“伊拉克门”研究
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摘要
20世纪90年代以来,随着海湾战争的打响,美国的伊拉克政策引起了学术界极大的关注:一方面因为伊拉克做为海湾地区重要的石油大国,其能源战略地位成为西方各国,特别是美国能源战略中至关重要的一环。因此接近和控制伊拉克的石油一直是美国伊拉克政策、甚至是全球战略中的重点。另一方面做为海湾地区大国,伊拉克政权的性质和政策取向极大地影响地区的平衡和稳定,因此直接关系到美国在海湾地区的国家安全利益。70年代末开始,美国决策者已经意识到伊拉克的重要性,因此开始逐步修补美伊外交关系,并在两伊战争期间确立了对伊拉克的倾斜政策,在倾斜政策的指导下,美国制定了以援助和合作为主要特征的出口政策。通过研究可以看到:整个80年代,做为美国对伊拉克政策一暗一明两条线索,美国伊拉克外交政策同美国积极的出口政策相互补充配合,都是为了实现美国遏制苏联,确保能源供应安全、抢夺伊拉克市场的整体战略目标。同时结合1989年爆发的“伊拉克门”丑闻而引发的美国政府对80年代伊拉克政策的整体审查和最终结果,通过研究分析美国外交政策的制定、实施以及通过审查解决外交政策危机的整体过程,可以概括出80年代美国伊拉克政策的主要特征和务实主义的本质。
本文主要分为五个部分:绪论;第一章,20世纪50-80年代美国对伊拉克的政策;第二章,20世纪80年代美国对伊拉克的出口政策;第三章,“伊拉克门”与美国伊拉克出口政策审查;结论。
引言中,主要对国内外学术界对美国中东政策和伊拉克政策研究做了一个综述性的介绍。在国外学术界,对于90年代之后美国伊拉克政策的研究比较深入,但是在政策功过是非的评价上呈现出结论对立化的趋势;在国内学术界,主要从美国中东政策的宏观把握上入手,美国伊拉克政策做为美国中东政策的一个分支,通常做为章节性的讨论而泛泛出现,缺乏细致紧密的原始档案资料的支持。引言中对美国伊拉克政策研究的现状做了一个综合性分析。还对本选题涉及的概念性的问题,选题的意义、研究方法和资料来源作了说明和解释。
第一章对二战后美国的海湾政策和伊拉克政策做了一个概括性的追溯,侧重于美国对外经济援助政策和军事援助政策的发展脉络,以期为80年代美国制定对伊拉克出口政策的历史背景做出铺垫性陈述。同时从美国修补美伊关系入手,借助原始档案资料,揭露80年代美国暗中确立倾斜政策和双轨政策的历史发展过程中不为人知的政策细节,最后从冷战战略需要以及同西方国家竞争需要两个方面,总结出美国伊拉克政策确立的政治动因和经济动因,清晰地揭示美国确立以出口政策为主轴的伊拉克政策的根本原因。
第二章重点阐述80年代美国对伊拉克推行出口政策的主要内容,包括美国对伊拉克的出口合作政策、美国对伊拉克的农产品贷款担保计划、美国对伊拉克生化物资出口政策三个部分。从其政策和相应出口合作计划的制定和实施过程来看,美国对伊出口政策在灵活松弛的原则指导下,随着美伊关系的发展不断调整,而调整后的出口政策反过来又对美伊外交关系产生深远的影响。在美国制定对伊拉克的出口政策的过程中,美国国务院的“倾斜政策”同国会的“摊牌政策”是一对贯穿始终的矛盾所在。
第三章从1989年“伊拉克门”丑闻爆发给美国带来的政策困境入手,对美国官方政策同隐蔽政策之间的关系、以及在对美国出口政策审查过程中所体现出的“审查解决政策危机”的模式都进行了阐述、分析和研究。最终可以看到丑闻给美伊关系带来的影响,以及90年代后美国伊拉克政策调整和最终确立的原因。同时也将“伊拉克门”与被称为第二次“伊拉克门”的“情报门”做了一个比较研究。
结论中总结论述了“伊拉克门”丑闻的影响、80年代美国出口政策的特征和美国伊拉克政策的实质。
Since the 1990s, the America’s policy toward Iraq has become a hot issue in the academic circles after the Gulf war: One reason is that Iraq’s petroleum resource is the important link of the west, especially of the U.S. energy strategy as a major petroleum export nation in the Persian Gulf. To approach and control the petroleum of Iraq has been the focus of U.S.–Iraq foreign policy and U.S. global strategy. Another reason is that the nature of Iraq government and policy-making have the profound influence on the steadiness and balance of Persian Gulf, it is directly concerned with the America’s national security in the Gulf. Since the end of the 1970s, the importance of Iraq has been recognized, and the America’s policy-makers has begun to restore U.S.-Iraq relationship and made tilt policy to Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war. Under the guide of the policy, the U.S. established the trade-export policy, the policy had the features of aid and cooperation. During the whole 1980s, as the two clues both overt and covert, the U.S. foreign policy towards Iraq and active trade-export policy complement each other, all serve for the whole strategic aims of U.S. which include containing the Soviet Union and ensuring the security of petroleum supply and competing for the Iraq market. At the same time,“Iraq-gate”scandal of 1989 led to the judicial review of U.S.-Iraq policy, we can conclude the characteristics and nature of U.S. foreign policy to Iraq in the 1980s through the researches on the process of making, implementing and reviewing the policy.
This dissertation consists of five parts as follows:
Introduction:
In this part, a survey of the studies of U.S. middle east policy and U.S.-Iraq policy has been performed. It has been pointed out that there is a profound research on U.S.-Iraq policy in foreign academic circles, but with contradictory theories; in domestic academic circles, most studies pay attention to the macro-frame of U.S. middle-east policy, U.S.-Iraq policy is often studied as a branch of middle-east policy with no detailed and unclassified documents, especially in the 1980s. The grounds for the topic selection of the thesis are accounted for, and the problem of concepts and the realistic significance of the topic are also discussed.
Chapter I, U.S. Foreign policy towards Iraq from the 1950s-1980s.
This chapter is concerned with U.S. Persian gulf policy and Iraq policy by tracing back the history of the development, emphasis is placed on the development of U.S. financial aid policy and military aid policy. The key aim is focused on the background of U.S. export policy. Through the analysis of the unclassified documents, the details of“tilt policy”and“two-track policy”making can be uncovered. Finally the main reasons can be found out about why America took the trade-export policy as the main body of foreign policy to Iraq, through the politics and economy, it stems from the need of cold war and market competition.
Chapter II, U.S. trade-export policy towards Iraq in the 1980s.
In this chapter, a survey of the context of U.S. trade-export policy to Iraq has been carried out, including export aid and cooperation program、Commodity Credit Corporation Export Credit Guarantee Program and export policy of biological-chemical materials. According to the development of program and policy, U.S. trade-export policy had been kept adjusting with the evolution of U.S.-Iraq foreign relationship because of the flexible export principle, the adjusted policy had a profound effect on U.S.-Iraq foreign relationship conversely. During the process of trade-export policy making, conflict between“bottom-up policy”of the congress and“tilt policy”of State Department penetrated the whole process.
Chapter III,“Iraq-gate”and review of U.S. trade-export policy.
This chapter begins from“Iraq-gate”of 1989, it landed U.S. into policy dilemma. So the analyses of the relationship between U.S. government policy and secret policy, and studies on how U.S. government“resolve policy crisis by review”will be performed. And then we can draw the conclusion why U.S.-Iraq policy had been adjusted during the 1990s. In the last section“Iraq-gate”is compared with“Intelligence-gate”(the second“Iraq-gate”).
Conclusion:
The conclusion is a brief summary over the influence of“Iraq-gate”, and characteristics of U.S. export policy and nature of its foreign policy towards Iraq.
本文主要分为五个部分:绪论;第一章,20世纪50-80年代美国对伊拉克的政策;第二章,20世纪80年代美国对伊拉克的出口政策;第三章,“伊拉克门”与美国伊拉克出口政策审查;结论。
引言中,主要对国内外学术界对美国中东政策和伊拉克政策研究做了一个综述性的介绍。在国外学术界,对于90年代之后美国伊拉克政策的研究比较深入,但是在政策功过是非的评价上呈现出结论对立化的趋势;在国内学术界,主要从美国中东政策的宏观把握上入手,美国伊拉克政策做为美国中东政策的一个分支,通常做为章节性的讨论而泛泛出现,缺乏细致紧密的原始档案资料的支持。引言中对美国伊拉克政策研究的现状做了一个综合性分析。还对本选题涉及的概念性的问题,选题的意义、研究方法和资料来源作了说明和解释。
第一章对二战后美国的海湾政策和伊拉克政策做了一个概括性的追溯,侧重于美国对外经济援助政策和军事援助政策的发展脉络,以期为80年代美国制定对伊拉克出口政策的历史背景做出铺垫性陈述。同时从美国修补美伊关系入手,借助原始档案资料,揭露80年代美国暗中确立倾斜政策和双轨政策的历史发展过程中不为人知的政策细节,最后从冷战战略需要以及同西方国家竞争需要两个方面,总结出美国伊拉克政策确立的政治动因和经济动因,清晰地揭示美国确立以出口政策为主轴的伊拉克政策的根本原因。
第二章重点阐述80年代美国对伊拉克推行出口政策的主要内容,包括美国对伊拉克的出口合作政策、美国对伊拉克的农产品贷款担保计划、美国对伊拉克生化物资出口政策三个部分。从其政策和相应出口合作计划的制定和实施过程来看,美国对伊出口政策在灵活松弛的原则指导下,随着美伊关系的发展不断调整,而调整后的出口政策反过来又对美伊外交关系产生深远的影响。在美国制定对伊拉克的出口政策的过程中,美国国务院的“倾斜政策”同国会的“摊牌政策”是一对贯穿始终的矛盾所在。
第三章从1989年“伊拉克门”丑闻爆发给美国带来的政策困境入手,对美国官方政策同隐蔽政策之间的关系、以及在对美国出口政策审查过程中所体现出的“审查解决政策危机”的模式都进行了阐述、分析和研究。最终可以看到丑闻给美伊关系带来的影响,以及90年代后美国伊拉克政策调整和最终确立的原因。同时也将“伊拉克门”与被称为第二次“伊拉克门”的“情报门”做了一个比较研究。
结论中总结论述了“伊拉克门”丑闻的影响、80年代美国出口政策的特征和美国伊拉克政策的实质。
Since the 1990s, the America’s policy toward Iraq has become a hot issue in the academic circles after the Gulf war: One reason is that Iraq’s petroleum resource is the important link of the west, especially of the U.S. energy strategy as a major petroleum export nation in the Persian Gulf. To approach and control the petroleum of Iraq has been the focus of U.S.–Iraq foreign policy and U.S. global strategy. Another reason is that the nature of Iraq government and policy-making have the profound influence on the steadiness and balance of Persian Gulf, it is directly concerned with the America’s national security in the Gulf. Since the end of the 1970s, the importance of Iraq has been recognized, and the America’s policy-makers has begun to restore U.S.-Iraq relationship and made tilt policy to Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war. Under the guide of the policy, the U.S. established the trade-export policy, the policy had the features of aid and cooperation. During the whole 1980s, as the two clues both overt and covert, the U.S. foreign policy towards Iraq and active trade-export policy complement each other, all serve for the whole strategic aims of U.S. which include containing the Soviet Union and ensuring the security of petroleum supply and competing for the Iraq market. At the same time,“Iraq-gate”scandal of 1989 led to the judicial review of U.S.-Iraq policy, we can conclude the characteristics and nature of U.S. foreign policy to Iraq in the 1980s through the researches on the process of making, implementing and reviewing the policy.
This dissertation consists of five parts as follows:
Introduction:
In this part, a survey of the studies of U.S. middle east policy and U.S.-Iraq policy has been performed. It has been pointed out that there is a profound research on U.S.-Iraq policy in foreign academic circles, but with contradictory theories; in domestic academic circles, most studies pay attention to the macro-frame of U.S. middle-east policy, U.S.-Iraq policy is often studied as a branch of middle-east policy with no detailed and unclassified documents, especially in the 1980s. The grounds for the topic selection of the thesis are accounted for, and the problem of concepts and the realistic significance of the topic are also discussed.
Chapter I, U.S. Foreign policy towards Iraq from the 1950s-1980s.
This chapter is concerned with U.S. Persian gulf policy and Iraq policy by tracing back the history of the development, emphasis is placed on the development of U.S. financial aid policy and military aid policy. The key aim is focused on the background of U.S. export policy. Through the analysis of the unclassified documents, the details of“tilt policy”and“two-track policy”making can be uncovered. Finally the main reasons can be found out about why America took the trade-export policy as the main body of foreign policy to Iraq, through the politics and economy, it stems from the need of cold war and market competition.
Chapter II, U.S. trade-export policy towards Iraq in the 1980s.
