湖南城市群林业建设对策研究
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摘要
为了探索通过林业建设解决城市群环境问题的途径,本文就中外城市群建设过程中出现的环境问题进行了讨论,对城市群林业建设进行了研究,并以湖南省三大城市群为案例,对三个城市群林业及环境建设存在的问题进行了分析,运用城市群林业建设理论,从发挥林业生态功能解决环境问题的角度,提出了林业建设对策。主要结果如下:
(1)城市群林业建设理念与重点建设区域。城市群林业建设包括城市群森林总体规划,完善水系林网、道路林网和农田林网建设,维护森林健康发挥森林生态、产业功能,总体评价四个方面的内容。中国的城市群建设还处在起步阶段,其环境建设应以林网化、水网化理念为指导,重点加强城乡过渡带、城郊生态敏感带林业建设;流域两岸的生态隔离林建设;城市群交通干线的防护林建设;湿地生态系统维护与建设等四个重点区域的建设,构筑点、线、面格局中几个关键的“结点”,充分发挥林业在城市群建设中生态和文化功能的发挥。
(2)湖南省域城市群区域范围界定及城市群定位。通过对湖南省三个区域进行经济关联度和等级规模分析得出,长株潭城市群包括长沙市区、湘潭市区、株洲市区等县区;环洞庭湖城市群包括岳阳、常德、益阳等县区;盆地城市群由衡阳、邵阳、郴州、永州、娄底等5个城市组成。从城市化程度来看,长株潭城市化水平高,城市群发展成熟,处在稳定阶段,属于国家级城市群;环洞庭湖城市化水平较高,处在城市群的发生和提速阶段;盆地区域城市化水平较低,处在城市群的孕育阶段。
(3)湖南城市群景观格局及生态用地潜力分析结果。景观斑块类型数量分析表明:长株潭城市群整体区域以林地斑块类型为基质,核心区域以耕地、林地为主;环洞庭湖城市群整体区和核心区两个范围内耕地斑块类型均为基质,水域面积比例在整体区域和核心区域分别为16.9%和14.9%;盆地城市群林地占总面积比例为47.056%,为整个盆地城市群景观的基质,未利用土地面积比例达到5.572%,可作为潜在的生态用地。景观格局总体分布特征表明,洞庭湖区域、盆地区域的景观异质性较高。湘中区和长株潭地区的景观破碎化程度最高,分别比全省平均值高2.44和1.02,湘南区最低,仅为8.70;不同亚区域景观斑块的景观格局分析表明,洞庭湖丘陵亚区对洞庭湖区域的多样性指数变化起控制作用。三大城市群在自然资源系统,存在着城市生态用地数量不足等问题;在城市森林生态系统,存在着生态空间配置失衡等问题;在人类社会系统,存在着城乡产业分布不均等共性问题。通过分析,三个城市群不合理用地较少,但是针对三个城市群生态环境亟待改善的局面,必须要提高城区绿化空间利用效率,利用城镇有限的绿化空间,最大限度地绿化美化优化环境。
(4)城市群森林景观格局分析结果。林业用地景观斑块的景观格局分析表明,由于相对强烈的人类活动影响,长株潭区域和湘中区域的林业用地的景观破碎化程度最高,湘南区域的破碎化程度相对较低,斑块密度和平均斑块大小分别达到了0.5个/km2、186.57hm2。在亚区域林业用地尺度上分析表明,长株潭区域非核心区对于整个区域的景观破碎化程度起控制作用。三个城市群林业建设存在的主要问题是:长株潭城市群存在流域缺乏生态隔离林,主干道等缺乏防护绿地,附属绿地建设缺乏引导等问题;环洞庭湖城市群存在总体规划落后,水体污染突出。农田林网的结构趋向简单化,防护效果达不到设计要求,系统功能衰退等问题;盆地城市群存在山区林业遭到无节制的开发,水旱灾害频发。植被破坏导致的表土流失,地力衰退和石漠化危害严重等问题。
(5)湖南城市群林业发展对策。对不同城市类型,林业建设应贯彻分类规划、合理布局;依托现有铁路、公路网,大力发展绿色通道工程建设,使绿色通道与生态环境、城乡绿化美化融为一体;提出了建设城郊生态风景游憩园、城郊绿色食品生产园等城郊生态过渡带建设模式;提出了乡村人居林、混农庭院林等乡村林业建设模式;根据环境污染特征与景观需要选择不同功能的树种进行污染防护、环境改善和绿化美化;提出了建成区核心片林配置、公园和广场绿化配置等不同类型城市森林配置技术。
①长株潭城市群林业建设对策。做好城市林业的配置与布局,营造以乔木为主、灌木为辅、优化草本地被层的乔灌草三者相结合的复合型城市森林。建设好江河风光带的水土保持林带;建设好市区内生态隔离林带;倡导绿色旅游观念,保护山地生态环境;完善林业建设保障体系,积极落实相关规划。
②环洞庭湖城市群林业建设对策。科学部署环洞庭湖城市群林业格局,保护湿地生态系统;完善防浪林等农田防护林体系;加大抑螺防病的力度,积极开展林业血防工程建设;创新林业发展模式,走林工、林经、林牧、林旅结合之路。
③盆地城市群林业建设对策。加大雨雪冰冻灾害森林资源恢复重建力度,加强森林可持续经营;开展矿区及废弃矿山植被恢复与生态重建;加大低质低效次生林改造;做好城市群内各城市之间的隔离林,以增强城市(群)的抗灾、防灾能力。
The environment problem of the Chinese and Abroad Urban Agglomeration was discussed. It studied the forestry construction of the Urban Agglomeration. To probe into the way that resolve the environment problem through forestry. It made three Urban Agglomerations of HuNan as model and analysised them. It brings forward forestry countermeasures from the Point of envoirment problem resoving and Eco-Safety used the theory on Urban Agglomeration forestry building. The conclusion as follows:
(1)The Urban Agglomeration forestry building included four sides as whole foresty programming. That is the forestry network construction of river system, of roadway system, of farmland system. It included forest maintenance for more eco and Industry function. It included the whole judgeing on it. Chinese Urban Agglomeration envoirment building must be guidanced by forest network and river network theory for it still be initial starting phase. It must pay more attention to several area`s forestry building. Firstly,It is the city and village transition and suburb Eco-sensitively forestry building. Secondly, It is the Eco-segregating forestry of riverside. Thirdly, It is the fence forestry building of The Urban Agglomeration`s traffic trunk. Fourthly, It must pay attention to the wetland eco-system.
