Agent建模理论在信息化联合作战仿真中的应用研究
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摘要
作战仿真是认识和学习战争的重要方法和手段,是提高部队战斗力、提升国防和军队建设水平的重要途径之一。尤其在信息化战争时代,通过仿真可以对信息化条件下的联合作战进行预先研究,为我军未来进行联合作战奠定坚实的基础。
战场兵力模型描述了战场环境中的作战实体,是作战仿真领域的重要研究内容之一。由于其涉及到人的因素,因此是极具挑战性的研究方向。论文面向战术级联合作战仿真,以基于Agent理论的兵力模型构建为主线,从基础理论和系统设计与应用两个大的方面展开研究。
信息化条件下的联合作战无论作战方式还是作战编成,各个方面都有着与机械化战争不同的特征。论文首先分析了Agent的概念、特点和结构,并对信息化联合作战的特征、方式以及需求等进行了系统地研究。然后针对战术级联合作战仿真提出了一种适合于兵力自主协作建模的Agent体系结构A~2FC。该体系结构按照“知识分类、功能分模块”的原则构建,充分考虑了联合作战中兵力协作的特点,包括领域知识和模型以及协作、策划、调度等功能模块。该体系结构给出了Agent模型的框架,为系统的设计和实现提供了基础。
知识是实现Agent拟人智能行为的基础。军事领域知识复杂多样,需要一套规范的研究体系和方法。按用途和抽象程度,论文将军事领域知识分为两层:本体层和资源层。领域本体定义了军事领域内的通用概念和概念间关系,为Agent间交流提供了公共的语义基础。资源层则规范化地定义了作战仿真涉及的知识元素,包括作战实体、武器装备、作战行动等。论文研究了本体的构建原则,提出了一种包括领域信息获取、本体捕获、本体形式化、本体评估等四步过程的领域本体开发方法,为军事领域本体的构建提供了高层指导和可操作性的步骤。针对不同类别的知识元素,分别给出了其描述和建模方法,并统一采用XML规范进行表示,在充分发挥各种方法优势的同时,也保证了模型表示的规范性。
决策模型是体现Agent智能性的根本所在。以往的Agent决策模型大都建立在预期效用理论的基础上,这是一种纯粹理性的决策方式。但人并不总是完全理性的。论文从分析人做决策的特点出发,将前景理论引入到Agent决策仿真中来,使作战兵力模型更符合人类的决策模式。
论文详细分析了自同步作战的概念和特性。基于上述分析,开发了一套适合于自同步作战仿真的多Agent协作体系,该体系包括协作知识和协作过程两部分。协作知识包括用于协作的术语体系以及保障协作顺利进行的约定和规则等,协作过程是指导协作进行的方法和步骤。这套协作模型能够有效地支持自同步作战仿真。通信是协作顺利进行的基础。虽然基础信息网络能够保证战场物理信息的共享,但是参战人员的意图信息还是需要通信进行交换。论文扩展了FIPA ACL通信语言,用于联合作战仿真中的Agent间通信。
论文最后对基于Agent的战术级联合作战仿真平台进行了设计、原型实现和应用。平台由本体构建子系统、领域知识定义子系统、Agent模型构建子系统、仿真运行子系统四大部分组成。本体构建子系统用于定义领域词典;领域知识定义子系统用于规范化定义军事领域知识;Agent构建子系统用于构造仿真系统中的行为主体;仿真运行子系统则为仿真系统的运行提供保障,包括时间调度、底层通信等。论文着重研究了基于Agent的仿真应用系统的构建过程,并以伊朗核危机为背景,设计了一个美国海空部队协同作战攻击伊潜艇的战术想定。以此实例为研究对象,验证了从本体构建、Agent定义到仿真配置与运行的仿真开发全过程,并对集中式的联合作战模式和自同步作战模式进行了对比分析,说明了自同步作战可以有效地缩短响应时间,提高交战速度。
Warfare simulation is an important way to study wars, improve battle effectiveness and strengthen national defense. Especially in the Information Age, pre-research of warfare via simulation may provide the foundation for the real operational capability in the future.
The modelling of forces that describe the combat entity in the battlefield is among the key technical problems in the warfare simulation domain. It is a challenging aspect of study because human is involved. Surrounding the construction of force models for the tactical joint operation simulation based on the agent theory, this dissertation studies the interrelated theory and methods from three aspects, viz. fundamental theory, system implemtation and application.