In this chapter, a survey of the context of U.S. trade-export policy to Iraq has been carried out, including export aid and cooperation program、Commodity Credit Corporation Export Credit Guarantee Program and export policy of biological-chemical materials. According to the development of program and policy, U.S. trade-export policy had been kept adjusting with the evolution of U.S.-Iraq foreign relationship because of the flexible export principle, the adjusted policy had a profound effect on U.S.-Iraq foreign relationship conversely. During the process of trade-export policy making, conflict between“bottom-up policy”of the congress and“tilt policy”of State Department penetrated the whole process.
Chapter III,“Iraq-gate”and review of U.S. trade-export policy.
This chapter begins from“Iraq-gate”of 1989, it landed U.S. into policy dilemma. So the analyses of the relationship between U.S. government policy and secret policy, and studies on how U.S. government“resolve policy crisis by review”will be performed. And then we can draw the conclusion why U.S.-Iraq policy had been adjusted during the 1990s. In the last section“Iraq-gate”is compared with“Intelligence-gate”(the second“Iraq-gate”).
Conclusion:
The conclusion is a brief summary over the influence of“Iraq-gate”, and characteristics of U.S. export policy and nature of its foreign policy towards Iraq.
引文
②Chip Gagnon, Our History with Iraq, availible at http://www.ithaca.edu/gagnon/talks/us-iraq.htm. (August 1.2008).
①James Morrow, How Could Trade Affect Conflict?, Journal of Peace Research, Vol.36, No.4, 1999, pp.481 - 489.
②Gregory F. Gause,The Illogic of Dual Containment.Foreign Affairs, March/April,1994. available at http:// www. foreignaffairs. com/articles/49686/f-gregory-gause-iii/the-illogic-of-dual-containment (Jan.5,2009).
①转引自胡国成主编,《透视美国:近年来中国的美国研究》,北京:中国社会科学出版社2002年4月,第125页。
①Mark Phythian, Arming Iraq:How the U.S. and Britain Secretly Built Saddam’s War Machine, Boston:Northeastern University Press ,1997, p.70.
②Davina Miller, Export or Die:Britain’s Defence Trade with Iran and Iraq,London:Wellington House, 1996,p.73.
③Mark Phythian, Arming Iraq:How the U.S. and Britain Secretly Built Saddam’s War Machine, p.76.
①Davina Miller, Export or Die:Britain’s Defence Trade with Iran and Iraq, p.167.
①阚雅晗,洪明,《国内外研究美国对中东政策述评》,《西亚北非》2006年第5期,第68页。
②Dennis Ross, Acting with Caution:Middle East Policy for the Second Reagan Administration, available at http:// arabic. washingtoninstitute. org/print.php?template=C04&CID=100&portal=ar(November 12,2008).
③阚雅晗,洪明,《国内外研究美国对中东政策述评》,《西亚北非》2006年第5期,第69页。
④作者是阿富汗裔美国人。在美国华盛顿东西方国际关系项目研究中心(East-West Center’s International Relations Program)做研究。
①David W.Lesch, The Middle East and the United States: A Historical and Political Reassessment, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1999.
①David W.Lesch, The Middle East and the United States: A Historical and Political Reassessment, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1999.
②Available at http://www.perseusbooksgroup.com/perseus/book_detail.jsp?isbn=0813339405 (April 18,2008).
③阚雅晗,洪明:《国内外研究美国对中东政策述评》,《西亚北非》,2006年第5期,第70页。
⑤Available at http://trade.gov/iraq/index.asp (April 18,2008).
①Alfonse D'Amato, Former US Senator (R-NY), stated on PBS' Sep. 11, 1990 Frontline broadcast, available at http:// usiraq. procon.org/viewanswers.asp?questionID=000899 (Jan12,2008).
②14篇论文的论文集。分成了两个部分来探讨两伊战争的战略、政治、外交以及萨达姆的阿拉伯世界同霍梅尼的伊斯兰政府之间冲突的合法性。其中涉及的问题包括战争的起因、交战国的目的、以色列的角色以及美苏的政策,还谈到了联合国和国际法的角色。书中的论文主要围绕两伊战争的政治、安全和外交尺度展开论述。
③美国学术界将两伊战争和海湾战争统称为海湾战争,分成第一次海湾战争和第二次海湾战争。
④Christopher C. Joyner, The Persian Gulf War: Lessons for Strategy, Law, and Diplomacy, Westport: Greenwood Press, 1990.
⑤1993年-1995年任中央情报局局长,现在华盛顿近东政策研究所研究伊拉克政策和美国能源政策。
⑥James Woolsey, Former director of the CIA, on Apr. 2, 2003 stated the following at a teach-in at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), available at http://usiraq.procon.org/viewanswers.asp?questionID=000899(Jan12,2008).
①James A. Paul, Iraq: the Struggle for Oil, Global Policy Forum, Dec.2003,available at http:// www. globalpolicy. org/ security/ oil/2002/08jim.htm (Dec10,2008).
②Availible at http://www.bayphase.com/products/iraq.php?gclid=CKaH5_vawJkCFYMvpAodVVTeJQ (Dec10,2008).
③Stephen Pelletiere,Iraq and the International Oil System: Why America Went to War in the Gulf,New York: Praeger Publishers ,2001.
④Stephen Pelletiere,America's Oil Wars,New York: Praeger Publishers ,2004.
⑤Larry Everest, Oil, Power, & Empire: Iraq and the U.S. Global Agenda, Monroe, Maine:Common Courage Press , 2003.
⑥伊拉克人。曾在欧佩克担任顾问,现在美国中东研究协会担任主席。
①Abbas Alnasrawi, The Economy of Iraq: Oil, Wars, Destruction of Development and Prospectus, 1950-2010, Westport: Greenwood Press ,1994。
②1966年成立,私人非盈利性研究机构,现在是美国国家安全委员会地区研究局(Area Studies Associations)的一个组成部分。剑桥大学委托该机构出版了杂志《国际中东研究》(International Journal of Middle East Studies ,IJMES)。
③April Glaspie ,A cable news station, on Mar. 21, 1991 reported the following from a summary of testimony from, former US Ambassador to Iraq, before two congressional committees, available at http:// usiraq. procon. org/ viewanswers. asp? questionID= 000905 (Dec 15,2008).
④马天保,吴阶平,金钰,季羡林:《20世纪中国学术大典——军事卷》,福州:福建教育出版社出版, 2002,第574页。
①Richard S .Lowry ,The Gulf War Chronicles: A Military History of the First War with Iraq, Lincoln, Nebraska: iUniverse press, 2003.
②Majid Khadduri& Edmund Ghareeb, War in the Gulf, 1990-91: The Iraq-Kuwait Conflict and Its Implications, New York:Oxford University Press,1997.
①Key Gulf War Illness Studies and Reports, available at http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/oversight/appdix_f.htm .(April 13.2008).
②Mark Phythian, Arming Iraq:How the U.S. and Britain Secretly Built Saddam’s War Machine, Boston:Northeastern University Press ,1997.
③Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq, New York: Challian Inc.and John Fielding,1993.
①阚雅晗,洪明:《国内外研究美国对中东政策述评》,《西亚北非》,2006年第5期,第70页。
②军事教育研究图书馆网络availible at http://merln.ndu.edu/index.cfm .
①詹世亮:从伊拉克战争剖析美国全球战略,《国际问题研究》,2003年第4期,第3页。
②Phoebe Marr, The Modern History of Iraq, Boulder: Westview Press, 2003.
③Charles Tripp, A History of Iraq, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
①Geoff Simons, Iraq: from Summer to Post-Saddam,Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire and London: The Macmillan Press LTD, 1994.
③Diane B.Kunz, Butter and Guns:America’s Cold War Economic Diplomacy, New York: The Free Press, p.5.
④Available at http://www.washingtoninstitute.org.
④《外交季刊》网址http://www.foreignaffairs.com.
④阚雅晗,洪明:《国内外研究美国对中东政策述评》,《西亚北非》2006年第5期,第71页。
①胡国成主编:《透视美国:近年来中国的美国研究》,北京:中国社会科学出版社2002年版,第222页。
②彭树智主编:《二十世纪中东史》,北京:高等教育出版社2001年版。
③陈建民编著:《当代中东》,北京:北京大学出版社2002年版。
④左文华,肖宪主编,《当代中东国际关系》,北京:世界知识出版社1999年版。
⑤张士智、赵慧杰:《美国中东关系史》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1993年版。
⑥高祖贵:《冷战后美国的中东政策》,北京:中共中央党校出版社2001年版。
⑦资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史》,北京:世界知识出版社1994年版。
⑧王缉思主编:《高处不胜寒——冷战后美国的全球战略和世界地位》,北京:世界知识出版社1999年版。
⑨李援朝:《中东问题研究》,哈尔滨:黑龙江教育出版社1996年版。
①赵学功:《当代美国外交》,北京:社会科学文献出版社2001年版。
②赵克仁:《美国与中东和平进程研究》,北京:时事出版社2005年。
③赵伟明:《美国问题与美国中东政策》,北京:时事出版社2006年。
④赵伟明:《美国问题与美国中东政策》,北京:时事出版社2006年,第296页。
⑤江红:《为石油而战——美国石油霸权的历史透视》,北京·东方出版社2002年。
①彭树智主编,黄民兴著:《中东国家通史,伊拉克卷》,北京:商务印书馆2002版。
②李挺主编:《伊拉克风云二十年》,北京:中国广播电视出版社2003年。
③军事科学院外军研究部,《外国对两伊战争的评论》,解放军出版社1988年。
④马天保,吴阶平,金钰,季羡林,《20世纪中国学术大典——军事卷》,福州:福建教育出版社出版2002年版,第576页。
⑤高祖贵主编,《全球变局:美国与伊拉克》,北京:时事出版社2003年版,第44页。
①樊为之:《第二次世界大战后的美国中东政策研究》,2007年博士学位论文,西北大学历史系。
②胡国成:《透视美国——近年来中国的美国研究》,北京:中国社会科学出版社2002年版。
①John Gaddis,Strategies of Containment:A critical Appraisal of post War of America National Security Policy, New York:Oxford University Press,1982, p.93.
②Walter Millis(Ed),The Forrestal Diaries.The Inner History of the Cold War,London:Cassell and Co.,1952,p.266.
③Mark Phythian, Arming Iraq:How the U.S. and Britain Secretly Built Saddam’s War Machine, Boston:Northeastern University Press ,1997, p.5.
④http://www.npc.org美国国家石油委员会网址。
⑤赵伟明著:《中东问题与美国中东政策》,北京:时事出版社2006年5月版,第12页。
②Alan R.Taylor,The Superpowers and the Middle East, New York: Syracuse University Press,1991, p.59.
④Alan R.Taylor,The Superpowers and the Middle East, p. 71.
⑤Alan R.Taylor,The Superpowers and the Middle East, p. 72.
①Camille Mansour,Beyond Alliance:Israel in U.S.Foreign Policy, New York:Columbia University Press,1994,p.190.
②转引自赵伟明著:《中东问题与美国中东政策》,北京:时事出版社2006年版,第12页。
①Dilip Hiro, Iraq: In the Eye of the Storm, New York:Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2002, p.157.剩余的6%由一个葡萄牙公司拥有。
②张士智、赵慧杰著:《美国中东关系史》,中国社会科学出版社1993年版,第121页。
③IG00001,Near East: Iraqi Atomic Energy Program, 8/10/1959,数据库:Digital National Security Archive , ProQuestInc & National Security Archive.
②IG00003,Establishment of a U.S. Interests Section in the Belgian Embassy in Baghdad, 4/26/1967,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00004, Kurdish Representative’s Call on State Department,9/5/1973,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Geoff Simons, Iraq: from Summer to Post-Saddam,Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire and London: The Macmillan Press LTD, 1994, p.318.
③IG00005,U.S.-West; German Consortium Wins Major Petrochemicals Project, 2/28/1976,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④杨兴礼、冀开运、陈俊华:《伊朗与美国关系研究》,时事出版社2006年版,第49页。
①Alan R.Taylor, The Superpowers and the Middle East, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1991, p.145.
②Kenneth R.Timmerman, The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq,New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991, p.74.
③孙德刚:浅析约翰逊政府时期美以特殊关系的基础,《世界民族》2004年02期,第14页。
④Kenneth R.Timmerman, The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991, p.77.
①施瓦·巴拉吉:《萨达姆传》,北京:国际文化出版公司2007年版,第91页。
②Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq. New York: Challian Inc.and John Fielding,1993, p.5.
③IG00020,Naval Engine Sales to Iraq,3/28/1980,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00022,Congressional Opposition to Sale of Turbine Engines to Italy; Draft Letter from Congress to the President Attached,4/30/1980,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤1979年美国国会通过的法案。建立了规范双重用途物资、潜在敏感品、软件、计算机和技术出口的法律框架。冷战期间主要关注双重用途物资出口问题。http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/secrecy/RL31832.pdf .