(2)The analysis of the three Urban Agglomeration development and the landscapee pattern. We defined the three Urban Agglomeration of HuNan province based on the economic relation intensity and economic contact membership grade. ChangZhuTan Urban Agglomeration (CZT) being in the mature Stage. It is national Urban Agglomeration. DongTing Lake Urban Agglomeration (DTL) being in the Initial and growing Stage. Basin Urban Agglomeration (XNB) being in the gestation stage.
(3)Results of the analysis on landscape character and the development potential of the Eco-used land. Landscape character distributing character indicated that the landscape heterogeneity of DTL and XNB is higher. XiangZhong-section and CZT`s landscape fragmentation is the highest. That is 2.44 and 1.02 higher than the average of total province. XiangNan-section is the lowest. It is only be 8.70. The landscape Pattern indexes of different Landscape subregion of HuNan indicated that DongTing lake hill-subregion controlled the changeing of DTL`S diversity index. Three Urban Agglomerations had the scarcity of eco-land problem in the nature resource sytem. It had the eco-space unbalanced problem in the Urban forest ecosystem. It had the industry unbalanced between city and village in the human and social system. Through analysis, We study out that the irrationality land is less. But it must increase the utilize efficiency of virescene aimed at the envirement of the three Urban Agglomeration is needed amendatory urgently. It must greening and beautifying and optimizing the envirement used the limited virescence space.
(4)Result of The Forestry land landscape pattern of three Urban Agglomeration. Analysised on The Forestry land landscape pattern indicated that the landscape heterogeneity of CZT and XiangZhong region is the highest. The XiangNan region is lower. The Patch density of landscape and the Average patch area are 0.5/km2 and 186.57 hm2. Analysised on The Forestry land landscape Pattern indexes of different Landscape subregion indicated that the non-core of CZT controlled the landscape heterogeneity of the whole CZT. The forestry construction problems on the three Urban Agglomeration were as below. CZT`s is as drainage area lack of eco-isolation forestry and the trunk-road lack of defend Greenland. And subordinate Greenland construction lack of induction. DTL`s is as programming drop behind and the water area contaminated seriously. The forestry net of farmland can`t reach the defence request and the system function is declined because of the framework tend to be simplify. XNB`s is as the forestry sufferd the immoderate emploiture and the disaster frequently. The vegetation destroyed bring on the surface soil destroyed and the soil nutrition declined and bring on the rocky desertification problem etc.