Joint operation in the Information Age is totally different from the mechanization war at the points of engagement pattern and force composition. First of all, the dissertation analyses the concepts and characteristics of multi-agent systems and discusses the features and requirements of joint operation generally. Then an agent architecture named A~2FC is proposed to play the tactical joint operation simulation. The architecture is constructed according to the principle of classifying knowledge and modularizing function. It comprises domain knowledge, models and several fuction modules, including collaboration module, decision module, scheduling module, etc. This architecture describes the frame of agent, which provides the foundation of system design and implementation.
Knowledge is the basis of intelligent behaviour. A set of standardization of system and methods is needed because the military domain knowledge is extremely complex. By the purpose and abstract degree, military domain knowledge is divided into two levels: ontology level and resource level. Domain ontology defines the general concepts and their relations in military domain, which provides common meanings for the communication among Agents. Resource level defines all kinds of knowledge elements involved in warfare simulation, including entities, equipments, actions, etc. The dissertation introduces the principles of constructing domain ontology and puts forward a ontology development method that consists of four steps, viz. information acquisition, ontology capture, ontology formalization and ontology evaluation. The process provides a sort of high level and operational approach for the construction of military ontology. In addition, the dissertation selects a kind of describing method for each kind of knowledge element.
Decision model is the radical point of agent's intelligence. In the past the decision model basically bases on the expected utility theory. It is a purely rational theory. But human is not always totally rational. After analyzing the features of decision-making, the dissertation introduces the prospect theory to agent decision simulation to make it accord with human's decision pattern.
The dissertation analyzes the concept of self- synchronization detailedly firstly. Basing on the above analysis, a collaboration system for autonomic cooperation among agents is developed, which comprises of two parts: collaboration knowledge and collaboration process. Collaboration knowledge includes terms, convention and rules that is essential to the successful implementation of collaboration. Collaboration process is defined as a method that guide the collaboration to advance successfully. Self-synchronization will come true if all participant agents follow this model. The communication between agents is the basis of multi-agent collaboration. The intentions of commanders need to be exchanged even if the physical information of battlefield can be shared through fundamental information grid. The dissertation extends the FIPA ACL aiming at joint operation.
Finally, the dissertation designs an agent simulation platform and develops an application to verify the practicability of above-mentioned theory. The platform is composed of four subsystems, viz. ontology-formation, knowledge-definition, model-generation and running- infrastructure. The dissertation studies the structure of agent model deeply and discusses the constructing steps of simulation system. A scenario is made up in the context of Iran nuclear crisis. Using this script, the dissertation validates the integrated development process of simulation system and contrasts the centralized command pattern with self-synchronization in the response time. The conclusion that self-synchronization can increase the engagement speed is educed.
战场兵力模型描述了战场环境中的作战实体,是作战仿真领域的重要研究内容之一。由于其涉及到人的因素,因此是极具挑战性的研究方向。论文面向战术级联合作战仿真,以基于Agent理论的兵力模型构建为主线,从基础理论和系统设计与应用两个大的方面展开研究。
信息化条件下的联合作战无论作战方式还是作战编成,各个方面都有着与机械化战争不同的特征。论文首先分析了Agent的概念、特点和结构,并对信息化联合作战的特征、方式以及需求等进行了系统地研究。然后针对战术级联合作战仿真提出了一种适合于兵力自主协作建模的Agent体系结构A~2FC。该体系结构按照“知识分类、功能分模块”的原则构建,充分考虑了联合作战中兵力协作的特点,包括领域知识和模型以及协作、策划、调度等功能模块。该体系结构给出了Agent模型的框架,为系统的设计和实现提供了基础。
知识是实现Agent拟人智能行为的基础。军事领域知识复杂多样,需要一套规范的研究体系和方法。按用途和抽象程度,论文将军事领域知识分为两层:本体层和资源层。领域本体定义了军事领域内的通用概念和概念间关系,为Agent间交流提供了公共的语义基础。资源层则规范化地定义了作战仿真涉及的知识元素,包括作战实体、武器装备、作战行动等。论文研究了本体的构建原则,提出了一种包括领域信息获取、本体捕获、本体形式化、本体评估等四步过程的领域本体开发方法,为军事领域本体的构建提供了高层指导和可操作性的步骤。针对不同类别的知识元素,分别给出了其描述和建模方法,并统一采用XML规范进行表示,在充分发挥各种方法优势的同时,也保证了模型表示的规范性。
决策模型是体现Agent智能性的根本所在。以往的Agent决策模型大都建立在预期效用理论的基础上,这是一种纯粹理性的决策方式。但人并不总是完全理性的。论文从分析人做决策的特点出发,将前景理论引入到Agent决策仿真中来,使作战兵力模型更符合人类的决策模式。
论文详细分析了自同步作战的概念和特性。基于上述分析,开发了一套适合于自同步作战仿真的多Agent协作体系,该体系包括协作知识和协作过程两部分。协作知识包括用于协作的术语体系以及保障协作顺利进行的约定和规则等,协作过程是指导协作进行的方法和步骤。这套协作模型能够有效地支持自同步作战仿真。通信是协作顺利进行的基础。虽然基础信息网络能够保证战场物理信息的共享,但是参战人员的意图信息还是需要通信进行交换。论文扩展了FIPA ACL通信语言,用于联合作战仿真中的Agent间通信。
