浅埋煤层开采与脆弱生态保护相互响应机理与工程实践
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摘要
基于西部煤田浅埋深且冲沟发育、地表生态极其脆弱的特点,提出了井下保护性开采与地表生态环境防治相互响应的机理,以解决浅埋煤田大规模开采与极脆弱生态系统保护之间的矛盾。综合采用物理模拟、数值模拟、理论分析及现场实测的方法,对覆岩移动特征及裂隙发育规律、浅埋煤层保水开采机理及其技术适应性分类、地表生态采动适应性规律和生态功能圈构建理论进行了分析,并成功应用于工程实践。主要研究成果如下:
(1)提出了浅埋煤层开采与脆弱生态保护相互响应机理,并成功应用于工程实践。
将城市生态功能圈理念引入荒漠化矿区生态治理中,基于地表生态采动适应性规律和井下保水开采机理,以被人工调控与导向演替、林分结构优化等为技术支持,形成了以植物措施为主的外围防护圈构建技术、以采前预防、采中保水及采后修复为手段的周边常绿圈保障技术和中心美化圈园林化建设技术,实现井下开采与井上防治相互响应。
(2)初步形成了西部矿区常规浅埋煤层开采覆岩移动型式判别体系。
基于常规浅埋煤层条件下覆岩与关键层同步下沉且裂隙发育受控于关键层移动的典型特点,建立了关键层初次破断和周期破断时的结构力学模型;基于关键层的结构稳定性,构建出关键层破断型式的四种判别模型,依此形成了覆岩移动型式判别体系。
(3)揭示了常规浅埋煤层保水开采机理,形成了常规浅埋煤层保水开采适应性分类体系。
提出了隔水层采动渗漏机理,引入临界含隔比作为判别采动渗漏的关键指标;将裂隙带划分为上位裂隙带、中位裂隙带和下位裂隙带以反映采动裂隙的可闭合度;提出了基于隔水层采动保水性能演化规律的保水开采机理及技术设计体系;以隔裂位态系数为综合指标进行了常规浅埋煤层保水开采技术适应性分类。
(4)构建出冲沟下开采坡体结构力学模型,提出了冲沟下浅埋煤层保水开采机理及其技术适应性分类方法。
对向沟开采和背沟开采坡体结构稳定性进行了力学分析,推导出维持坡体结构稳定性的支护力计算公式;提出了向沟开采时的下向流失和顺层流动机理,以及背沟开采时的逆倾导水机理,并依此提出了冲沟下保水开采机理;以冲沟采动敏感性为指标进行了冲沟下保水开采技术适应性分类。
该论文有图145幅,表31个,参考文献221篇。
Based on the typical conditions of western coalfield characterized by the shallow coal seam, the developed gully and the extremely fragile ecological environment, the mechanisms of the mutual response between protective underground mining and sur-face environment protection were present to reconcile the contradictions between the large-scale underground mining and the fragile environment protection. Physical simulation, numerical simulation, theoretical analysis and field observation were conducted to analyze the laws of overburden movement and fracture development, the mechanisms and the technologies of aquifer-protection mining, the applicability of surface ecological environment to underground mining and the construction of ecolo-gic functional circles. And the engineering practice was proved to be successful. The major research achievements are as follows.
(1) The mechanisms of the mutual response between underground mining and fragile environment protection was proposed and successfully put into the engineering practice.
The concept of city ecologic functional circle was introduced into the protection of desert coalfield. Based on the surface environment applicability to underground mining and the mechanism of aquifer-protection mining, a technology system for achieving the mutual response between underground mining and surface protection, including the construction of a peripheral guard circle which majors in the botanic measures, the safeguard of a perimeter evergreen circle by the means of pre-mining functional circle construction, in-mining aquifer protection and post-mining ecologi-cal restoration, and the afforestation of the centre beautification circle, was con-structed through the basic technologies of artificial regulation and oriented succession, the optimization of forest structure, etc.
(2) A system for predicting the overburden movement pattern in response to un-derground mining of shallow coal seams in western coalfield was devised.
Based on the characteristics that the overlying strata subsides synchronously with the key strata and the fracture development is controlled by the subsidence of the key strata, the structural mechanical models for the first breakage and the periodical breakage of key strata were constructed to analyze the stability of key strata. Derived from the stability analysis, four models for predicting the overburden movement in response to underground mining were developed and the predictive system was then devised.
(3) The mechanisms of aquifer-protection mining of general shallow coal seam were revealed and an applicability classification system was constructed. The mechanism of the mining-induced seepage in the aquiclude was identified and evaluated on the basis of the key index, say the thickness ratio of aquifer to aqui-clude. The intact fractured zone was divided into the following three parts, the upper, the middle and the lower, contributing to indicating the possibility of fracture closure. Based on the analysis of aquifer-protection ability evolution of aquiclude associated with underground mining, aquifer-protection mechanisms and a technology design system were present. The position ratio of aquiclude to fractured zone was selected as a comprehensive index to classify the applicability of aquifer-protection mining tech-nology.
(4) The structural mechanical model of the slope involved in the mining under gully was built and the applicability classification for the related aquifer-protection mining technology was conducted on basis of the aquifer protection mechanisms.