(5)Through study, we give much advice on the the Hunan urban agglomeration forestry building. Firstly, we should classify the Urban when programming and guidencing. It should building urban forest according to the physiognomy and land utilization type. It can make the different urban forestry building to get reasonable programming. Secondly, it should building much more road greening according to the railway and highway. It can make the greening as a whole with the city and suburb and village. Thirdly, it should building the key eco-area of The Urban Agglomeration. And mark out four kind of eco-transition area to describe it. It is eco-industry garden, the eco-landscape travel area, the foodstaff produced garden, the eco-protection garden. Fourthly, It must building up the weakenss area. That is village forestry building. It included village house forest, the courtyard forest, the geomantic forest, the village water-side forest, the village backroad forest.
①The key of ChangZhuTan Urban Agglomeration forestry building. It shoud pay much attention to the separated forest and water-soil preserved forest along the drainage area. It should building the eco-separated forest of the city. It should build much more forest gardens according to the suburb forest resource. It should sparkplug the greenness travel conception to protect the ecology and the envoirment. It should consummate the guarantee system of the Urban Agglomeration forestry building. So it can fulfil the programe successfully.
②The key of DongTing Lake Urban Agglomeration forestry building. It should resume the wetland eco-system through framed scientific and effectively layout and measures. It should building much more Schistosomiasis preventing forestry. As it can prevent snails and the diseases. It should consummate the farmland defending forest. As it can maintain the safety of the Urban Agglomeration. It should make the forestry integrated with Industry, with economics, with herd, with traveling. So it can make the Urban Agglomeration forestry Industry had better development.
③The key of the Basin Urban Agglomeration forestry building. It should resume and consummate forestry resourse recur to the re-building of the disastered forest. It should resume and re-building the scraped mine`s vegetations. It should rebuild the Low-Quality and Low-Benefit forest and Closing Hillsides for Afforestation. It should build the separated forest of the city. It should pay attention to the comprehendsive treatment on the Karst rocky desertification through forest. All of it can strengthen defence and defend to the disaster of the Urban Agglomeration.
(1)城市群林业建设理念与重点建设区域。城市群林业建设包括城市群森林总体规划,完善水系林网、道路林网和农田林网建设,维护森林健康发挥森林生态、产业功能,总体评价四个方面的内容。中国的城市群建设还处在起步阶段,其环境建设应以林网化、水网化理念为指导,重点加强城乡过渡带、城郊生态敏感带林业建设;流域两岸的生态隔离林建设;城市群交通干线的防护林建设;湿地生态系统维护与建设等四个重点区域的建设,构筑点、线、面格局中几个关键的“结点”,充分发挥林业在城市群建设中生态和文化功能的发挥。
