度最快的固体废弃物。在我国,进口的和国内淘汰的电子垃圾数量都十分巨大。随着近年来经济的飞速发展,我国对各种原材料的需求急剧增加,回收废弃物资,利用再生资源是解决目前我国资源困境的一种有效途径。由于电子垃圾中80%～90%的物质是有价值可利用的,在原材料需求和经济效益的驱动下电子垃圾拆解业在我国沿海地区迅速发展,特别是广东贵屿和浙江台州已发展成国内两个最大的电子垃圾拆解基地。本文以浙江台州的典型电子垃圾拆解区LQ为试验点,以废旧变压器和电力电容器的绝缘油中所含的PCBs为模型化合物来研究了电子垃圾中PCBs的环境转移、污染特征及其潜在的健康风险。
从选择的三个试验点(LQ,PQ和LA)采集了大量的环境和人体组织样品。采用GC/ECD技术对样品中的PCBs进行分析;采用Micro-EROD生物测试法检测人体组织样品提取液的二噁英类毒性;利用拆解现场获得的变压器油进行活体暴露试验,研究了变压器油对斑马鱼的毒性影响。在此基础上,还对当地居民潜在的健康风险作出了初步评价。获得的主要研究结果如下:
1.试验点LQ的所有环境和人体组织样品中均能检出PCBs,而且稻谷、鱼和鸡蛋、脐血、胎便和乳汁样品中PCBs的含量明显高于试验点PQ和LA采集的同类样品中PCBs的含量。对现场采集的变压器油的分析结果表明,其PCBs的浓度指纹与商业混合物Aroclor1242和1260的浓度指纹相吻合,表明该地区的PCBs污染主要源于电子垃圾的拆解。
2.乳汁与脐血中PCBs的浓度之间有显著的相关性(R2 > 0.39; P < 0.05),说明PCBs在母婴之间发生了传递,胎儿在母体内受到了PCBs的暴露。胎便与脐血中PCBs的浓度之间也呈显著相关(R2 > 0.2491; P < 0.001),表明胎便是胎儿出生前PCBs暴露的一种有效生物指示物。
3. Micro-EROD生物测试结果显示,乳汁、脐血和胎便样品的提取液对EROD的活性有明显诱导。但发现生物测试的结果高于化学分析的结果,而且生物测试的TEQs在这三类样品之间没有显著的相关性,表明样品中存在一些化学分析尚未检测、但又能诱导EROD活性的其他二噁英类化合物。
4.斑马鱼暴露试验发现环境水平的变压器油暴露能够明显诱导鱼肝细胞中
Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) has become the fastest growing stream among all the solid waste around the world. In China, the amounts of e-waste increases rapidly in recent years; these e-wastes can be sourced both domestically discarded products and imported waste. The demand for materials is on the increase with expanding economy. Recycling materials from e-waste is an effective way to obtain scarce industry raw materials. There are about 80 to 90 percent of substances in e-waste are valuable and reusable. The demand for recycled materials and the potential economy benefit are promoting the development of disassembly industry of e-waste in littoral. Guiyu, Guangdong and Taizhou, Zhejiang are the two largest e-waste disassembling areas in China.
Because of their excellent stability and electrical insulation, PCBs were once widely used in transformers and capacitors. In this study PCBs were determined as target compounds; LQ (the disassembly site, located in Taizhou), LA and PQ (the non-disassembly sites) in Zhejiang were selected as the sampling sites. The collected environment and human samples included: transformer oil, river water, river sediment, paddy soil, rice, eggs, fish, cord blood, milk and newborn meconium samples. Chemical analysis was performed using a HP6890 GC/ECD. Micro-EROD bioassay was used to screen for the presence of dioxin-like pollutants in extracts of cord blood, milk and meconium samples. Zebrafish exposed by transformer oil was used to assess the toxicological effects on fish. In addition, the potential health risk was estimated
从选择的三个试验点(LQ,PQ和LA)采集了大量的环境和人体组织样品。采用GC/ECD技术对样品中的PCBs进行分析;采用Micro-EROD生物测试法检测人体组织样品提取液的二噁英类毒性;利用拆解现场获得的变压器油进行活体暴露试验,研究了变压器油对斑马鱼的毒性影响。在此基础上,还对当地居民潜在的健康风险作出了初步评价。获得的主要研究结果如下:
1.试验点LQ的所有环境和人体组织样品中均能检出PCBs,而且稻谷、鱼和鸡蛋、脐血、胎便和乳汁样品中PCBs的含量明显高于试验点PQ和LA采集的同类样品中PCBs的含量。对现场采集的变压器油的分析结果表明,其PCBs的浓度指纹与商业混合物Aroclor1242和1260的浓度指纹相吻合,表明该地区的PCBs污染主要源于电子垃圾的拆解。
2.乳汁与脐血中PCBs的浓度之间有显著的相关性(R2 > 0.39; P < 0.05),说明PCBs在母婴之间发生了传递,胎儿在母体内受到了PCBs的暴露。胎便与脐血中PCBs的浓度之间也呈显著相关(R2 > 0.2491; P < 0.001),表明胎便是胎儿出生前PCBs暴露的一种有效生物指示物。
3. Micro-EROD生物测试结果显示,乳汁、脐血和胎便样品的提取液对EROD的活性有明显诱导。但发现生物测试的结果高于化学分析的结果,而且生物测试的TEQs在这三类样品之间没有显著的相关性,表明样品中存在一些化学分析尚未检测、但又能诱导EROD活性的其他二噁英类化合物。
4.斑马鱼暴露试验发现环境水平的变压器油暴露能够明显诱导鱼肝细胞中
Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) has become the fastest growing stream among all the solid waste around the world. In China, the amounts of e-waste increases rapidly in recent years; these e-wastes can be sourced both domestically discarded products and imported waste. The demand for materials is on the increase with expanding economy. Recycling materials from e-waste is an effective way to obtain scarce industry raw materials. There are about 80 to 90 percent of substances in e-waste are valuable and reusable. The demand for recycled materials and the potential economy benefit are promoting the development of disassembly industry of e-waste in littoral. Guiyu, Guangdong and Taizhou, Zhejiang are the two largest e-waste disassembling areas in China.
Because of their excellent stability and electrical insulation, PCBs were once widely used in transformers and capacitors. In this study PCBs were determined as target compounds; LQ (the disassembly site, located in Taizhou), LA and PQ (the non-disassembly sites) in Zhejiang were selected as the sampling sites. The collected environment and human samples included: transformer oil, river water, river sediment, paddy soil, rice, eggs, fish, cord blood, milk and newborn meconium samples. Chemical analysis was performed using a HP6890 GC/ECD. Micro-EROD bioassay was used to screen for the presence of dioxin-like pollutants in extracts of cord blood, milk and meconium samples. Zebrafish exposed by transformer oil was used to assess the toxicological effects on fish. In addition, the potential health risk was estimated
引文
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