①IG00023,Statement of Deane R. Hinton: Assistant Secretary for; Economic and Business Affairs--Before the Subcommittee on; Europe and the Middle East and International Economic Policy; and Trade of the House Foreign Affairs Committee,5/14/1980,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00023,Statement of Deane R. Hinton: Assistant Secretary for; Economic and Business Affairs-Before the Subcommittee on; Europe and the Middle East and International Economic Policy; and Trade of the House Foreign Affairs Committee: May14,;1980,5/14/1980,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史》,北京:世界知识出版社1994年版,第835页。
②IG00045,Prospects for DAS(Deputy Assistant Secretary);Draper’s Visit To Baghdad,4/4/1981,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00047,Meeting in Baghdad with Foreign Minister Hammadi,4/12/1981,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00061,Proposed Exchange,9/18/1981,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00061,Proposed Exchange,9/18/1981,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①Michael N. Beard, United States Foreign Military Sales Strategy: Coalition Building or Protecting the Defense Industrial,https://www.afresearch.org/skins/rims/q .
③IG00064,Legal Authority for the Transfer of Arms Incidental to Intelligence Collection,10/2/1981,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00348,United States-Iraqi Relations,7/30/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③1984年对《出口援助法》15C.F.R.第385.4条的补充条款涉及到美国大规模杀伤性武器政策,因此在本论文第三章第三节第一部分有详细论证。
④IG00260,Legislative History,P.L.99-64:;Export Administration Amendments of 1985,6/27/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00260,Legislative History,P.L.99-64:;Export Administration Amendments of 1985,6/27/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00230,Reply to Representative Berman’s Letter Regarding Export of Bell Helicopters to Iraq,12/6/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③合同内容主要是向伊朗提供50枚长矛(Lance)导弹,40枚泰普勒(Tampella)榴弹炮,3750个铜斑蛇(copperhead)制导炮弹,68枚秃鹰导弹。
④IG00134,Allegations in French Press of Israeli Sales of U.S. Arms to Iran, 8/19/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00075,25 Agu「August」Solarz Interview With Saddam Husayn;「Hussein」,8/25/1982,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00085,Sale of Hughes Helicopters to Iraq,12/16/1982,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00090,Iraq: Did Department Give Go-Ahead to Hughes?,12/29/1982,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00103,Your Meeting with Iraqi Minister of State Dr. Saddoun;Hammadi,February 14,1983,at 2:30-3:00 p.m,2/7/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00117, Letter of Intention, 3/30/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③米-24(Mi-24)武装直升机是前苏联米里直升机设计局设计的苏联第一代专用武装直升机。
④IG00118,Possible Acquisition Opportunity-Action Memorandum,4/11/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00124, Militarization of Hughes Helicopters,6/8/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00139, Iran-Iraq War:Analysis of Possible U.S.Shift from;Position of Strict Neutrality,10/7/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑦Mark Phythian, Arming Iraq-How the U.S. and Britain Secretly Built Saddam’s War Machine, Boston:Northeastern University Press,1997. p.34.
①IG00153,Talking Points for Amb「Ambassador」; Rumsfeld’s Meeting With Tariq; Aziz and Saddam Huessin, 12/14/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00153,Talking Points for Amb「Ambassador」; Rumsfeld’s Meeting With Tariq; Aziz and Saddam Huessin, 12/14/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00153,Talking Points for Amb「Ambassador」; Rumsfeld’s Meeting With Tariq; Aziz and Saddam Huessin, 12/14/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00154,Rumsfeld’s Larger Meeting With Iraqi Deputy PM「Prime;Minister」and FM「Foreign Minister」Tariz「Tariq」Aziz, December 19, 12/20/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00156,Rumsfeld Mission; December 20 Meeting With Iraqi President; Saddam Hussein,12/21/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00157,Rusfeld One-on-One Meeting with Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister;and Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz,12/21/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00165,Staunching the Flow of Arms to Iran-Military Addee Handle as Specat Exclusive,1/21/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②施瓦·巴拉吉:《萨达姆传》,北京:国际文化出版公司2007年版,第234页。
③IG00348,United States-Iraqi Relations,7/30/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00072,Report of Alleged U.S. Arms Supplies to Iraq Via; Egypt-Possible Items on the Agenda for MINDEF「Minister of;Defense」;Sharon’s;Visit,5/24/1982,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00075,25 Agu「August」Solarz Interview With Saddam Husayn;「Hussein」,8/25/1982,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00128,France to Lend Iraq Five Super-Etendard Aircraft,6/24/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④Mark Phythian, Arming Iraq:How the U.S. and Britain Secretly Built Saddam’s War Machine, p.32.
①IG00139,Iran-Iraq War:Analysis of Possible U.S.Shift from;Position of Strict Neutrality,10/7/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00184,Iran-Iraq War:U.S.Responses to Escalation Scenarios and;Threats to Persian Gulf States, 3/20/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00139,Iran-Iraq War:Analysis of Possible U.S.Shift from;Position of Strict Neutrality,10/7/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00168, Easing Restrictions on Exports to Iraq,1/30/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00139, Iran-Iraq War:Analysis of Possible U.S.Shift from;Position of Strict Neutrality,10/7/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00184, Iran-Iraq War:U.S.Responses to Escalation Scenarios and;Threats to Persian Gulf States, 3/20/1984,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00139, Iran-Iraq War:Analysis of Possible U.S.Shift from;Position of Strict Neutrality,10/7/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③Ibid.
④IG00184, Iran-Iraq War:U.S.Responses to Escalation Scenarios and;Threats to Persian Gulf States, 3/20/1984,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00139, Iran-Iraq War:Analysis of Possible U.S.Shift from;Position of Strict Neutrality,10/7/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00184,Iran-Iraq War:U.S.Responses to Escalation Scenarios and;Threats to Persian Gulf States, 3/20/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑦IG00139, Iran-Iraq War:Analysis of Possible U.S.Shift from;Position of Strict Neutrality,10/7/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq. New York: Challian Inc.and John Fielding.1993, p.25.
②杨兴礼、冀开运、陈俊华:《伊朗与美国关系研究》,北京:时事出版社2006年版,第64-65页。
③IG00165,Staunching the Flow of Arms to Iran-Military Addee Handle as Specat Exclusive,1/21/1984,数据库:DNSA,ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00205,U.S. Export Policy Toward Iran,6/5/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②张士智,赵慧杰:《美国中东关系史》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1993年版,第356页。
③IG00258, [Forwarding Draft NSDD on Iran and Caspar Weinberger's Comments],6/19/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00261,U.S. Policy Toward Iran;Comment on Draft NSDD,6/29/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00265,U.S. Policy Toward Iran,7/13/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥转引自张士智,赵慧杰:《美国中东关系史》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1993年版,第358页。
①IG00300,Milestones.DNSA,1/17/1986.数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②根据秘密文件,这种装置是能够被用在发射“陶”式导弹的导弹发射器上的一种重要的装置。
③IG00301,Covert Action Finding Regarding Iran,1/17/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④Mark Phythian, Arming Iraq-How the U.S. and Britain Secretly Built Saddam’s War Machine, p.40.
⑤IG00302,Present Status in Saga Regarding the Movement of TOW Missiles,1/25/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00388,Arms Sales to Iraq and Iran.1/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00306〔,Under Secretary Schneider’s Meeting With Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister Ramadan〕,2/6/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00347,USG〔U.S. Government〕;Support for Iraq During the War,7/26/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③CIA Back Iraq During Iran-Iraq War, Washington Post,12/5/1986,数据库:Access World News(世界各国报纸全文库), available at http://infoweb.newsbank.com/.
④IG00383,U.S. Intelligence for Iraq,12/15/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤[美]亨利?基辛格:大外交,海口:海南出版社1997年版,第773页。
⑥田文林:美国的中东战略及其历史命运,availible at http://blog.china.com.cn/art/show.do?dn=tianwenlin&id.
⑦[美]亨利?基辛格:大外交,海口:海南出版社1997年版,第4页。
①IG00367, State Department Summation of the Problems Generated by Exposure of the Iran Initiative,11/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00369,U.S. Policy on Iran,11/5/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00371,Meeting on November 10,1986,With the President,Vice;President,Secretary Shultz,DCI Casey,Attorney General;Meese,Don Regan,Admiral Poindexter,and Al Keel,in the;Oval Office,11/10/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00374,Saudis and Iran,11/17/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00401,Emergency Assistance for the Middle East,1/21/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00404,U.S. Policy on Third-Country Transfers of U.S.Arms to Iraq,2/4/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00423,Iraqis Repulse“Karabala X”,4/27/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00380,U.S.-Iraqi Relations:Picking Up the Pieces,12/5/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④Ibid.
⑤IG00382,〔Export Licenses for Iraq;Cover Memo From Arnold Raphel to Michael Armacost Attached〕,12/12/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑦北京太平洋国际战略研究所:《应对危机—美国国家安全决策机制》,北京:时事出版社,2001年版,第347页。
⑧“祈求螳螂”作战揭秘两伊战争中美伊大海战, available at http://news.china.com/zh_cn/history/all/11025807/20060519/13331979_1.html. (Jan22,2008)
①IG00399.Iran-Iraq,1/21/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00383,U.S.Intelligence for Iraq,12/15/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq, pp.39-42.
⑥“祈求螳螂”作战揭秘两伊战争中美伊大海战,availible at http:// news. china. com/zh_ cn/ history/ all/11025807/20060519/13331979_1.html.(Jan22,2008).
①IG00559,Proposed Military Training for Iraqi Officers,4/25/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00702,Administration Position on Proposed Iraq Sanctions,11/18/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01243,Licensing for Iraq,3/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②民主党参议员,1978年担任参议院规则委员会主席,1987年担任国会外交事务委员会主席。
③IG00657,Background and Summary of Iraqi Sanctions Legislation,9/22/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④Ibid.
①IG00657,Background and Summary of Iraqi Sanctions Legislation,9/22/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00669,〔＄300 Million Medium-Term Loan for Iraq’s Ministry of Industry and Military Production;Loan Agreement and Handwritten Draft Attached〕,10/6/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00679,U.S.-Iraqi Relations:Implications of Passage of Economic Sanctions Bill,10/18/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①.IG00702.Administrations Position on Proposed Iraq Sanctions,11/12/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive
②IG00739,Export-Import Financing for Iraq,12/29/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00761,Guidelines for U.S.-Iraq Policy,1/20/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00828,Meeting With Iraqi Under Secretary Nizar Hamdun,March 24,;1989 at 2:00 p.m.,3/23/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00761,Guidelines for U.S.-Iraq Policy,1/20/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③斯塔克被袭事件后,美国一直要求伊拉克政府出台一份对美道歉声明,答应美国的各种要求。伊拉克政府除了同意赔偿外,拒绝发表声明以及其他要求。
④IG00761,Guidelines for U.S.-Iraq Policy,1/20/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑦IG00761,Guidelines for U.S.-Iraq Policy,1/20/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00761,Guidelines for U.S.-Iraq Policy,1/20/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00828, Meeting With Iraqi Under Secretary Nizar Hamdun,March 24,;1989 at 2:00 p.m.,3/23/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00893.U.S.-Iraq Business Forum:Meeting With Saddam Hussein,6/11/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00949,〔Congressional Support for U.S./Iraq Joint Venture〕,8/4/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00973,Foreign Economic Trends and Their Implications for the;United States:Iraq,9/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01035,U.S. Policy Toward the Persian Gulf,10/2/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01184,Proposed U.S.-Iraq Military Initiatives,1/3/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01041,Meeting With Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz,Henry Clay;Room,Friday,October 6,2:00 p.m.,10/4/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01080, Message From the Secretary to Tariq Aziz,10/21/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①于群主编:《美国国家安全与冷战战略》,北京:社会科学出版社2006年,第186-187页。
③Alan R.Taylor, The Superpowers and the Middle East. New York: Syracuse University Press, 1991, p.136.
④И.В.Быстрова,Советскийвоенно-промышленныйкомплекс:проблемыстановленияиразвития(1930-1980-егоды)..М.,ИнститутроссийскойисторииРАН2006с.373.
⑥Talal Nizameddin, Russia and the Middle East. New York:St.Martin’s Press.1999, p.39.
⑦И.В.Быстрова,Советскийвоенно-промышленныйкомплекс:проблемыстановленияиразвития(1930-1980-егоды).М.,ИнститутроссийскойисторииРАН2006с.394.
①牛军:《冷战时期苏联对第三世界的政策》,2005年9月2日,availible at http://niujun.coldwarchina.com. (April9,2008).
②Geoff Simons, Iraq: from Summer to Post-Saddam, Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire and London :The Macmillan Press LTD, 1994, p.317.
③Lewis Sorley:Arms Transfers under Nixon:A policy Analysis.Lexington:University Press of Kentucky,copyright1983, p.163.
④Cindy Cannizzo(ed), The Gun Merchants:Politics and Policies of the Major Arms Suppliers,New York:Pergamon Press,1980, pp.24-45.