(2)湖南省域城市群区域范围界定及城市群定位。通过对湖南省三个区域进行经济关联度和等级规模分析得出,长株潭城市群包括长沙市区、湘潭市区、株洲市区等县区;环洞庭湖城市群包括岳阳、常德、益阳等县区;盆地城市群由衡阳、邵阳、郴州、永州、娄底等5个城市组成。从城市化程度来看,长株潭城市化水平高,城市群发展成熟,处在稳定阶段,属于国家级城市群;环洞庭湖城市化水平较高,处在城市群的发生和提速阶段;盆地区域城市化水平较低,处在城市群的孕育阶段。
(3)湖南城市群景观格局及生态用地潜力分析结果。景观斑块类型数量分析表明:长株潭城市群整体区域以林地斑块类型为基质,核心区域以耕地、林地为主;环洞庭湖城市群整体区和核心区两个范围内耕地斑块类型均为基质,水域面积比例在整体区域和核心区域分别为16.9%和14.9%;盆地城市群林地占总面积比例为47.056%,为整个盆地城市群景观的基质,未利用土地面积比例达到5.572%,可作为潜在的生态用地。景观格局总体分布特征表明,洞庭湖区域、盆地区域的景观异质性较高。湘中区和长株潭地区的景观破碎化程度最高,分别比全省平均值高2.44和1.02,湘南区最低,仅为8.70;不同亚区域景观斑块的景观格局分析表明,洞庭湖丘陵亚区对洞庭湖区域的多样性指数变化起控制作用。三大城市群在自然资源系统,存在着城市生态用地数量不足等问题;在城市森林生态系统,存在着生态空间配置失衡等问题;在人类社会系统,存在着城乡产业分布不均等共性问题。通过分析,三个城市群不合理用地较少,但是针对三个城市群生态环境亟待改善的局面,必须要提高城区绿化空间利用效率,利用城镇有限的绿化空间,最大限度地绿化美化优化环境。
(4)城市群森林景观格局分析结果。林业用地景观斑块的景观格局分析表明,由于相对强烈的人类活动影响,长株潭区域和湘中区域的林业用地的景观破碎化程度最高,湘南区域的破碎化程度相对较低,斑块密度和平均斑块大小分别达到了0.5个/km2、186.57hm2。在亚区域林业用地尺度上分析表明,长株潭区域非核心区对于整个区域的景观破碎化程度起控制作用。三个城市群林业建设存在的主要问题是:长株潭城市群存在流域缺乏生态隔离林,主干道等缺乏防护绿地,附属绿地建设缺乏引导等问题;环洞庭湖城市群存在总体规划落后,水体污染突出。农田林网的结构趋向简单化,防护效果达不到设计要求,系统功能衰退等问题;盆地城市群存在山区林业遭到无节制的开发,水旱灾害频发。植被破坏导致的表土流失,地力衰退和石漠化危害严重等问题。
(5)湖南城市群林业发展对策。对不同城市类型,林业建设应贯彻分类规划、合理布局;依托现有铁路、公路网,大力发展绿色通道工程建设,使绿色通道与生态环境、城乡绿化美化融为一体;提出了建设城郊生态风景游憩园、城郊绿色食品生产园等城郊生态过渡带建设模式;提出了乡村人居林、混农庭院林等乡村林业建设模式;根据环境污染特征与景观需要选择不同功能的树种进行污染防护、环境改善和绿化美化;提出了建成区核心片林配置、公园和广场绿化配置等不同类型城市森林配置技术。
①长株潭城市群林业建设对策。做好城市林业的配置与布局,营造以乔木为主、灌木为辅、优化草本地被层的乔灌草三者相结合的复合型城市森林。建设好江河风光带的水土保持林带;建设好市区内生态隔离林带;倡导绿色旅游观念,保护山地生态环境;完善林业建设保障体系,积极落实相关规划。
②环洞庭湖城市群林业建设对策。科学部署环洞庭湖城市群林业格局,保护湿地生态系统;完善防浪林等农田防护林体系;加大抑螺防病的力度,积极开展林业血防工程建设;创新林业发展模式,走林工、林经、林牧、林旅结合之路。
③盆地城市群林业建设对策。加大雨雪冰冻灾害森林资源恢复重建力度,加强森林可持续经营;开展矿区及废弃矿山植被恢复与生态重建;加大低质低效次生林改造;做好城市群内各城市之间的隔离林,以增强城市(群)的抗灾、防灾能力。
The environment problem of the Chinese and Abroad Urban Agglomeration was discussed. It studied the forestry construction of the Urban Agglomeration. To probe into the way that resolve the environment problem through forestry. It made three Urban Agglomerations of HuNan as model and analysised them. It brings forward forestry countermeasures from the Point of envoirment problem resoving and Eco-Safety used the theory on Urban Agglomeration forestry building. The conclusion as follows:
(1)The Urban Agglomeration forestry building included four sides as whole foresty programming. That is the forestry network construction of river system, of roadway system, of farmland system. It included forest maintenance for more eco and Industry function. It included the whole judgeing on it. Chinese Urban Agglomeration envoirment building must be guidanced by forest network and river network theory for it still be initial starting phase. It must pay more attention to several area`s forestry building. Firstly,It is the city and village transition and suburb Eco-sensitively forestry building. Secondly, It is the Eco-segregating forestry of riverside. Thirdly, It is the fence forestry building of The Urban Agglomeration`s traffic trunk. Fourthly, It must pay attention to the wetland eco-system.
