应用于空调余能回收的脉动热管换热器的研究
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摘要
脉动热管是伴随微电子技术的发展而发展起来的一种新型高效传热元件,具有结构简单、传热性能卓越等优点。设计合理的脉动热管的传热特性不受重力场或极少受重力场的影响。本课题在综合分析现有文献基础上,对脉动热管的应用领域进行了拓展,将其应用于空调排风系统的余能回收。研究成果包括以下几方面:
(一)参照重力热管换热器的设计原则,对脉动热管换热器进行了初步的设计,搭建了相应的试验台。首先对脉动热管换热器的最小气动温差进行实验研究,结果表明,当风速在2.2-2.8m/s范围时,夏季工况下的最小启动温差是4℃,冬季倒置状况下的最小启动温差是9℃。其次,对影响换热器效率的因素进行了分析,结果表明,温度对换热器热回收效率的影响远大于迎面风速的影响。
(二)将本实验与Mostafa A的重力热管换热器实验进行了比较。结果表明,两者的总体传热特性相似。蒸发段气流温度在30-35℃之间时,脉动热管的启动温差更小,传热综合性能优于重力热管。实验中脉动热管换热器的体积为重力热管换热器体积的89%,所消耗的铜量是重力热管换热器的54%。在空调排风系统能量回收中脉动热管显示出了较大的应用潜力。
(三)脉动热管换热器在倒置状况低负荷运行时,重力场对其热回收效率影响比较大,随着蒸发段热负荷以及冷热气流温差的增大,重力场对换热效率的影响越来越小。
(四)用总投资费用法对上海地区某商场排风系统安装脉动热管换热器进行能量回收后的经济估算表明,安装脉动热管换热器后,每年可节约商场空调机组电量363.1×10~3KW·h、节省电费22.4万元。设备的投资回收年限为1.88年,经济效益和社会效益明显。
Pulsating heat pipe(PHP),being a relative new member in the family of heat pipe with simple structure and excellent heat transfer performance,has found successful application in the cooling of micro-electronics.Another advantage of the PHP is that when it is well-designed,its heat transfer performance is little influenced by the gravitaty vector.Based on a comprehensive analysis of this issue,we extend the application of PHP to air-conditioning system for heat recover. Here are some research works and conclusions:
1.According to the design method for the gravity heat pipe heat exchanger,we designed a preliminary PHP heat exchanger,on which some experiments were performed to invstigate the start-up characteristics and influence of heat transfer performance.It is found that as the wind velocity is in the range of 2.2-2.8m/s,the minimum start-up temperature difference between hot and cold air is 4℃and 9℃for the PHP heat exchanger in summer and winter conditions respectively. Referring to the impacts of heat exchanger efficiency,it is found that the temperature has greater effect than the wind speed.
2.we compared our experiments with that of Mostafa A on the gravity heat pipe heat exchanger.Results show that both types of heat exchangers showed the similar heat transfer characteristics generally, while the PHP need a smaller start-up temperature difference between hot and cold air,showing better heat transfer performance than the gravity heat pipe,when the air temperature in evaporation section is in the range of 30-35℃.In addition,the volume and the consumption of copper in our present PHP heat exchanger is about 89%and 54%in the compared gravity heat pipe heat exchanger respectively.Thus,the PHP heat exchanger shows a greater potential application in the air-conditioning and ventilation system for energy recovery.
3.When the PHP heat exchanger was operated in the reversal situation with the lower heat loads,the gravity vector had greater effect on the thermal efficiency.As the increasing of heat loads and temperature differences between the hot and cold air,effect of gravity vector is smaller and smaller.
4.An economic analysis was evaluated on the benefits of the PHP heat exchangers in a shopping mall of Shanghai.The results showed that, the air-conditioning system can save 363.1×10~3KW·h electricity and 224,000 Yuan every year after the installation of the PHP heat exchangers. The recovery period of the equipment investments is about 1.88 years, showing the significant economic and social benefits.
