红松人工林碳贮量和碳分配的研究
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摘要
红松(Pinus koraiensis)为我国东北东部地区地带性顶极群落建群种,但经过历史上长期破坏该树种数量明显减少。为恢复以该树种为主的地带性顶极群落,建国后在东北东部山地营造了大量红松人工林,其中有一部分已和天然侵入的树种形成人工天然混交林。为了解红松人工林生态系统的固碳能力,本研究在长白山北部张广才岭西坡的东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场老山人工林实验站,选择20年和42年生的红松(Pinus koraiensis)人工纯林、白桦(betula platyphylla)红松人天混交林、蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)红松人天混交林三种类型试验林分,采用径级标准木法,样方收获法测定林分的叶、枝、干、果和根等器官生物量和碳贮量,同时测定土壤呼吸和碳贮量、凋落物碳贮量和分解速率,并计算碳输入和输出平衡,结果如下：
(1)20年生红松人工纯林总碳贮量为134.10Mg·hm-2,其中生物量碳库占20.82%,土壤碳库占78.75%,凋落物碳库占0.43%；42年生红松人工纯林总碳贮量为323.34Mg·hm-2,其中生物量碳库占25.95%,土壤碳库占73.50%,凋落物碳库占0.55%。20年生白桦红松人天混交林总碳贮量为141.39Mg·hm-2,其中生物量碳库占19.91%,土壤碳库占79.60%,凋落物碳库占0.49%；42年生碳贮量为351.12Mg·hm-2,其中生物量碳库占24.93%,土壤碳库占74.31%,凋落物碳库占0.76%。20年生蒙古栎红松人天混交林碳贮量为193.23Mg·hm-2,其中生物量碳库占17.95%,土壤碳库占81.69%,凋落物碳库占0.36%；42年生碳贮量为377.23Mg·hm-2,其中生物量碳库占25.42%,土壤碳库占73.87%,凋落物碳库占0.71%。三种林分类型总碳贮量相比以蒙古栎红松混交林贮量最多,白桦红松混交林次之,红松纯林最低。在三种红松林生态系统内,土壤碳库、生物量碳库、凋落量碳库的大小排序为：土壤碳库＞生物量碳库＞凋落物碳库。
(2)土壤碳库贮量占红松林贮碳总量的绝大部分,42年林分约占73.5%-74.31%而20年生林分占的比例更大。红松人工林土壤碳库L层(未分解层)碳库占4.29%,F层(半分解层)碳库占5.56%,H层(腐殖质层)碳库占13.96%,B层(矿质层)碳库占76.19%。土壤中碳含量随土层垂直深度加深而降低,呈指数曲线相关。土壤中的碳贮量与土壤容重、土层深度、碳含量密切相关。
(3)凋落量碳库由凋落的叶、枝、皮、果等碳库组成,其中叶碳库占36.65%,枝碳库占27.31%,皮碳库占10.28%,果碳库占22.64%,粪便占2.74%,虫卵占0.38%。
不同林分类型凋落物分解释放碳不同,红松纯林碳释放率43.33%,其中第一年碳释放率为24.25%,第二年为19.08%；白桦红松混交林两年分解失重率为50.19%,其中第一年释放率为30.72%,第二年为19.47%；蒙古栎红松混交林两年碳释放率为52.83%,第一年为32.42%,第二年为20.41%。三种林分相比以蒙古栎红松混交林碳释放率最高,白桦红松混交林次之,红纯林最低。
(4)红松纯林土壤呼吸速率月平均为3.44μmol·m-2·s-1,白桦红松混交林为4.00μmol·m-2s-1,蒙古栎红松林为4.13μmol·m-2·s-1。三种林分类型比较以蒙古栎红松林土壤呼吸速率最高,白桦红松混交林次之,红纯林最低。而且土壤呼吸速率随季节的变化而有规律的变化。三种类型的呼吸速率第一年最大值出现在8月份,第二年出现在6、8两个月,而生长开始的5月份和生长停止的10月份呼吸速率最低。三种林分类型的土壤呼吸速率均与气温、地温、土壤含水量相关密切。充分说明,这些环境因子明显地影响了土壤呼吸速率。
(5)红松人工林生态系统每年生物固碳量(包括生物量现存量和凋落物碳归还量)与该林分类型土壤呼吸量之差为新增碳贮量。红松纯林新增贮存量为1.30Mg·hm-2·a-1,白桦红松混交林为1.54Mg·hm-2·a-1,蒙古栎红松混交林为1.89Mg·hm-2·a-1。与其它研究结果相比,本研究的红松人工林新增碳贮量略低,可能因本研究的红松林年龄偏小所致。
Pinus koraiensis is top communication species in eastern part of Northeast forest, but the quantities decreased for many years. Korean pine plantation was cultivated after our country rebuilt, and a part of them have been mixed with natural invaded vegetations,which formed as natural mixed forest. For better understanding of Korean pine planation in carbon storage, pinus koaiensis with 20 and 42 years, Betula platyphlla-pine mixed forest, Quercus mongolica-pine mixed forest were selected in Lao Shan experiment station of Northeast Forestry University. Methods of diameter-class standard tree and plot harvest were used to measure the biomass of leaves,branches, woods,fruits and roots, as well as carbon storage. Soil respiration and soil respiration, litter carbon storage and decomposition rate were measured, and thus carbon input and output of these studied ecosystems were calculated, results showed that:
1) Total carbon storage of Korean pine plantation with 20 years was 134.10Mg·hm-2, of which biomass carbon storage accounted 20.82%, soil carbon storage 78.75%, litter carbon storage 0.43%. For 42 years Korean pine planation, total carbon storage was 323.34Mg·hm-2, of which biomass carbon storage accounted 25.95%, soil carbon storage 73.5%, litter carbon storage 0.55%. Total carbon storage of Betula platyphlla-pine mixed forest with 20 years was 141.39Mg·hm-2, of which biomass carbon storage accounted 19.91%, soil carbon storage 79.60%,, litter carbon storage 0.49%. For 42 years Betula platyphlla-pine mixed forest, total carbon storage was 351.12Mg·hm-2, of which biomass carbon storage accounted 24.93%, soil carbon storage 74.31%, litter carbon storage 0.76%. Total carbon storage of Quercus mongolica-pine mixed forest with 20 years was 193.23 Mg·hm-2, of which biomass carbon storage accounted 17.95%, soil carbon storage 81.69%,, litter carbon storage 0.36%. For 42 years Quercus mongolica-pine mixed forest, total carbon storage was 377.23Mg·hm-2, of which biomass carbon storage accounted 25.42%, soil carbon storage 73.87%, litter carbon storage 0.71%. Compared thses three kinds of forest carbon storage, carbon storage in mongolica-pine mixed forest was highest, then in betula platyphlla-pine mixed forest, korean pine planation the lowest. Compared carbon storage in soil, biomass and litterfall in these three pine mixed ecosystems, soil carbon storage>biomass carbon storage)litterfall carbon storage.
2) Soil carbon storage was accounted for large part of total carbon storage in pine forest, with 73.5%-74.31% for 42 years pine forest, and 20 years planation accounted more. Layer L(not decomposed layer) accounted for 4.29%, layer F(half-decomposed layer) 5.56%, layer H(humus layer) 13.96%, layer B(mineral layer) 76.19%. Soil carbon content increased with soil depth, and had an exponential relationship with its depth. Soil carbon sotrage had a closely relationship with soil density, soil depth and soil carbon content.
3) Litterfall carbon storage was composed of litter leaves, branches and fruits, etc. Leave carbon storage accounted for 36.65%, branch 27.31%, fruit 22.64%, etc.
Carbon decomposition rate was different for its forest types, carbon releasion rate in pure pine planation was 43.33%, for first year about 24.25%, the second 19.08%. Weight losing rate in betula platyphlla-pine mixed forest was 50.19%, for 30.72% the first year,19.47% the second. Weight losing rate in mongolica-pine mixed forest was 52.83%, for 32.49% the first year,20.41% the second. Compared thses three kinds of forest carbon release rate, mongolica-pine mixed forest was the highest, then in betula platyphlla-pine mixed forest, koreain pine planation the lowest.
4) Soil respiration rate was 3.44μmol·m-2·s-1in koreain pine planation,4.00μmol·m-2·s-1 in betula platyphlla-pine mixed forest,4.13μmol·m-2·s-1 in mongolica-pine mixed forest. Soil respiration in mongolica-pine mixed forest was highest, then in betula platyphlla-pine mixed forest, pine planation the lowest. Soil repiration changed with seasonal trends. The highest value of soil respiration occurred in august for the first year, and june and august for the second. The lowest soil respiration occurred in the beginning of the growing season and october. Soil respiration in the three forest types was related with air temperature, soil temperature, and soil water content, which clearly explained that environmental factors effected, soil respiration rate.