⑤IG00057.Chemical and Biological Warfare Capabilities—Middle East Countries,8/10/1981,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②万光:美国全球战略中的中东和海湾,《西亚非洲》,1991年第2期,第56页。
④知远:伊拉克核计划的实施, available at http://mil.news.sohu.com. (May4,2008).
⑥IG00052,Israeli Raid on Iraqi Nuclear Faculty,6/9/1981,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑦IG00051,Attack on Iraqi Nuclear Facility,6/8/1981,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑧IG00016,French Research Reactor (Osirak) Sale to Iraq, 4/11/1979,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & NationalSecurity Archive.
①IG00047,Meetings in Baghdad with Foreign Minister Hammadi,4/12/1981,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Ibid.
③这些飞机后来在1983年10月运到伊拉克并在两年后因为贷款期限被返还给法国。
④Geoff Simons, Iraq: from Summer to Post-Saddam. Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire and London:The Macmillan Press LTD, 1994, p.321.
⑤Kenneth R.Timmerman,The Death Lobby:How the West Armed Iraq,New York.Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company ,1991,p.71.
⑥Kenneth R.Timmerman,The Death Lobby:How the West Armed Iraq ,p.71. Ibid.
①Kenneth R.Timmerman,The Death Lobby:How the West Armed Iraq ,p.73.
②IG01542,The Grey Arms Market: Methods of Maintaining Covert Business Relationships,10/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③该报告是国会研究署(Congressional Research Service)提供的研究成果,该机构专门为国会提供立法的分析和研究,并在国会成员的要求下提供相应信息和研究成果。
④IG00348,United States-Iraqi Relations,7/30/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①韩德强:石油与美国中东战略, available at http://www.tecn.cn/data/24063.html (July 6,2008).
①IG00335,Foreign Economic Trends and Their Implications for the;United States-Irag「Iraq」, 6/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00139, Iran-Iraq War:Analysis of Possible U.S.Shift from;Position of Strict Neutrality, 10/7/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②NSDD114 ,US Policy Toward Iran - Iraq War. 11/26/1983,美国科学家联盟情报资源数据库(Federation American Scientist Intelligence Resource Program, hereafter cited as FASIRP), available at http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/index.html.
③IG00184, Iran-Iraq War:U.S.Responses to Escalation Scenarios and;Threats to Persian Gulf States, 3/20/1984,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00184, Iran-Iraq War:U.S.Responses to Escalation Scenarios and;Threats to Persian Gulf States, 3/20/1984,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00369, U.S.Policy on Iran , 11/5/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00184,Iran-Iraq War:U.S.Responses to Escalation Scenarios and;Threats to Persian Gulf States , 3/20/1984,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④位于约旦西南沿海亚喀巴湾的顶端东侧,是约旦唯一的海港,也是一个中转港口。南部接壤沙特,北部隔红海与以色列南端的埃拉特遥遥相望。
⑤IG00162,Meeting with Tariq Aziz:Expanding Iraq’s Oil Export;Facilities , 1/3/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥Ibid.
⑦位于伊拉克西部安巴拉省,西北距离巴格达240公里,是重要的能源重镇,通过哈迪塞大坝水力发电为当地炼油厂供电。
⑧这个小型石油管道计划由布朗—鲁特(Brown&Root)公司同伊拉克之间签订了共建合同。
①IG00206,Status of Iraqi Export Pipelines,6/12/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00206,Status of Iraqi Export Pipelines ,6/12/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00211,Eximbank Offers to Help Finance Iraq-Jordan Oil Pipeline ,6/25/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③Kenneth R.Timmerman, The Death Lobby:How the West Armed Iraq, New York:Houghton Mifflin Company,1991, p.218.
⑦Part seven,US financial assistance for Hussein in the 1980s,The diplomacy of imperialism: Iraq and US foreign policy, available at http://www.wsws.org/articles/2004/mar2004/iraq-m26.shtml,December1,2008.
⑧舒先林:《美国中东石油战略的经济机制及启示》,《世界经济与政治论坛》,2005年第1期,第87页。
①杨光:《美国的中东石油外交》,《国际经济评论》,2003年第5-6期,第33页。
②IG00335,Foreign Economic Trends and Their Implications for the;United States-Irag「Iraq」,6/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00168, Easing Restrictions on Exports to Iraq ,1/30/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00324, U.S. Heavy Trucks for Iraq ,4/22/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00203, U.S. Dual-Use Exports to Iraq:Specific Actions,5/9/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①贝尔原是美国一家生产直升机的公司,后因财政困境于1960年被德事隆集团收购。
②IG00223, Prospective Helicopter Sale to Iraq ,10/17/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00225, Export of Bell Helicopters to Iraq ,11/13/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00230,〔Reply to Representative Berman’s Letter Regarding Export of Bell Helicopters to Iraq〕,12/6/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00231, Prospective Helicopter Sale to Iraq,12/7/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00079,〔Request Ruling on Status of Zirconium Under ITAR;Teledyne Zirconium Brochures Not Attached〕,10/8/1982,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑦IG00105,〔Cluster Bomb Pricing for Iraq〕,2/11/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑧IG00098,〔Exclusion of Zirconium From United States Munitions List〕,1/24/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑨Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq, New York: Challian Inc.and John Fielding,1993, p.54.
①NSDD99, US Security Strategy for near East and South Asia, 7/1983,数据库:FASIRP, available at http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/index.html .
②IG00262, High Technology Dual-Use Export to Iraq ,7/1/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00306,〔Under Secretary Schneider’s Meeting With Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister Ramadan〕,2/6/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④Ibid.
⑤IG00263,Iraq-PC Request No.6062. ,7/5/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①核出口控制协调小组本来是级别较低的内部委员会,但是由国防部、商业部、国务院和能源部的高级官员组成。负责协调美国各部门出台与高科技和敏感物资(特别是核物资)相关的贸易出口项目。
②IG00313, Computers for Iraq,3/10/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00274〔,Sale of Computer Systems to Saad General Establishment;Description of Saad Project 16 Attached〕,9/3/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④位于伊拉克苏摩尔的导弹研发中心,同时也研发生化武器。
⑤IG00458, Visit of Iraqi Minister of Trade Dr.Mohammad Mahdi Salih;From 11:00a.m.;to 2:00p.m. on August 26 at the Department of;Commerce,8/26/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00291, Chronology:October 4 Through December 6,1985, 12/6/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00319, Computers for Iraq:DOD’s Proliferation Concerns, 4/3/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00321, Denials of Dual Use Exports to Iraq for Nuclear End Use, 4/9/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③Ibid.
④IG00346, Iraq:CPPG〔Crisis Pre-Planning Group〕;Meeting of Wednesday,July 23 ,7/23/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤Ibid.
⑥Geoff Simons, Iraq:from Summer to Post-Saddam, p.327.
⑦IG00356, Iraqi Interest in U.S. Equipment, 9/10/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00343, Suspension of 12〔S〕License for Export to Iraq, 7/3/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Ibid.
③IG00357, Unauthorized Transfer of MK-84s, 9/13/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00358, Unauthorized Transfer of MK-84s ,9/16/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00375,〔Improving Trade With Iraq〕,11/20/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00387,〔Excised〕Application for License to Export to Iraq , 12/19/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00411,〔U.S.-Iraqi Trade Relations;Cover Letter Attached〕,3/5/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00410, The Vice President’s March 2 Meeting With Iraqi Ambassador;Nizar Hamdoon, 2/26/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00412,〔Requests Clarification of U.S. Export Licensing Policy for Iraq;Membership List Attached〕,3/10/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Ibid.
③IG00433,Iraqi Aircraft Attack on U.S. Naval Vessel,5/17/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00434,SPOT Intelligence Report:Attack on USS Stark,5/17/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00437,USS Stark:Iraq Apologizes, 5/18/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00458,Visit of Iraqi Minister of Trade Dr.Mohammad Mahdi Salih;From 11:00a.m.;to 2:00p.m. on August 26 at the Department of;Commerce,8/26/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00693, Baghdad International Fair:Positive Public Gesture Toward;USG〔U.S. Government〕,11/5/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive..
③总结自IG00335、IG00562、IG00624、IG00693、IG00803、IG00825、IG00864共7份文件。
①IG01623,The NSC and Iraq,1/29/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②BSA机械有限公司(BSA Machine Tools Ltd),威克曼-贝内特机械工具有限公司(Wickmann Bennett Machine Tool Company Ltd),TI机械工具有限公司(TI Machine Tools Limited)三家公司。
④IG00494,Brefing for EFT’s〔Minister for Trade〕Meeting at 3:00;p.m.,;20 January With Members of Machine Tool Trades Association;(MTTA)Re Export Licences for Iraq,1/18/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00505, Machine Tools for Iraq,1/28/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00517, M.P.‘s Letter: Machine Tools for Iraq,2/29/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑨IG00506. Report of Meeting With the Hon〔Honorable〕Alan Clark M.P.,;Minister for Trade,Concerning Export Licences for Iraq;(Held on 20 January 1988),1/29/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑩IG00588.Monessen Rail Mill,7/13/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00606.〔Congressional Opposition to Sale of Baytown,Texas Steel Mill to Iraq;Related Correspondence Attached〕,7/29/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00651, Request for License Determination,9/19/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00691,〔Supplementary Type Certificate for Modified Bell Helicopter〕,11/1/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00599, Pending Iraq Cases,7/15/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG001293, U.S. Nuclear Export Policy Towards Iraq,4/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01466, Foreign Policy Controls for Proliferation-Related Exports to Iraq,7/19/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01654,〔Statistics on U.S. Licensing for Iraq,1985-1990;Fact Sheet on Export Licensing for Iraq,Description of Printout Attached.〕,3/11/1991,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00159, EXIM「Export-Import Bank」; Bank Financing for Iraq, 12/22/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00164, Follow-Up Steps on Iraq-Iran, 2/14/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00174, Country Review and Recommendations for Eximbank's; [Export-Import Bank]; Programs,2/21/1984,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②美国贸易代表办公室是美国白宫总统办公室的一部分,在贸易政策的制定和调整,贸易争端的解决和向总统直接报告贸易政策问题方面发挥着特殊重要的作用。
③IG00211,Eximbank Offers to Help Finance Iraq-Jordan Oil Pipeline,6/25/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.此项贷款计划没有成功。
④IG00217, Exim [Export-Import Bank]; Credits,8/20/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00238, U.S. Bankers Call on the Embassy: Concerned About Debt; Repayments,1/21/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00304, Official-Informal: Exim's Proposed CGA,2/5/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②伊拉克最大的银行,同伊拉克第二大银行拉什德(Rasheed音译)一起控制着伊拉克90%以上的银行业务。
③IG00410, The Vice President's March 2 Meeting With Iraqi Ambassador; Nizar Hamdoon,2/26/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00431, Short Term Cover in Iraq,5/13/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00497, Iraqi Trade Minister Discusses Trade With U.S. and Privatization,2/20/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00558, Financial and Economic Report on Iraq,4/21/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00859,Country Review of Iraq,4/24/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00739,Export-Import Financing for Iraq,12/29/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00831, U.S.-Iraq Trade, Finance, and Industrial Development Issues,3/30/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00845, Export-Import Financing for Iraq,4/10/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00879, Exim [Export-Import Bank]; Medium-Term Credit Guarantees,5/23/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01166, U.S. Legislation Suspending Exim [Export-Import Bank]; Credits to Iraq,12/11/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00114, U.S. Credit Possibilities for Iraq,3/14/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG01586, International Trade Iraq’s Participation in U.S. Agricultural Export Programs,11/14/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①胡国成主编:《透视美国:近年来中国的美国研究》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002年4月版,第237页。
③IG00087,CCC GSM-102 Credit Guarantees for Iraq,12/18/1982,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑦IG00088, National Advisory Council Staff Committee,Minutes Meeting;82-52,December 21,1982,12/21/1982,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①这是国家顾问委员会第83-71号文件。IG00113, CCC-Proposed $35m Million Blended Credit Program-Iraq,3/2/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00100, CCC-Proposed $230 Million Blended Credit Program-Iraq,2/1/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00102, CCC-Blended Credits for Sale of Wheat to Iraq and Syria,2/3/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG001586, International Trade:;Iraq’s Participation in U.S. Agricultural Export Programs,11/14/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00114, U.S. Credit Possibilities for Iraq,3/14/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00119.History of BNL Atlanta Branch,4/25/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Ibid.
③IG00136, CCC-Proposed $130Million Export Credit Sales Guarantee;Program-Iraq,8/30/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00155, Iraqi Economic Situation,12/21/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00171,CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program(GSM-102) Payment Guarantee,2/10/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00173,Country Review and Recommendations for Eximbank’s;〔Export-Import Bank〕;Programs,2/21/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00222, National Advisory Council Staff Committee ,Minutes Meeting;84-42,October 16,1984,10/16/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00224,CCC Export Credit Sales Guarantees to Iraq,10/17/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00221Defense Estimative Brief: Prospects for Iraq,9/25/1984数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00235,CCC for Egypt and Iraq,1/15/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③Ibid.