(一)参照重力热管换热器的设计原则,对脉动热管换热器进行了初步的设计,搭建了相应的试验台。首先对脉动热管换热器的最小气动温差进行实验研究,结果表明,当风速在2.2-2.8m/s范围时,夏季工况下的最小启动温差是4℃,冬季倒置状况下的最小启动温差是9℃。其次,对影响换热器效率的因素进行了分析,结果表明,温度对换热器热回收效率的影响远大于迎面风速的影响。
(二)将本实验与Mostafa A的重力热管换热器实验进行了比较。结果表明,两者的总体传热特性相似。蒸发段气流温度在30-35℃之间时,脉动热管的启动温差更小,传热综合性能优于重力热管。实验中脉动热管换热器的体积为重力热管换热器体积的89%,所消耗的铜量是重力热管换热器的54%。在空调排风系统能量回收中脉动热管显示出了较大的应用潜力。
(三)脉动热管换热器在倒置状况低负荷运行时,重力场对其热回收效率影响比较大,随着蒸发段热负荷以及冷热气流温差的增大,重力场对换热效率的影响越来越小。
(四)用总投资费用法对上海地区某商场排风系统安装脉动热管换热器进行能量回收后的经济估算表明,安装脉动热管换热器后,每年可节约商场空调机组电量363.1×10~3KW·h、节省电费22.4万元。设备的投资回收年限为1.88年,经济效益和社会效益明显。
Pulsating heat pipe(PHP),being a relative new member in the family of heat pipe with simple structure and excellent heat transfer performance,has found successful application in the cooling of micro-electronics.Another advantage of the PHP is that when it is well-designed,its heat transfer performance is little influenced by the gravitaty vector.Based on a comprehensive analysis of this issue,we extend the application of PHP to air-conditioning system for heat recover. Here are some research works and conclusions:
1.According to the design method for the gravity heat pipe heat exchanger,we designed a preliminary PHP heat exchanger,on which some experiments were performed to invstigate the start-up characteristics and influence of heat transfer performance.It is found that as the wind velocity is in the range of 2.2-2.8m/s,the minimum start-up temperature difference between hot and cold air is 4℃and 9℃for the PHP heat exchanger in summer and winter conditions respectively. Referring to the impacts of heat exchanger efficiency,it is found that the temperature has greater effect than the wind speed.
2.we compared our experiments with that of Mostafa A on the gravity heat pipe heat exchanger.Results show that both types of heat exchangers showed the similar heat transfer characteristics generally, while the PHP need a smaller start-up temperature difference between hot and cold air,showing better heat transfer performance than the gravity heat pipe,when the air temperature in evaporation section is in the range of 30-35℃.In addition,the volume and the consumption of copper in our present PHP heat exchanger is about 89%and 54%in the compared gravity heat pipe heat exchanger respectively.Thus,the PHP heat exchanger shows a greater potential application in the air-conditioning and ventilation system for energy recovery.
3.When the PHP heat exchanger was operated in the reversal situation with the lower heat loads,the gravity vector had greater effect on the thermal efficiency.As the increasing of heat loads and temperature differences between the hot and cold air,effect of gravity vector is smaller and smaller.
4.An economic analysis was evaluated on the benefits of the PHP heat exchangers in a shopping mall of Shanghai.The results showed that, the air-conditioning system can save 363.1×10~3KW·h electricity and 224,000 Yuan every year after the installation of the PHP heat exchangers. The recovery period of the equipment investments is about 1.88 years, showing the significant economic and social benefits.