5) Differences between the biomass carbon storage and soil respiration in these three pine planation was new add carbon storage. New carbon storage was 1.30Mg·hm-2·a-1 for pure pine forest,1.54Mg·hm-2·a-1 for betula platyphlla-pine mixed forest,1.89Mg·hm-2·a-1 for mongolica-pine mixed forest. Compared to other published results, new add carbon storage in our study was a little lower, which maybe ascribed to low age reason.
(1)20年生红松人工纯林总碳贮量为134.10Mg·hm-2,其中生物量碳库占20.82%,土壤碳库占78.75%,凋落物碳库占0.43%；42年生红松人工纯林总碳贮量为323.34Mg·hm-2,其中生物量碳库占25.95%,土壤碳库占73.50%,凋落物碳库占0.55%。20年生白桦红松人天混交林总碳贮量为141.39Mg·hm-2,其中生物量碳库占19.91%,土壤碳库占79.60%,凋落物碳库占0.49%；42年生碳贮量为351.12Mg·hm-2,其中生物量碳库占24.93%,土壤碳库占74.31%,凋落物碳库占0.76%。20年生蒙古栎红松人天混交林碳贮量为193.23Mg·hm-2,其中生物量碳库占17.95%,土壤碳库占81.69%,凋落物碳库占0.36%；42年生碳贮量为377.23Mg·hm-2,其中生物量碳库占25.42%,土壤碳库占73.87%,凋落物碳库占0.71%。三种林分类型总碳贮量相比以蒙古栎红松混交林贮量最多,白桦红松混交林次之,红松纯林最低。在三种红松林生态系统内,土壤碳库、生物量碳库、凋落量碳库的大小排序为：土壤碳库＞生物量碳库＞凋落物碳库。
(2)土壤碳库贮量占红松林贮碳总量的绝大部分,42年林分约占73.5%-74.31%而20年生林分占的比例更大。红松人工林土壤碳库L层(未分解层)碳库占4.29%,F层(半分解层)碳库占5.56%,H层(腐殖质层)碳库占13.96%,B层(矿质层)碳库占76.19%。土壤中碳含量随土层垂直深度加深而降低,呈指数曲线相关。土壤中的碳贮量与土壤容重、土层深度、碳含量密切相关。
(3)凋落量碳库由凋落的叶、枝、皮、果等碳库组成,其中叶碳库占36.65%,枝碳库占27.31%,皮碳库占10.28%,果碳库占22.64%,粪便占2.74%,虫卵占0.38%。
不同林分类型凋落物分解释放碳不同,红松纯林碳释放率43.33%,其中第一年碳释放率为24.25%,第二年为19.08%；白桦红松混交林两年分解失重率为50.19%,其中第一年释放率为30.72%,第二年为19.47%；蒙古栎红松混交林两年碳释放率为52.83%,第一年为32.42%,第二年为20.41%。三种林分相比以蒙古栎红松混交林碳释放率最高,白桦红松混交林次之,红纯林最低。
(4)红松纯林土壤呼吸速率月平均为3.44μmol·m-2·s-1,白桦红松混交林为4.00μmol·m-2s-1,蒙古栎红松林为4.13μmol·m-2·s-1。三种林分类型比较以蒙古栎红松林土壤呼吸速率最高,白桦红松混交林次之,红纯林最低。而且土壤呼吸速率随季节的变化而有规律的变化。三种类型的呼吸速率第一年最大值出现在8月份,第二年出现在6、8两个月,而生长开始的5月份和生长停止的10月份呼吸速率最低。三种林分类型的土壤呼吸速率均与气温、地温、土壤含水量相关密切。充分说明,这些环境因子明显地影响了土壤呼吸速率。
(5)红松人工林生态系统每年生物固碳量(包括生物量现存量和凋落物碳归还量)与该林分类型土壤呼吸量之差为新增碳贮量。红松纯林新增贮存量为1.30Mg·hm-2·a-1,白桦红松混交林为1.54Mg·hm-2·a-1,蒙古栎红松混交林为1.89Mg·hm-2·a-1。与其它研究结果相比,本研究的红松人工林新增碳贮量略低,可能因本研究的红松林年龄偏小所致。
Pinus koraiensis is top communication species in eastern part of Northeast forest, but the quantities decreased for many years. Korean pine plantation was cultivated after our country rebuilt, and a part of them have been mixed with natural invaded vegetations,which formed as natural mixed forest. For better understanding of Korean pine planation in carbon storage, pinus koaiensis with 20 and 42 years, Betula platyphlla-pine mixed forest, Quercus mongolica-pine mixed forest were selected in Lao Shan experiment station of Northeast Forestry University. Methods of diameter-class standard tree and plot harvest were used to measure the biomass of leaves,branches, woods,fruits and roots, as well as carbon storage. Soil respiration and soil respiration, litter carbon storage and decomposition rate were measured, and thus carbon input and output of these studied ecosystems were calculated, results showed that:
1) Total carbon storage of Korean pine plantation with 20 years was 134.10Mg·hm-2, of which biomass carbon storage accounted 20.82%, soil carbon storage 78.75%, litter carbon storage 0.43%. For 42 years Korean pine planation, total carbon storage was 323.34Mg·hm-2, of which biomass carbon storage accounted 25.95%, soil carbon storage 73.5%, litter carbon storage 0.55%. Total carbon storage of Betula platyphlla-pine mixed forest with 20 years was 141.39Mg·hm-2, of which biomass carbon storage accounted 19.91%, soil carbon storage 79.60%,, litter carbon storage 0.49%. For 42 years Betula platyphlla-pine mixed forest, total carbon