④IG00236, FAS〔Foreign Agricultural Service〕Administrator Smith’s;Meeting With Iraq’s Minister of Trade Hassan Ali,1/16/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00239, Iraq Requests Additional Commodities and Credits Under PAC;Program,1/22/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00243, CCC Guarantees for Iraq,2/7/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq, p.96.
④IG00241,1985 Commodity Credit Corporation Guarantees Allocated to;Iraq,2/4/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00243, Commodity Credit Corporation,2/8/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00273, CCC-Proposed $500 Million Export Credit Sales Guarantee;Program-Iraq,8/29/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00096, Italian Requests for Authorization to Deliver U.S.-Controlled Helicopters to Iran and Frigate Turbine Components to Iraq,1/19/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①Kenneth R.Timmerman, The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq, p.227.
②Mark Phythian, Arming Iraq-How the U.S. and Britain Secretly Built Saddam’s War Machine, p.46.
③IG00331, Operations Guaranteed by CCC/Eximbank〔Export-Import Bank〕,5/16/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00332,National Adivisory Council Staff Committee,Minutes Meeting;86-20,May 20,1986,5/20/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive..
⑤IG00336,Itinerary for Christopher Drogoul and Paul Von Wedel, Washington D.C.,New York, June 2,1986,6/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00345,National Advisory Council Staff Committee,Minutes Meeting;86-28,July 15,1986, 7/15/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00353, Briefing Material for Ambassador Wisner:Iran-Iraq,8/28/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00354, National Advisory Council Staff Committee,Minutes Meeting;86-35,September 4,1986,9/4/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00390, Proposed Allocation for GSM-102 Credit Guarantees,1/7/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00393, Treasury’s Views on an Additional $200 Million in GSM-102 Credit Guarantees for Iraq for FY 1987,1/ 13/ 1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00398, Financial and Economic Report on Iraq,1/20/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00411,〔U.S.-Iraqi Trade Relations;Cover Letter Attached〕,3/5/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③发布美国联邦政府法令文件《联邦公报》(Federal Register)的部门,
④IG00426,〔BNL Financing of Freight Costs〕,5/5/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00790,Memorandum of Interview,2/10/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥是美国联邦政府执行机构和部门在《联邦公报》(Federal Register,FR)中发表与公布的一般性和永久性规则的集成,具有普遍适用性和法律效应。
⑦IG00428, Meeting to Discuss Implementation of Freight Financing Under GSM-102/103,5/6/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑧IG00429, USDA Announces Freight Coverage Available for U.S. Exports to Iraq,5/11/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00512,〔Middle East Economic Digest Article on Agricultural Credit〕,2/20/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Lee Michael,Democrats Raise New Charges on‘Iraqgate’.USA TODAY,10/28/1992,p.A1.
③IG00416,〔United States-Iraq Business Forum(USIBF) Welcomes the Proposed Rule Amendment to the CCC Credit Guarantee Program;Membership List of USIBF and Article“NW Firm to Sell Wood to Iraq”Attached〕,4/2/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④Ibid.
⑤IG00416,〔United States-Iraq Business Forum(USIBF) Welcomes the Proposed Rule Amendment to the CCC Credit Guarantee Program;Membership List of USIBF and Article“NW Firm to Sell Wood to Iraq”Attached〕,4/2/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00427,A Meeting of the International Advisory Board in Madrid,4-5 May,1987,5/5/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq.p.100.
③Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq.p.101.
④IG00455,〔Proposed GSM-102 and GSM-103 Credits for Iraq〕,8/19/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00466,〔Financing U.S. Exports to Iraq Under GSM Programs〕,10/16/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00470,1988 CCC GSM 102 and 103 Programs,10/23/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑦IG00457,National Advisory Council Staff Committee,Minutes Meeting;87-35,August 25,1987,8/25/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00458 ,Visit of Iraqi Minister of Trade Dr.Mohammad Mahdi Salih;From 11:00 a.m.;to 2:00 p.m. on August 26 at the Department of;Commerce,8/26/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00459,USDA Continues to Press Troublesome CCC Proposals at NAC,8/27/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00467,CCC-Proposed $360 Million Export Credit Sales;Guarantees-Iraq,10/16/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00468, Proposed Increase of Iraq CCC Funds by $360 Million, 10/19/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00484, National Advisory Council Staff Committee,Minutes Meeting;87-51,December 15,1987,12/15/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥丹佛中央合作银行(Central Co-operative Bank of Denver)代理其中的7000万美元、德国地方银行纽约支行(the New York branch of West Germany’s Deutsche Genossenschaftsbank)代理了2500万美元、海湾国际银行(Gulf international Bank,GIB)代理了2亿美元,汉诺威制造商银行(Manufacrurers Hanover)代理了1.5亿美元、科威特国民银行(National Bank of Kuwait,NBK)代理了5000万美元,法阿联合银行(Union de Banques Arabes&Francaises,UBAF)代理了1亿美元。
⑦IG00512,〔Middle East Economic Digest Article on Agricultural Credit〕,2/20/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①1987年之前,亚特兰大支行和丹佛中央合作银行(Central Cooperative Bank of Denver)银行共同代理,1987年后者退出。IG00500, Re-Organization of the North and Central Amercian Region,1/21/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive. John Roberts ,Financial Times.Iraq:more banks brought in for US commodity finance,20 February 1988,p.21.
②IG00513, Medium Term Loan Agreement Between the Ministry of Trade of; the Republic of Iraq and Banca Nazionale del Lavoro,;Atlanta,USA, 2/22/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00519, Iraq’s Foreign Policy:Deeper Into the Mainstream,3/3/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00519, Iraq’s Foreign Policy:Deeper Into the Mainstream,3/3/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00537, Your March 24 Meeting With〔Excised〕and〔Excised〕;Concerning Iraq’s CCC Program,3/24/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00542, National Advisory Council Staff Committee, Minutes Meeting;88-14,April 5,1988,4/5/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00558, Financial and Economic Report on Iraq,4/21/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00618, National Advisory Council Staff Committee,Minutes 88-33,;August 16,1988,8/16/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG001688, BNL Chronology: Relating to the Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Policy (NAC), 4/19/1991,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00629, Ban on Exim〔Export-Import Bank〕to Iraq and Other Countries,9/8/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00632, Overview of U.S.-Iraqi Relations and Potential Pressure Points,9/9/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③Ibid.
④IG00643,〔State Department Comments on the“Prevention of Genocide Act of 1981”〕,9/13/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00656,GSM-102 for Iraq:New Credits and Reallocations,9/22/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00754,Issuing Bank’s Credit No.88/3/2407,1/13/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00784,〔BNL-Atlanta’s Agreement to Finance Central Bank of Iraq’s Payments to Danieli and Company,S.p.A.〕,2/7/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00790, Memorandum of Interview,2/10/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00669,〔$300 Million Medium-Term Loan for Iraq’s Ministry of Industry and Military Production;Loan Agreement and Handwritten Draft Attached〕,10/6/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②BNL Hell.The New Republic.Washington,Nov 9,1992.Vol.207.
③IG00713, Medium Term Loan Agreement Between the Ministry of Industry;of the Republic of Iraq and Banca Nationale del Lavoro;Atlanta, Georgia USA,12/3/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00735, Atlanta Agency Audit,12/22/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00736, Issuing Bank’s Credit No.88/3/4086,12/23/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00748〔,Letters of Credit From Central Bank of Iraq Through BNL-Atlanta〕,1/11/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②美国公司,储藏运输农产品,旗下还有一个熔炼工厂。
③IG00805, Rafidain Bank-Baghdad,Iraq:1989 CCC-GSM102 Program,3/7/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00831,U.S.-Iraq Trade,Finance, and Industrial Development Issues,3/30/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00845.Export-Import Financing for Iraq,4/10/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①James W.Hammond, Poison Gas—The Myths Versus Reality,Westport: Greenwood press .Inc ,1999, p.119.
③IG00147, Iraqi Use of Chemical Weapons,11/21/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00145, Iraq Use of Chemical Weapons,11/1/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00147, Iraqi Use of Chemical Weapons,11/21/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④NSDD79, US Chemical Weapons Arms Control Policy,数据库:FASIR, available at http:// www. fas. org/ irp/ offdocs/ nsdd/index. html .
⑤IG00144, IRAN Reports Iraqi Regime Using Chemical Weapons to Stop Val-Fajr IV.DNSA,10/22/1983.数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00145, Iraq Use of Chemical Weapons,11/1/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①James W.Hammond, Poison Gas—The Myths Versus Reality, p.119.
②IG00147,Iraqi Use of Chemical Weapons,11/21/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④John King, Arming Iraq:A Chronology of U.S. Involvement, availible at http://www.iranchamber.com/history/articles/arming_iraq.php, (December 19.2008).
⑤万光:美国全球战略中的中东和海湾,《西亚北非》,1991年第2期,第23页。
⑥NSDD121, Soviet Noncompliance with Arms Control Agreements,数据库: FASIRP,available at http:// www. fas. org/ irp/ offdocs/nsdd/index.html .
①IG00197, Chemical Weapons;Meeting With Iraqi Charge,4/6/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00181, U.N.Human Rights Commission:Item12:Iranian Resolution on;Use of Chemical Weapons by Iraq,3/14/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00179, Iraq Reacts Angrily to U.S. Condemnation of CW〔Chemical;Weapons〕Use,3/7/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00190, U.N. Report on Chemical Weapons Use in Iran/Iraq War:;Consideration in Security Council,3/28/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00182,Iraq’s Use of Chemical Weapons:Control on U.S.Ingredients,3/14/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00182,Iraq’s Use of Chemical Weapons:Control on U.S.Ingredients,3/14/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Ibid.
③IG00191, New Foreign Policy Control on Export of Chemicals to Iraq and Iran, 3/29/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④除了上面谈到了氟化钾(Potassium Flouride),还有二甲磷酸钾酯(Dimethyl二甲基,乙烷(Methylphosphonate)亚磷酸甲(基)酯、二氟化物(Methylphosphonate Difluoride)、氯氧化磷(Phosporous Oxychloride)、硫甘醇(Thioglycol)。
⑤IG00188,〔Urges U.S. Chemical Companies Not to Sell Chemicals Needed for Development of Chemical Weapons Capability to Iraq or Iran〕,3/26/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00210, Alleged U.S. Mustard Gas Shipments to Iraq Via Spain,6/25/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑦IG00348, United States-Iraqi Relations.7/30/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00186,〔Iranian Burn Victims〕,3/23/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00190, U.N. Report on Chemical Weapons Use in Iran/Iraq War:;Consideration in Security Council,3/28/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00197,Chemical Weapons:Meeting With Iraqi Charge,4/6/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00197,Chemical Weapons:Meeting With Iraqi Charge,4/6/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00208〔,Text of Jack Anderson Article Entitled“U.S. Chemicals for Poison Gas Bought by Iraq”〕,6/20/1984,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00210, Alleged U.S. Mustard Gas Shipments to Iraq Via Spain,6/25/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00214, Alleged U.S. Chemcial Weapons Shipment to Iraq,7/17/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00215, FRG Responds to Parliamentary Inquiry by Greens on West;German Involvement in Iraq CW〔Chemical Weapons〕Facility,7/18/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥Sharad S.Chauhan, War on Iraq, S.B.Nangia A.P.H.Publishing Corporation,2003, p.168.
①John King, Arming Iraq:A Chronology of U.S. Involvement.availible at http: //www. iranchamber. com/history/ articles/ arming_ iraq.php , (December 19.2008).
②IG00259, Curbing Proliferation of Chemical Weapons,6/19/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00268, Foreign Policy Export Controls on Chemical Weapon Precursors,7/29/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00350,Control of Bio-Chemical〔Handling〕,8/3/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①Sharad S.Chauhan, War on Iraq, p.168.