The support capacity was formulated based on the stability analysis of slope in-volved in the gully-ward mining or gully-away mining. The aquifer-protection mechanisms related to shallow coal seam mining under gully were present according to the water loss mechanisms of running downward and bedding flow in gully-ward mining and of updip transmission in gully-away mining. The sensibility of gully slope to underground mining was developed to classify the applicability of aqui-fer-protection mining technology under gully.
145 figures, 31 tables and 221 references are imbedded in this dissertation.
(1)提出了浅埋煤层开采与脆弱生态保护相互响应机理,并成功应用于工程实践。
将城市生态功能圈理念引入荒漠化矿区生态治理中,基于地表生态采动适应性规律和井下保水开采机理,以被人工调控与导向演替、林分结构优化等为技术支持,形成了以植物措施为主的外围防护圈构建技术、以采前预防、采中保水及采后修复为手段的周边常绿圈保障技术和中心美化圈园林化建设技术,实现井下开采与井上防治相互响应。
(2)初步形成了西部矿区常规浅埋煤层开采覆岩移动型式判别体系。
基于常规浅埋煤层条件下覆岩与关键层同步下沉且裂隙发育受控于关键层移动的典型特点,建立了关键层初次破断和周期破断时的结构力学模型;基于关键层的结构稳定性,构建出关键层破断型式的四种判别模型,依此形成了覆岩移动型式判别体系。
(3)揭示了常规浅埋煤层保水开采机理,形成了常规浅埋煤层保水开采适应性分类体系。
提出了隔水层采动渗漏机理,引入临界含隔比作为判别采动渗漏的关键指标;将裂隙带划分为上位裂隙带、中位裂隙带和下位裂隙带以反映采动裂隙的可闭合度;提出了基于隔水层采动保水性能演化规律的保水开采机理及技术设计体系;以隔裂位态系数为综合指标进行了常规浅埋煤层保水开采技术适应性分类。
(4)构建出冲沟下开采坡体结构力学模型,提出了冲沟下浅埋煤层保水开采机理及其技术适应性分类方法。
对向沟开采和背沟开采坡体结构稳定性进行了力学分析,推导出维持坡体结构稳定性的支护力计算公式;提出了向沟开采时的下向流失和顺层流动机理,以及背沟开采时的逆倾导水机理,并依此提出了冲沟下保水开采机理;以冲沟采动敏感性为指标进行了冲沟下保水开采技术适应性分类。
该论文有图145幅,表31个,参考文献221篇。
Based on the typical conditions of western coalfield characterized by the shallow coal seam, the developed gully and the extremely fragile ecological environment, the mechanisms of the mutual response between protective underground mining and sur-face environment protection were present to reconcile the contradictions between the large-scale underground mining and the fragile environment protection. Physical simulation, numerical simulation, theoretical analysis and field observation were conducted to analyze the laws of overburden movement and fracture development, the mechanisms and the technologies of aquifer-protection mining, the applicability of surface ecological environment to underground mining and the construction of ecolo-gic functional circles. And the engineering practice was proved to be successful. The major research achievements are as follows.
(1) The mechanisms of the mutual response between underground mining and fragile environment protection was proposed and successfully put into the engineering practice.
The concept of city ecologic functional circle was introduced into the protection of desert coalfield. Based on the surface environment applicability to underground mining and the mechanism of aquifer-protection mining, a technology system for achieving the mutual response between underground mining and surface protection, including the construction of a peripheral guard circle which majors in the botanic measures, the safeguard of a perimeter evergreen circle by the means of pre-mining functional circle construction, in-mining aquifer protection and post-mining ecologi-cal restoration, and the afforestation of the centre beautification circle, was con-structed through the basic technologies of artificial regulation and oriented succession, the optimization of forest structure, etc.
(2) A system for predicting the overburden movement pattern in response to un-derground mining of shallow coal seams in western coalfield was devised.
Based on the characteristics that the overlying strata subsides synchronously with the key strata and the fracture development is controlled by the subsidence of the key strata, the structural mechanical models for the first breakage and the periodical breakage of key strata were constructed to analyze the stability of key strata. Derived from the stability analysis, four models for predicting the overburden movement in response to underground mining were developed and the predictive system was then devised.
(3) The mechanisms of aquifer-protection mining of general shallow coal seam were revealed and an applicability classification system was constructed. The mechanism of the mining-induced seepage in the aquiclude was identified and evaluated on the basis of the key index, say the thickness ratio of aquifer to aqui-clude. The intact fractured zone was divided into the following three parts, the upper, the middle and the lower, contributing to indicating the possibility of fracture closure. Based on the analysis of aquifer-protection ability evolution of aquiclude associated with underground mining, aquifer-protection mechanisms and a technology design system were present. The position ratio of aquiclude to fractured zone was selected as a comprehensive index to classify the applicability of aquifer-protection mining tech-nology.
(4) The structural mechanical model of the slope involved in the mining under gully was built and the applicability classification for the related aquifer-protection mining technology was conducted on basis of the aquifer protection mechanisms.
The support capacity was formulated based on the stability analysis of slope in-volved in the gully-ward mining or gully-away mining. The aquifer-protection mechanisms related to shallow coal seam mining under gully were present according to the water loss mechanisms of running downward and bedding flow in gully-ward mining and of updip transmission in gully-away mining. The sensibility of gully slope to underground mining was developed to classify the applicability of aqui-fer-protection mining technology under gully.
145 figures, 31 tables and 221 references are imbedded in this dissertation.
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