storage was 351.12Mg·hm-2, of which biomass carbon storage accounted 24.93%, soil carbon storage 74.31%, litter carbon storage 0.76%. Total carbon storage of Quercus mongolica-pine mixed forest with 20 years was 193.23 Mg·hm-2, of which biomass carbon storage accounted 17.95%, soil carbon storage 81.69%,, litter carbon storage 0.36%. For 42 years Quercus mongolica-pine mixed forest, total carbon storage was 377.23Mg·hm-2, of which biomass carbon storage accounted 25.42%, soil carbon storage 73.87%, litter carbon storage 0.71%. Compared thses three kinds of forest carbon storage, carbon storage in mongolica-pine mixed forest was highest, then in betula platyphlla-pine mixed forest, korean pine planation the lowest. Compared carbon storage in soil, biomass and litterfall in these three pine mixed ecosystems, soil carbon storage>biomass carbon storage)litterfall carbon storage.
2) Soil carbon storage was accounted for large part of total carbon storage in pine forest, with 73.5%-74.31% for 42 years pine forest, and 20 years planation accounted more. Layer L(not decomposed layer) accounted for 4.29%, layer F(half-decomposed layer) 5.56%, layer H(humus layer) 13.96%, layer B(mineral layer) 76.19%. Soil carbon content increased with soil depth, and had an exponential relationship with its depth. Soil carbon sotrage had a closely relationship with soil density, soil depth and soil carbon content.
3) Litterfall carbon storage was composed of litter leaves, branches and fruits, etc. Leave carbon storage accounted for 36.65%, branch 27.31%, fruit 22.64%, etc.
Carbon decomposition rate was different for its forest types, carbon releasion rate in pure pine planation was 43.33%, for first year about 24.25%, the second 19.08%. Weight losing rate in betula platyphlla-pine mixed forest was 50.19%, for 30.72% the first year,19.47% the second. Weight losing rate in mongolica-pine mixed forest was 52.83%, for 32.49% the first year,20.41% the second. Compared thses three kinds of forest carbon release rate, mongolica-pine mixed forest was the highest, then in betula platyphlla-pine mixed forest, koreain pine planation the lowest.
4) Soil respiration rate was 3.44μmol·m-2·s-1in koreain pine planation,4.00μmol·m-2·s-1 in betula platyphlla-pine mixed forest,4.13μmol·m-2·s-1 in mongolica-pine mixed forest. Soil respiration in mongolica-pine mixed forest was highest, then in betula platyphlla-pine mixed forest, pine planation the lowest. Soil repiration changed with seasonal trends. The highest value of soil respiration occurred in august for the first year, and june and august for the second. The lowest soil respiration occurred in the beginning of the growing season and october. Soil respiration in the three forest types was related with air temperature, soil temperature, and soil water content, which clearly explained that environmental factors effected, soil respiration rate.
5) Differences between the biomass carbon storage and soil respiration in these three pine planation was new add carbon storage. New carbon storage was 1.30Mg·hm-2·a-1 for pure pine forest,1.54Mg·hm-2·a-1 for betula platyphlla-pine mixed forest,1.89Mg·hm-2·a-1 for mongolica-pine mixed forest. Compared to other published results, new add carbon storage in our study was a little lower, which maybe ascribed to low age reason.
引文
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