②IG00416,〔United States-Iraq Business Forum(USIBF)Welcomes the Proposed Rule Amendment to the CCC Credit Guarantee Program;Membership List of USIBF and Article“NW Firm to Sell Wood to Iraq”Attached〕,4/2/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00632, Overview of U.S.-Iraqi Relations and Potential Pressure Points,9/9/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00600,〔Restrictions on Chemical Exports to Iran,Iraq,and Syria;;Cover Memorandum From Dan Hoydysn to Michael E.Zacharia;Dated July 25,1988 Attached〕,7/25/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00682, Iraqi Sanctions:Confidence in Monitoring CW〔Chemical;Weapons〕;Use,10/19/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00667, Statement by Richard W. Murphy, Assistant Secretary for Near;Eastern and South Asian Affairs Befort the Subcommittee on;Europe and the Middle East,House Foreign Affairs Committee,10/13/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00761, Guidelines for U.S.-Iraq Policy,1/20/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③亦称《洛桑和约》,Treaty of Lausanne。全称《协约和参战各国对土耳其和约》。1922年11月20日英、法、意、日、希、罗、南斯拉夫等协约国与土耳其在瑞士洛桑召开和会签订。规定了土耳其的边界。
④IG00761, Guidelines for U.S.-Iraq Policy,1/20/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤美国出口控制还有《涉核物资控制清单》(Nuclear Referral List)。
①IG00259,Curbing Proliferation of Chemical Weapons,6/19/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00667, Statement by Richard W. Murphy, Assistant Secretary for Near;Eastern and South Asian Affairs Befort the Subcommittee on;Europe and the Middle East,House Foreign Affairs Committee,10/13/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00797,U.S. Imposes Export Controls on Chemicals and Biological Agents,2/22/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00845, Export-Import Financing for Iraq,4/10/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00853,Recommendations to Strengthen U.S. Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy,4/17/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00837, Demarche on Saudi Aid for Iraqi Nuclear Program,4/4/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01191, New Nuclear Export Control Scandal Hits the FRG Press,1/5/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00989, Nuclear Cooperation With Iran and Iraq,9/12/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01171, Minutes of the PCC〔Policy Coordinating Committee〕;Subcommittee on Non-Proliferation Policy;December 12,1989,12/12/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01162, Report to the Congress on the Expansion and Imposition of Foreign Policy Export Controls on Certain Chemicals Used as Weapons Precursors,12/7/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01162, Report to the Congress on the Expansion and Imposition of Foreign Policy Export Controls on Certain Chemicals Used as Weapons Precursors,12/7/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00837, Demarche on Saudi Aid for Iraqi Nuclear Program,4/4/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00853,Recommendations to Strengthen U.S. Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy, 4/17/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①樊为之,《第二次世界大战后的美国中东政策研究》,博士学位论文,西北大学历史系,2007年,第201页。
②于群主编,《新冷战史研究:美国的心理宣传战和情报战》,上海:上海三联书店,2009年2月,第18页。
③IG01775,[Announces Indictments for Export Violations and Other Crimes; Document Entitled "United States of America v. James H. Guerin" Attached],10/31/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00842,〔Letter of Credit for Entrade〕,4/8/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00875,Atlanta Agency Audit as of September 2,1989〔1988〕,5/16/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00879〔,Details of Central Bank of Iraq’s Irrevocable Letter of Credit〕,5/23/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq, p.108.
④IG00880, Request to Expand GSM-102 Program,5/23/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00918, FY 1990 GSM-102 and GSM-103 Proposals Worksheet as of;7/10/89(Incl.EEP),7/10/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq,p.122.
②IG00933〔,Audit of BNL-Atlanta;Audit Report Attached〕,7/26/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00934〔,Requests Christopher Drogoul to Address Issues Raised by Audit of BNL-Atlanta〕,7/27/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00951,〔Christopher Drogoul Is Summoned to New York〕,8/5/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00959, Investigation of Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Branch in;Atlanta,8/18/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00966,Iraq FY 1989 and FY 1990 GSM Credit Needs,8/29/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00973, Foreign Economic Trends and Their Implications for the;United States:Iraq,9/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00980, More on the Explosion in Iraq,9/7/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00985, Article in Financial Times-8 September Alleging U.K.;Companies Involvement in the Sale of Machine Too〔ls〕;to Iraq;for Missile and Munitions Manufacture,9/8/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00983, BNL Chairman Nesi Resigns Under Pressure;Rumors Fly on BNL“Iraqgate”,9/8/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq,p.132.
⑤IG00991,National Advisory Council Staff Committee,Minutes89-37,;September 12,1989,9/12/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG01001,NAC Reserves on Additional Credit Guarantees for Iraq in FY 1989,9/15/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑦IG001021, BNL/Iraq Affair:Guidance on U.S. Attitude,9/26/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00998,〔Iraqi Threat to Blacklist Companies From GSM-102 Program;Letter From Kalevi Turkia to Abner Deatherage and Related Telexes Attached〕,9/14/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01028, Legal Aspects of Voting for Iraq FY 1990 CCC Credit Guarantee Program,9/28/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01030,Audit of the Foreign Agriculture Service Exports of;Commodities Under GSM102/103—Audit;No.07099-21-HY September 1989,9/29/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG01030,Audit of the Foreign Agriculture Service Exports of;Commodities Under GSM102/103—Audit;No.07099-21-HY September 1989,9/29/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01011, Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Investigation,9/21/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01038, National Advisory Council Staff Committee,Minutes 89-40,;October 3,1989,10/3/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01041, Meeting With Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz,Henry Clay;Room,Friday,October 6,2:00 p.m.,10/4/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③Ibid.
④Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq,p.140.
①Robert S.Boynton&Paul.Tough, Iraqgate:The making of an investigation, Harper’s Magazine,New York:1993. Vol.286, Iss. 1712.p. 59.
②IG01060, CCC Credits for Iraq,10/11/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01067,USDA Comments on Investigations of Iraq and the Banco;〔Banca〕;Nazionale del Lavoro,Atlanta Branch,Scandal,10/13/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01067,USDA Comments on Investigations of Iraq and the Banco;〔Banca〕;Nazionale del Lavoro,Atlanta Branch,Scandal,10/13/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01077, CCC Program for Iraq,10/20/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01080, Message From the Secretary to Tariq Aziz,10/21/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG01080, Message From the Secretary to Tariq Aziz,10/21/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National SecurityArchive.
①IG01089, The Iraqi CCC Program,10/26/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Ibid.
③美国联邦政府采购的监督管理机构有两个,一是美国国会下属的联邦会计总署( General Accounting Office, "GAO");二是美国总统行政办公厅内设的行政管理与预算局(the Office of Management and Budget,,"OMB")。
④Robert S.Boynton&Paul.Tough,Iraqgate:The making of an investigation, p.59.
⑤IG01115,CCC Program for Iraq,11/6/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG01128, Letter to Treasury Deputy Secretary Robson on a CCC Program for Iraq,11/8/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01129,National Advisory Council Deputies Meeting,Minutes Meeting;89-1,November 8,1989,11/8/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01182,The CCC and the Banca Nazionale de〔del〕Lavoro Scandal,12/22/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01093,CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program-GSM 102/103:Briefing;for the Office of Management and Budget,October 27,1989,10/27/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG01189,Second Tranche of CCC Credit for Iraq,1/4/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG01185,Atlanta Group Weekly Report(From December 4,1989 to March30,1990),1/3/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01184,Proposed U.S.-Iraq Military Initiatives,1/3/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01210,NEA Assistant Secretary Kelly Visit:Agenda With Aziz,2/3/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01222,Assistant Secretary Kelly’s Conversation With Saddam Husayn;〔Hussein〕,2/13/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG01223,Status Report on the CCC Program for Iraq and the BNL Investigation,2/3/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG01221,〔Request for Report on Investigations of BNL-Atlanta and CCC〕,2/12/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG01229,Iraqi Cooperation in BNL Criminal Investigation,2/20/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01225,Assistant Sec〔Secretary〕;of State Kelly Meets With Minister;of Trade/Finance Saleh,2/14/1990,数据库:DNSA,ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01228,Iraqi Central Bank Loans Director Seeks More U.S. Business,More U.S.Loans,2/15/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01232,NAC Alternates Meeting on CCC/Iraq,2/22/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG01243,Licensing for Iraq,3/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG01247, NAC Meeting on Iraq CCC Program,3/5/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01252,Iraq-Financial and Economic Situation,3/8/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01256,〔Requests for Interviews With Iraqi Officials;Facsimile Cover Sheet From Kevin Brosch to Wendy Blank,Memorandum Entitled“Iraq GSM-102/BNL Affair:Request for Meeting With Iraqi Officals,”List of Iraqi Officials,and Draft Letter to Iraqi Ambassador Attached〕,3/13/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG01257,Your Meeting With April C.Glaspie,U.S.Ambassador to Iraq,;on Friday,March 15,at 9:00 p.m.,3/14/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥David W.Lesch, Third Edition:The Middle East and the United States-A Historical and Political Reassessment, p.340.
①IG01307, Lavoro,4/5/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01355, Testimony of Assistant Secretary John H.Kelly Before the;House Foreign Affairs Committee Sub-Committee on Europe and;the Near East:April 26,1990,4/26/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③美国能源部负责技术政策与出口控制的官员,也是国家安全委员会成员。一直调查伊拉克的核计划,但是其递交国务院的备忘录始终不被重视。
④IG01377,Report of Administrative Review of Iraq GSM Program,5/16/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG01372,Iraq, 5/10/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01379, Options Paper on Iraq,5/16/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG01387,USDA Administrative Review of Iraq GSM-102 Program,5/21/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01395,NSC/Deputies Committee Meeting on Iraq,5/24/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01398,NSC Deputies Committee Meeting on Iraq,May 29,1990,White;House Situation Room,4:30 p.m.,5/26/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01395,NSC/Deputies Committee Meeting on Iraq,5/24/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01462,〔Loan Payment Request〕,7/18/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01336,〔Inquiry Into the BNL Affair;Novermber27,1990 Congressional Research Service Translation〕,4/19/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01390,Special Commission on the Case of the Atlanta Branch of the;BNL:;Report of Treasury Minister Carli, 5/22/ 1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01423,Fact-Finding Inquiry on the Case of the Atlanta Branch of;the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro-Second Transcript,6/12/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01427,“U.S. Relations With Iraq”:Statement of Assistant Secretary;John H.Kelly Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,;June 15,1990,6/15/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01482,Meeting Between President Saddam Hussein and the American;Ambassador to Baghdad,7/15/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01493,USDA Suspends Programs to Iraq,8/2/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01586,International Trade:;Iraq’s Participation in U.S. Agricultural Export Programs,11/14/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01504,Conflict-of-Interest Waiver,8/8/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01522,Returning Iraq to the Terrorism List,9/1/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01537,〔Congressional Hearing on BNL-Atlanta〕,9/26/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01557,Report on the Commodity Credit Corporation’s GSM102/103 Export Credit Guarantee Programs and Iraq’s Participation in the Program,10/16/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01556,Congressman Doug Barnard’s Letter,10/16/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01562,Justice Department Investigation of BNL/Iraq,10/19/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG01586,International Trade:;Iraq’s Participation in U.S. Agricultural Export Programs,11/14/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01591,Fact-Finding Inquiry on the Case of the Atlanta Branch of;the Banca Lazionale del Lavoro-Fourth Transcript, 12/5/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01629,Conclusions of the Investigation by the Special Committee on the Matter of the Atlanta Branch of the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro,2/7/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01629,Conclusions of the Investigation by the Special Committee on the Matter of the Atlanta Branch of the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro,2/7/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG01678,Inspection Report Concerning the BNL Atlanta Case,4/10/1991,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①NSDD141,Responding to Escalation in Iran - Iraq War.数据库:FASIRP, available at http:// www. fas.org/ irp/ offdocs/ nsdd/index.html .国家安全指令第141号尚未解密。
②Gates Nomination,Congressional Record,11/7/1991,available at http:// www. fas.org/ irp/ congress/ 1991_ cr/s911107- gates. htm, (December 20,2008).
③IG01884,The Intelligence Community’s Involvement in the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro(BNL)Affair,2/5/1993,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive, p.73.
①伊拉克政府官员,伊中央银行总裁,亚特兰大支行丑闻案被告之一。在被最高法院传讯时神秘死亡在英国。
②IG01593,BNL-Atlanta Investigation,12/10/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG01603,Report of Investigation Concerning Missing Top Secret Documents,12/12/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG01635,Banca Nazionale del Lavoro,2/15/1991,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG01645,United States of America v. Christopher P.Drogoul,Therese;Marcelle Barden,Amedeo DeCarolis,Entrade International;Ltd.,Yavuz Tezeller,Rafidain Bank,Sadik Hasson Taha,;Abdul Munim Rasheed,Raja Hassan Ali,;and SafaHaji Al-Havobi,2/28/1991,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01646, Italian Press Reaction to BNL Indictiments,3/1/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01660〔,Request for National Security Directive 26〕,3/21/1991,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01674,Meeting on Congressional Requests for Information and Documents,4/8/1991,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01687〔,Congressional Review of NSD26〕,4/17/1991,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.根据美国司法审查规程,应该由司法部的立法事务高级官员(Senior Director for Legislative Affairs )来安排对国家安全指令的审查,然后再由国家安全委员会审查解密的整体过程,而在解密外交政策文件的时候是要按照一定的比例的,就是说并不会完全看到整篇的政策文件内容,同时能够看到文件副本的国会议员也必须是少数人。
③共68份出口记录,出口总价值高达10亿美元。
④IG01714,Report on Iraqi Export License Information.Bureau of Export Administration,STD-206-1-0004,6/4/1991,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq,p.214.
①IG01803,〔Attorney General’s Refusal to Provide Congress With Classified Document〕,5/15/1992,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01772,The U.S. Export-Import Bank:No Evidence of Financing Restricted Chemical Exports to Iraq,9/30/1991,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③William Safire.Crimes of Iraqgate,New York Times,New York,N.Y.:May 18,1992,pg.A17.
④Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq,p.225.
①IG01884,The Intelligence Community’s Involvement in the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro(BNL)Affair,2/5/1993,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive. P.109.
②IG01860,United States of America,Plaintiff,v.Christopher P.;Drogoul,Defendant,10/5/1993,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01862,〔Appointment of Special Prosecutor for the BNL Affair〕,10/14/1992,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG01864,〔Appointment of Frederick Lacey as Independent Counsel〕,10/16/1992,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01870,BNL Financed U.S.Export for CondorⅡBallistic Missile and Nuclear Programs,10/27/1992,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01881,Unclassified Summary of the Final Report of the Office of; Inspector General Investigation of CIA's Handling of;BNL-Related Matters,1/14/1993,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01884,The Intelligence Community’s Involvement in the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro(BNL)Affair,2/5/1993,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Davina Miller, Export or Die-Britain’s Defense Trade with Iran and Iraq, p.147.
①IG01815,United States of America, Plaintiff, vs. Christopher P.; Drogoul, Defendant,6/2/1992,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01860,United States of America, Plaintiff, v. Christopher P.; Drogoul, Defendant,10/5/1992,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01905,United States of America, Plaintiff, v. Amedeo DeCarolis and Therese Marcelle Barden, Defendants; United States of America, Plaintiff, v. Leigh Ann New, Defendant; United States of America, Plaintiff, v. Paul Von Wedel, Defendant; United States of America, Plaintiff, v. Thomas Mobely Fiebelkorn, Defendant,8/23/1993,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01907,Christopher P. Drogoul,9/2/1993,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01913,BNL Task Force-Final Report,10/21/1994,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②The Simmering Scandal,available at http://www.parascope.com/articles/1196/iraq3.htm, (Feb 12,2009)
①IG00845,Export-Import Financing for Iraq,4/10/1989,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00949,〔Congressional Support for U.S./Iraq Joint Venture〕,9/4/1989,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01187.Today’s Meeting on Iraq Policy,1/3/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01194.Thinking About a Policy for Iraq,1/12/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01194,Thinking About a Policy for Iraq,1/12/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Arch
②IG01220,Possible Iraqi Missile and Nuclear-Related Procurement,2/12/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01228,Iraqi Central Bank Loans Director Seeks More U.S. Business, More U.S. Loans,2/15/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④David W.Lesch, Third Edition:The Middle East and the United States-A Historical and Political Reassessment, p.339.
①IG01293,U.S. Nuclear Export Policy Towards Iraq,4/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①David W.Lesch: Third Edition:The Middle East and the United States-A Historical and Political Reassessment.p.341.
②IG01315,[State Department Opposition to Congressional Sanctions Against Iraq],4/10/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01489,PCC [Policy Coordinating Committee]; on Protection of U.S. Interests in the Persian Gulf,7/26/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01351,Missile Technology Control Regime: Support of Iraqi Missile Program,4/26/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③David W.Lesch, Third Edition:The Middle East and the United States-A Historical and Political Reassessment,p.342.
④IG01427,"U.S. Relations With Iraq": Statement of Assistant Secretary; John H. Kelly Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,;,6/15/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01451,Nonproliferation Initiative for Iraq,7/10/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②这种为导弹服务的领域包括经济、金融、保险、运输、仓储以及导弹设备技术领域。
③IG01451,Nonproliferation Initiative for Iraq,7/10/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01458,Trade With Iraq; Brief for Minister (DP) [Defense; Procurement] for the Foreign Secretary's Meeting on 19 July,7/17/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01475,U.S. Reaction to Iraqi Threats in the Gulf,7/24/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01466,Foreign Policy Controls for Proliferation-Related Exports to Iraq,7/19/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01482,Meeting Between President Saddam Hussein and the American; Ambassador to Baghdad,7/25/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Ibid.
③IG01486,[Requests Commerce Department to Implement Export Controls; Transcription Attached],7/25/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01507,Your Memo of 14 August to Bob Mantel: U.S. Exports to Iraq,8/14/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Ibid.
③IG01514,Iraq Sanctions Implementation, No. 12,8/22/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG01520,Implementation of Iraq Sanctions (No. 18),8/30/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01521,Countering Iraqi Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Gulf; Crisis and Beyond,9/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①韩志斌:从盟友到仇敌:美国和萨达姆的伊拉克,大庆师范学院学报,2007年第1期,第24页。
②高祖贵主编:《全球变局:美国与伊拉克》,北京:时事出版社2003年版,第17页。
①高祖贵主编:《全球变局:美国与伊拉克》,第376页。
②Doc16 ,The White House, "President Bush Outlines Iraqi Threat", Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction.数据库:NSAEBB.http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, 10/7/2002.
③“伊拉克门”调查拉开战幕, availible at http://www.people.com.cn/GB/guoji/14549/1931697.html, (June 6, 2003).
④Doc7 ,United Nations, Note by the Secretary General, Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction.数据库:NSAEBB ,http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (June 6, 2003).
⑤Doc15, Director of Central Intelligence,National Intelligence Estimate,Iraq’s Contining Programs for Weapons of Mass Destruction,10/2002.Top Secret(Extract),Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction.数据库:NSAEBB ,http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (June 6, 2003).
①Doc11, UK Joint Intelligence Committee, Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Assessment of the British Government, Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction ,数据库:NSAEBB.http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (June 6, 2003).
②Doc14 ,CIA, Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs, Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction,数据库:NSAEBB .http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (June 6, 2003).
③Doc16"PresidentBushOutlinesIraqiThreat",数据库:NSAEBB .http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (July, 2003).
④Doc. 34, House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee, The Decision to go to War in Iraq: Ninth Report of Session 2002-03.Volume I, London: The Stationary Office Limited, 7/2003, Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction,数据库:NSAEBB .http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (July, 2003).
⑤The Independent on Sunday, Washington Post, 12 June 2003.
⑥President Bush delivers‘State of the Union’,available at http:// www. whitehouse. gov/news/ releases/ 2003/01/ 20030128- 19. html, (Feb, 2003).
⑦Doc15,NIE,Iraq’s Continuing Programs for Weapons of Mass Destruction,10/2002,Top Secret(Extract),Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction.数据库:NSAEBB .http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (July, 2003).
①Doc27,Colin L.Powell,Remarks to the United Nations Security Council,2/5/2003,Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction,数据库:NSAEBB .http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (July, 2003).
②Doc24,Dr.Mohammed ElBaradei,The Status of Nuclear Inspections in Iraq,1/27/2003, Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction,数据库:NSAEBB .http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (July, 2003).
③Doc30, Dr.Hans Blix,Briefing of the Security Council,2/14/2003, Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction.数据库:NSAEBB .http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (July, 2003).
④Joseph Cirincione,Jessica T.Matthews,and George Perkovich,WMD in Iraq:evidence and implications,Washington,D.C.:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,2004,p.55.
⑤根据UN1441号决议,核查小组要在60天内给出关于伊拉克WMD情况的总结报告,这一报告将在很大程度上决定伊拉克的命运。瞭望新闻周刊编辑部.联合国通过1441号决议.瞭望新闻周刊, 2002年12月30日第52期.
⑥Doc23, Hans Blix,An Update on Inspection,1/27/2003, Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction.数据库:NSAEBB .http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (July, 2003).
⑦王波:《“千面文章”各取所需-“27日报告”后的美国动向》,《瞭望新闻周刊》, 2003年2月3日第56期.
①“The Teicher Affidavit: Iraqgate”, the sworn court declaration of former NSC official Howard Teicher . United States District Court Southern District of Florida,available at http://www.webcom.com/~lpease/collections/hidden/teicher.htm, (Feb,2003).
②Doc 4 ,Central Intelligence Agency, Prewar Status of Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction, Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction.数据库:NSAEBB .http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (July, 2003).
③Doc4, George Bush, National Security Directive 54, Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf. Operation Desert Storm Ten Years After,数据库:NSAEBB .http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (July, 2003).
④Doc12 ,Defense Intelligence Agency,Iraq-Key WMD Facilities-An Operational Support Study,9/2002, Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction,数据库:NSAEBB .http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (July, 2003).
⑤忻华:《从‘双重遏制’到‘区别遏制’》,《世界经济研究》2003年第5期,第33页。
①John Murray Clearwater, Johnson, McNamara, and the Birth of SALT and the ABM Treaty 1963-1969,available at http:// www.dissertation.com/library/1120621,(Dec,2003).
②Doc16,"PresidentBushOutlinesIraqiThreat",数据库:NSAEBB .http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (July, 2003).
③Douglas Feith,“Remarks to the Center for Strategic and International Studies,”Washington, available at http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/2003/tr20030707-0362.html, (July7,2003).
①Report of Near East Regional Conference in Cairo, 16 March 1950, FRUS, 1950, vol.5: Near East, South Asia, and Africa (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1978), pp.3-4.
②林珏:《战后美国对外贸易政策研究》,昆明:云南大学出版社1995年8月,第294页。
①IG00204, Sale of Non-Munitions List Armor to Iraq, 6/1/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01913,BNL Task Force--Final Report,10/21/1994,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00017,Space Research Corporation: Text of Washington Post Article,8/5/1979,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Ibid.
③Mark Phythian, Arming Iraq:How the U.S. and Britain Secretly Built Saddam’s War Machine,p.43.
①IG01913,BNL Task Force--Final Report,10/21/1994,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01871, Approved Licenses to Iraq,10/27/1992,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01438,Tough Iraqi Negotiators Getting Tougher,6/25/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②William Safire, The Mosaic of Cover-up In the Iraqgate Caper, San Francisco Chronicle, Monday, June 29, 1992,世界各国报纸全文数据库Access World News.
①William Safire, Bush Digs Himself Deeper Into the Iraqgate Hole, San Francisco Chronicle, Tuesday, July 7, 1992,世界各国报纸全文数据库Access World News.
②Davina Miller, Export or Die:Britain’s Defence Trade with Iran and Iraq,pxiv.
①田文林,美国的中东战略及其历史命运,availible at http://blog.china.com.cn/art/show.do?dn=tianwenlin&id=1576&agMode=1&com.trs.idm.gSessionId=CE0AAA76C3DB8B3A1A4AE1D7EDE65948. (Feb,16,2009).
①IG00761, Guidelines for U.S.-Iraq Policy,1/20/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①Tim Weiner, Iraq Uses Techniques in Spying Against Its Former Tutor, the U.S, available at http:// www. jonathanpollard. org/ 1991/020591.htm. (Feb.22,2009).
②张丽娟:《美国商务外交策略》,北京:经济科学出版社2005年7月,第94页。
③IG01586, International Trade:; Iraq's Participation in U.S. Agricultural Export Programs,11/14/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①韩志斌:《“新战略”与美国在伊拉克的困境》,《国际论坛》,2007年第3期,第62页。
②Bruce W.Jentleson, With Friends Like These: Reagan, Bush and Saddam, 1982-1990, W W Norton & Co Inc press,1995, p.195.
①Robert S.Boynton&Paul Tough, Iraqgate:The Making of an Investigation.Harper’s Magazine, New York:Jan 1993.Vol.286,p.59.
②王克东:《小布什对伊拉克和伊朗的遏制政策》,《攀枝花学院学报》,2004年第21卷第3期,第18页。
[1] DDRS (Declassified Documents Reference System, Copyright by Thomson Gale) www.galegroup.com/psm/ www.ddrs.psmedia.com
[2] DNSA (Digital National Security Archive, Data Copyright ? 2003 The National Security Archive; Software Copyright ? 2003 ProQuest Information and Learning Company) www.proquestchina.com
[3] UMI ProQuest– Digital Dissertations www.proquestumi.com
[1] http://www.npc.org美国国家石油委员会网址。
[2] http://www.commerce.gov美国商务部网址
[3] http://opencrs.com美国国会研究署Congressional Research Service
[4] http://usiraq.procon.org美国伊拉克专题研究在线US - Iraq ProCon.org
[5] http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/acda美国裁军军控处U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
[6] http://www.acronym.org.uk/docs/index.ht美国裁军文件汇编U.S.Disarmament Documentation
[7] http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/index.html.美国科学家联盟情报资源数据库Federation American Scientist Intelligence Resource Program
[8] http://www.mideasti.org美国中东研究所The Middle East Institute
[9] http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~mideast哈佛大学中东研究中心Harvard U. Center for Middle East Studies
[10]http://www.sipa.columbia.edu/mei哥伦比亚大学中东研究所Columbia U. The Middle East Institute
[11]http://iwaas.cass.cn社会科学院西亚非洲研究所
[12]http://mainpage.nwu.edu.cn西北大学中东研究所
[13]http://www.sh-mideast.cn上海外国语大学中东研究所
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[1] All Things Considered《时事纵观》[N]
[2] Atlanta Journal-Constitution《亚特兰大宪章报》[N]
[3] Boston Globe《波士顿全球报》[N]
[4] Chicago Tribune《芝加哥论坛报》[N]
[5] Dallas Morning《达拉斯早报》[N]
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[7] National Review《国家评论》[J]
[8] New Statesman & Society《新政治家与社会》[J]
[9] New York Times《纽约时报》[N]
[10]San Francisco Chronicle《旧金山纪事报》[N]
[11]The Economist《经济学人》[J]
[12]The Middle East Journal《中东研究杂志》[J]
[13]The New Republic《新共和》[J]
[14]U.S. News & World Report《美国新闻与世界报道》[J]
[15]Washington Post《华盛顿邮报》[N]
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①转引自胡国成主编,《透视美国:近年来中国的美国研究》,北京:中国社会科学出版社2002年4月,第125页。
①Mark Phythian, Arming Iraq:How the U.S. and Britain Secretly Built Saddam’s War Machine, Boston:Northeastern University Press ,1997, p.70.