(2)The analysis of the three Urban Agglomeration development and the landscapee pattern. We defined the three Urban Agglomeration of HuNan province based on the economic relation intensity and economic contact membership grade. ChangZhuTan Urban Agglomeration (CZT) being in the mature Stage. It is national Urban Agglomeration. DongTing Lake Urban Agglomeration (DTL) being in the Initial and growing Stage. Basin Urban Agglomeration (XNB) being in the gestation stage.
(3)Results of the analysis on landscape character and the development potential of the Eco-used land. Landscape character distributing character indicated that the landscape heterogeneity of DTL and XNB is higher. XiangZhong-section and CZT`s landscape fragmentation is the highest. That is 2.44 and 1.02 higher than the average of total province. XiangNan-section is the lowest. It is only be 8.70. The landscape Pattern indexes of different Landscape subregion of HuNan indicated that DongTing lake hill-subregion controlled the changeing of DTL`S diversity index. Three Urban Agglomerations had the scarcity of eco-land problem in the nature resource sytem. It had the eco-space unbalanced problem in the Urban forest ecosystem. It had the industry unbalanced between city and village in the human and social system. Through analysis, We study out that the irrationality land is less. But it must increase the utilize efficiency of virescene aimed at the envirement of the three Urban Agglomeration is needed amendatory urgently. It must greening and beautifying and optimizing the envirement used the limited virescence space.
(4)Result of The Forestry land landscape pattern of three Urban Agglomeration. Analysised on The Forestry land landscape pattern indicated that the landscape heterogeneity of CZT and XiangZhong region is the highest. The XiangNan region is lower. The Patch density of landscape and the Average patch area are 0.5/km2 and 186.57 hm2. Analysised on The Forestry land landscape Pattern indexes of different Landscape subregion indicated that the non-core of CZT controlled the landscape heterogeneity of the whole CZT. The forestry construction problems on the three Urban Agglomeration were as below. CZT`s is as drainage area lack of eco-isolation forestry and the trunk-road lack of defend Greenland. And subordinate Greenland construction lack of induction. DTL`s is as programming drop behind and the water area contaminated seriously. The forestry net of farmland can`t reach the defence request and the system function is declined because of the framework tend to be simplify. XNB`s is as the forestry sufferd the immoderate emploiture and the disaster frequently. The vegetation destroyed bring on the surface soil destroyed and the soil nutrition declined and bring on the rocky desertification problem etc.
(5)Through study, we give much advice on the the Hunan urban agglomeration forestry building. Firstly, we should classify the Urban when programming and guidencing. It should building urban forest according to the physiognomy and land utilization type. It can make the different urban forestry building to get reasonable programming. Secondly, it should building much more road greening according to the railway and highway. It can make the greening as a whole with the city and suburb and village. Thirdly, it should building the key eco-area of The Urban Agglomeration. And mark out four kind of eco-transition area to describe it. It is eco-industry garden, the eco-landscape travel area, the foodstaff produced garden, the eco-protection garden. Fourthly, It must building up the weakenss area. That is village forestry building. It included village house forest, the courtyard forest, the geomantic forest, the village water-side forest, the village backroad forest.
①The key of ChangZhuTan Urban Agglomeration forestry building. It shoud pay much attention to the separated forest and water-soil preserved forest along the drainage area. It should building the eco-separated forest of the city. It should build much more forest gardens according to the suburb forest resource. It should sparkplug the greenness travel conception to protect the ecology and the envoirment. It should consummate the guarantee system of the Urban Agglomeration forestry building. So it can fulfil the programe successfully.
②The key of DongTing Lake Urban Agglomeration forestry building. It should resume the wetland eco-system through framed scientific and effectively layout and measures. It should building much more Schistosomiasis preventing forestry. As it can prevent snails and the diseases. It should consummate the farmland defending forest. As it can maintain the safety of the Urban Agglomeration. It should make the forestry integrated with Industry, with economics, with herd, with traveling. So it can make the Urban Agglomeration forestry Industry had better development.
③The key of the Basin Urban Agglomeration forestry building. It should resume and consummate forestry resourse recur to the re-building of the disastered forest. It should resume and re-building the scraped mine`s vegetations. It should rebuild the Low-Quality and Low-Benefit forest and Closing Hillsides for Afforestation. It should build the separated forest of the city. It should pay attention to the comprehendsive treatment on the Karst rocky desertification through forest. All of it can strengthen defence and defend to the disaster of the Urban Agglomeration.
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