论文最后对基于Agent的战术级联合作战仿真平台进行了设计、原型实现和应用。平台由本体构建子系统、领域知识定义子系统、Agent模型构建子系统、仿真运行子系统四大部分组成。本体构建子系统用于定义领域词典;领域知识定义子系统用于规范化定义军事领域知识;Agent构建子系统用于构造仿真系统中的行为主体;仿真运行子系统则为仿真系统的运行提供保障,包括时间调度、底层通信等。论文着重研究了基于Agent的仿真应用系统的构建过程,并以伊朗核危机为背景,设计了一个美国海空部队协同作战攻击伊潜艇的战术想定。以此实例为研究对象,验证了从本体构建、Agent定义到仿真配置与运行的仿真开发全过程,并对集中式的联合作战模式和自同步作战模式进行了对比分析,说明了自同步作战可以有效地缩短响应时间,提高交战速度。
Warfare simulation is an important way to study wars, improve battle effectiveness and strengthen national defense. Especially in the Information Age, pre-research of warfare via simulation may provide the foundation for the real operational capability in the future.
The modelling of forces that describe the combat entity in the battlefield is among the key technical problems in the warfare simulation domain. It is a challenging aspect of study because human is involved. Surrounding the construction of force models for the tactical joint operation simulation based on the agent theory, this dissertation studies the interrelated theory and methods from three aspects, viz. fundamental theory, system implemtation and application.
Joint operation in the Information Age is totally different from the mechanization war at the points of engagement pattern and force composition. First of all, the dissertation analyses the concepts and characteristics of multi-agent systems and discusses the features and requirements of joint operation generally. Then an agent architecture named A~2FC is proposed to play the tactical joint operation simulation. The architecture is constructed according to the principle of classifying knowledge and modularizing function. It comprises domain knowledge, models and several fuction modules, including collaboration module, decision module, scheduling module, etc. This architecture describes the frame of agent, which provides the foundation of system design and implementation.
Knowledge is the basis of intelligent behaviour. A set of standardization of system and methods is needed because the military domain knowledge is extremely complex. By the purpose and abstract degree, military domain knowledge is divided into two levels: ontology level and resource level. Domain ontology defines the general concepts and their relations in military domain, which provides common meanings for the communication among Agents. Resource level defines all kinds of knowledge elements involved in warfare simulation, including entities, equipments, actions, etc. The dissertation introduces the principles of constructing domain ontology and puts forward a ontology development method that consists of four steps, viz. information acquisition, ontology capture, ontology formalization and ontology evaluation. The process provides a sort of high level and operational approach for the construction of military ontology. In addition, the dissertation selects a kind of describing method for each kind of knowledge element.
Decision model is the radical point of agent's intelligence. In the past the decision model basically bases on the expected utility theory. It is a purely rational theory. But human is not always totally rational. After analyzing the features of decision-making, the dissertation introduces the prospect theory to agent decision simulation to make it accord with human's decision pattern.
The dissertation analyzes the concept of self- synchronization detailedly firstly. Basing on the above analysis, a collaboration system for autonomic cooperation among agents is developed, which comprises of two parts: collaboration knowledge and collaboration process. Collaboration knowledge includes terms, convention and rules that is essential to the successful implementation of collaboration. Collaboration process is defined as a method that guide the collaboration to advance successfully. Self-synchronization will come true if all participant agents follow this model. The communication between agents is the basis of multi-agent collaboration. The intentions of commanders need to be exchanged even if the physical information of battlefield can be shared through fundamental information grid. The dissertation extends the FIPA ACL aiming at joint operation.
Finally, the dissertation designs an agent simulation platform and develops an application to verify the practicability of above-mentioned theory. The platform is composed of four subsystems, viz. ontology-formation, knowledge-definition, model-generation and running- infrastructure. The dissertation studies the structure of agent model deeply and discusses the constructing steps of simulation system. A scenario is made up in the context of Iran nuclear crisis. Using this script, the dissertation validates the integrated development process of simulation system and contrasts the centralized command pattern with self-synchronization in the response time. The conclusion that self-synchronization can increase the engagement speed is educed.
引文
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