引文
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[3]民用空调建筑节约用电的若干规定.2005(8)
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[5]国家发改委宏观经济研究院课题组.“十一五”能源发展思路和战略重点.宏观经济研究,2005(1 O)
[6]高凤龙.热管换热器同转轮式全热交换器节能效果比较[J].制冷与空调,2003:61-62
[7]庄骏,徐通明,石寿椿.热管与热管换热器[J].上海:上海交通大学出版社,1989
[8]赵波.大型综合娱乐建筑空调节能设计的几点体会[J].暖通空调,2001,3(3):51-52
[9]庄骏,张红.热管技术及其工程应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2006
[10]康建英.热管技术的应用及历史[J].中国特种设备安全,2007,23(1):66-66
[11]陈大元等,热管空气预热器用于电站锅炉的研究应用与前景[J].第四届全国热管会议论集.1994.8:271-355
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[13]Mireoslao Zelko,Frantisek PLASEK Petrstule.Cooling of Power eleetries by Heat Pipes.Heat Pipe teehnology[J].Theory Applieations and Prospeets.1997,199-207
[14]郑艺华.太阳能空调技术开发利用的评价[J].节能,2001No.1:44-46
[15]李明等.太阳能热水器-制冷空调复合机装置的实现[J].新能源,1999Vol.210.2:18-21
[16]朱俊生.国内外新能源和可再生能源发展现状[J].节能与环保,2001,No.4:33-35
[17]日本HideakiImura,MasamiChiYoshida.丑虚白,译.利用长热虹吸套管吸取地能 [M].广西:广西师范大学出版社,1991:275-286
[18]Robertson.A.5.Cady,E.C.Heat Pipe Dry Cooling for Eleetrieal Generating Stations[J].Proeeedings of the 4,Int.Heat Pipe Conf,1981:745-757
[19]庄骏等.热管换热器在化学生产中的应用[M].化学工程.1983:No.4:26-29
[20]三菱电机公司产品说明书
[21]郑远非.日本松下通风空调用空气.空气热交换器[J].暖通空调,1987,17(4)
[22]李建雄,王宏.热管技术在空调通风系统节能中的应用[J].制冷,2007.6:31-34
[23]刘凤田,黄祥奎.空调用分体热虹吸热管冷热回收装置的试验研究[J].暖通空调,1994.4:25-27
[24]Akachi H.U.S.patent Number 5219020,1993
[251苏磊,张红,庄骏.回路振荡热管运行机理探讨[J].浙江海洋学院学报(自然科学版).2004,23(2):126-133
[26]Groll M,Khandekar S.Pulsating heat pipes:a challenge and still unsolved problem I heat pipe science[J].3~(rd) Int.Conf.on Transport Phenomena in Multiphase Systems,2002 Baranow Sanomierski,Poland:35-43
[27]Akachi H.U.S.patent Number 4921041,1990
[28]Maezawa S,Gi K.Minamizawa A etc.Thermal Performance of Capillary Tube Thermosyphon[J]
[29]Khandekar S,Dollinger N,Groll M.Understanding operational regimes of closed loop pulsating heat pipes:an experimental study[J].Applied Thermal Engineering 23(2003):707-719
[30]Charoensawan P,Khandekar S,Groll M etc.Closed loop pulsating heat pipes Part A:parametric experimental investigations[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,23(2003):2009-2020
[31]Khandekar S,Groll M,Luckchoura V.An introduction to pulsating heat pipes[J],Electronics Cooling,2003,9(2):38-41
[32]Katpradit T,Wongratanaphisan T,Terdtoon P etc.Correlation to predict heat transfer characteristics of a closed end oscillating heat pipe at critical state[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2005,25:2138-2151
[33]Katpradit T,Wongratanaphisan T,Terdtoon P etc.Effect of aspect ratios and Bond number on internal flow patterns of closed end Oscillating heat pipe at critical state[J].13th Int.Heat pipe conf.,2004,Shanghai,China
[34]GI K,Sato F,Maezawa S,etc.Flow visualization experiment on oscillating heat pipe[J].11~(th) Int.Heat Pipe Conf.1999,149-153
[35]曲伟,马同泽.脉动热管的工质流动和传热特性实验研究[J].工程热物理学报,2003,23(5):596-598
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