②Davina Miller, Export or Die:Britain’s Defence Trade with Iran and Iraq,London:Wellington House, 1996,p.73.
③Mark Phythian, Arming Iraq:How the U.S. and Britain Secretly Built Saddam’s War Machine, p.76.
①Davina Miller, Export or Die:Britain’s Defence Trade with Iran and Iraq, p.167.
①阚雅晗,洪明,《国内外研究美国对中东政策述评》,《西亚北非》2006年第5期,第68页。
②Dennis Ross, Acting with Caution:Middle East Policy for the Second Reagan Administration, available at http:// arabic. washingtoninstitute. org/print.php?template=C04&CID=100&portal=ar(November 12,2008).
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④作者是阿富汗裔美国人。在美国华盛顿东西方国际关系项目研究中心(East-West Center’s International Relations Program)做研究。
①David W.Lesch, The Middle East and the United States: A Historical and Political Reassessment, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1999.
①David W.Lesch, The Middle East and the United States: A Historical and Political Reassessment, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1999.
②Available at http://www.perseusbooksgroup.com/perseus/book_detail.jsp?isbn=0813339405 (April 18,2008).
③阚雅晗,洪明:《国内外研究美国对中东政策述评》,《西亚北非》,2006年第5期,第70页。
⑤Available at http://trade.gov/iraq/index.asp (April 18,2008).
①Alfonse D'Amato, Former US Senator (R-NY), stated on PBS' Sep. 11, 1990 Frontline broadcast, available at http:// usiraq. procon.org/viewanswers.asp?questionID=000899 (Jan12,2008).
②14篇论文的论文集。分成了两个部分来探讨两伊战争的战略、政治、外交以及萨达姆的阿拉伯世界同霍梅尼的伊斯兰政府之间冲突的合法性。其中涉及的问题包括战争的起因、交战国的目的、以色列的角色以及美苏的政策,还谈到了联合国和国际法的角色。书中的论文主要围绕两伊战争的政治、安全和外交尺度展开论述。
③美国学术界将两伊战争和海湾战争统称为海湾战争,分成第一次海湾战争和第二次海湾战争。
④Christopher C. Joyner, The Persian Gulf War: Lessons for Strategy, Law, and Diplomacy, Westport: Greenwood Press, 1990.
⑤1993年-1995年任中央情报局局长,现在华盛顿近东政策研究所研究伊拉克政策和美国能源政策。
⑥James Woolsey, Former director of the CIA, on Apr. 2, 2003 stated the following at a teach-in at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), available at http://usiraq.procon.org/viewanswers.asp?questionID=000899(Jan12,2008).
①James A. Paul, Iraq: the Struggle for Oil, Global Policy Forum, Dec.2003,available at http:// www. globalpolicy. org/ security/ oil/2002/08jim.htm (Dec10,2008).
②Availible at http://www.bayphase.com/products/iraq.php?gclid=CKaH5_vawJkCFYMvpAodVVTeJQ (Dec10,2008).
③Stephen Pelletiere,Iraq and the International Oil System: Why America Went to War in the Gulf,New York: Praeger Publishers ,2001.
④Stephen Pelletiere,America's Oil Wars,New York: Praeger Publishers ,2004.
⑤Larry Everest, Oil, Power, & Empire: Iraq and the U.S. Global Agenda, Monroe, Maine:Common Courage Press , 2003.
⑥伊拉克人。曾在欧佩克担任顾问,现在美国中东研究协会担任主席。
①Abbas Alnasrawi, The Economy of Iraq: Oil, Wars, Destruction of Development and Prospectus, 1950-2010, Westport: Greenwood Press ,1994。
②1966年成立,私人非盈利性研究机构,现在是美国国家安全委员会地区研究局(Area Studies Associations)的一个组成部分。剑桥大学委托该机构出版了杂志《国际中东研究》(International Journal of Middle East Studies ,IJMES)。
③April Glaspie ,A cable news station, on Mar. 21, 1991 reported the following from a summary of testimony from, former US Ambassador to Iraq, before two congressional committees, available at http:// usiraq. procon. org/ viewanswers. asp? questionID= 000905 (Dec 15,2008).
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①Key Gulf War Illness Studies and Reports, available at http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/oversight/appdix_f.htm .(April 13.2008).
②Mark Phythian, Arming Iraq:How the U.S. and Britain Secretly Built Saddam’s War Machine, Boston:Northeastern University Press ,1997.
③Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq, New York: Challian Inc.and John Fielding,1993.
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②军事教育研究图书馆网络availible at http://merln.ndu.edu/index.cfm .
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②Phoebe Marr, The Modern History of Iraq, Boulder: Westview Press, 2003.
③Charles Tripp, A History of Iraq, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
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③Diane B.Kunz, Butter and Guns:America’s Cold War Economic Diplomacy, New York: The Free Press, p.5.
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③Mark Phythian, Arming Iraq:How the U.S. and Britain Secretly Built Saddam’s War Machine, Boston:Northeastern University Press ,1997, p.5.
④http://www.npc.org美国国家石油委员会网址。
⑤赵伟明著:《中东问题与美国中东政策》,北京:时事出版社2006年5月版,第12页。
②Alan R.Taylor,The Superpowers and the Middle East, New York: Syracuse University Press,1991, p.59.
④Alan R.Taylor,The Superpowers and the Middle East, p. 71.
⑤Alan R.Taylor,The Superpowers and the Middle East, p. 72.
①Camille Mansour,Beyond Alliance:Israel in U.S.Foreign Policy, New York:Columbia University Press,1994,p.190.
②转引自赵伟明著:《中东问题与美国中东政策》,北京:时事出版社2006年版,第12页。
①Dilip Hiro, Iraq: In the Eye of the Storm, New York:Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2002, p.157.剩余的6%由一个葡萄牙公司拥有。
②张士智、赵慧杰著:《美国中东关系史》,中国社会科学出版社1993年版,第121页。
③IG00001,Near East: Iraqi Atomic Energy Program, 8/10/1959,数据库:Digital National Security Archive , ProQuestInc & National Security Archive.
②IG00003,Establishment of a U.S. Interests Section in the Belgian Embassy in Baghdad, 4/26/1967,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00004, Kurdish Representative’s Call on State Department,9/5/1973,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Geoff Simons, Iraq: from Summer to Post-Saddam,Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire and London: The Macmillan Press LTD, 1994, p.318.
③IG00005,U.S.-West; German Consortium Wins Major Petrochemicals Project, 2/28/1976,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④杨兴礼、冀开运、陈俊华:《伊朗与美国关系研究》,时事出版社2006年版,第49页。
①Alan R.Taylor, The Superpowers and the Middle East, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1991, p.145.
②Kenneth R.Timmerman, The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq,New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991, p.74.
③孙德刚:浅析约翰逊政府时期美以特殊关系的基础,《世界民族》2004年02期,第14页。
④Kenneth R.Timmerman, The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991, p.77.
①施瓦·巴拉吉:《萨达姆传》,北京:国际文化出版公司2007年版,第91页。
②Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq. New York: Challian Inc.and John Fielding,1993, p.5.
③IG00020,Naval Engine Sales to Iraq,3/28/1980,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00022,Congressional Opposition to Sale of Turbine Engines to Italy; Draft Letter from Congress to the President Attached,4/30/1980,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤1979年美国国会通过的法案。建立了规范双重用途物资、潜在敏感品、软件、计算机和技术出口的法律框架。冷战期间主要关注双重用途物资出口问题。http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/secrecy/RL31832.pdf .
①IG00023,Statement of Deane R. Hinton: Assistant Secretary for; Economic and Business Affairs--Before the Subcommittee on; Europe and the Middle East and International Economic Policy; and Trade of the House Foreign Affairs Committee,5/14/1980,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00023,Statement of Deane R. Hinton: Assistant Secretary for; Economic and Business Affairs-Before the Subcommittee on; Europe and the Middle East and International Economic Policy; and Trade of the House Foreign Affairs Committee: May14,;1980,5/14/1980,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史》,北京:世界知识出版社1994年版,第835页。
②IG00045,Prospects for DAS(Deputy Assistant Secretary);Draper’s Visit To Baghdad,4/4/1981,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00047,Meeting in Baghdad with Foreign Minister Hammadi,4/12/1981,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00061,Proposed Exchange,9/18/1981,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00061,Proposed Exchange,9/18/1981,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①Michael N. Beard, United States Foreign Military Sales Strategy: Coalition Building or Protecting the Defense Industrial,https://www.afresearch.org/skins/rims/q .
③IG00064,Legal Authority for the Transfer of Arms Incidental to Intelligence Collection,10/2/1981,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00348,United States-Iraqi Relations,7/30/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③1984年对《出口援助法》15C.F.R.第385.4条的补充条款涉及到美国大规模杀伤性武器政策,因此在本论文第三章第三节第一部分有详细论证。
④IG00260,Legislative History,P.L.99-64:;Export Administration Amendments of 1985,6/27/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00260,Legislative History,P.L.99-64:;Export Administration Amendments of 1985,6/27/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00230,Reply to Representative Berman’s Letter Regarding Export of Bell Helicopters to Iraq,12/6/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③合同内容主要是向伊朗提供50枚长矛(Lance)导弹,40枚泰普勒(Tampella)榴弹炮,3750个铜斑蛇(copperhead)制导炮弹,68枚秃鹰导弹。
④IG00134,Allegations in French Press of Israeli Sales of U.S. Arms to Iran, 8/19/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00075,25 Agu「August」Solarz Interview With Saddam Husayn;「Hussein」,8/25/1982,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00085,Sale of Hughes Helicopters to Iraq,12/16/1982,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00090,Iraq: Did Department Give Go-Ahead to Hughes?,12/29/1982,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00103,Your Meeting with Iraqi Minister of State Dr. Saddoun;Hammadi,February 14,1983,at 2:30-3:00 p.m,2/7/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00117, Letter of Intention, 3/30/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③米-24(Mi-24)武装直升机是前苏联米里直升机设计局设计的苏联第一代专用武装直升机。
④IG00118,Possible Acquisition Opportunity-Action Memorandum,4/11/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00124, Militarization of Hughes Helicopters,6/8/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00139, Iran-Iraq War:Analysis of Possible U.S.Shift from;Position of Strict Neutrality,10/7/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑦Mark Phythian, Arming Iraq-How the U.S. and Britain Secretly Built Saddam’s War Machine, Boston:Northeastern University Press,1997. p.34.
①IG00153,Talking Points for Amb「Ambassador」; Rumsfeld’s Meeting With Tariq; Aziz and Saddam Huessin, 12/14/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00153,Talking Points for Amb「Ambassador」; Rumsfeld’s Meeting With Tariq; Aziz and Saddam Huessin, 12/14/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00153,Talking Points for Amb「Ambassador」; Rumsfeld’s Meeting With Tariq; Aziz and Saddam Huessin, 12/14/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00154,Rumsfeld’s Larger Meeting With Iraqi Deputy PM「Prime;Minister」and FM「Foreign Minister」Tariz「Tariq」Aziz, December 19, 12/20/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00156,Rumsfeld Mission; December 20 Meeting With Iraqi President; Saddam Hussein,12/21/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00157,Rusfeld One-on-One Meeting with Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister;and Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz,12/21/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00165,Staunching the Flow of Arms to Iran-Military Addee Handle as Specat Exclusive,1/21/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②施瓦·巴拉吉:《萨达姆传》,北京:国际文化出版公司2007年版,第234页。
③IG00348,United States-Iraqi Relations,7/30/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00072,Report of Alleged U.S. Arms Supplies to Iraq Via; Egypt-Possible Items on the Agenda for MINDEF「Minister of;Defense」;Sharon’s;Visit,5/24/1982,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00075,25 Agu「August」Solarz Interview With Saddam Husayn;「Hussein」,8/25/1982,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00128,France to Lend Iraq Five Super-Etendard Aircraft,6/24/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④Mark Phythian, Arming Iraq:How the U.S. and Britain Secretly Built Saddam’s War Machine, p.32.
①IG00139,Iran-Iraq War:Analysis of Possible U.S.Shift from;Position of Strict Neutrality,10/7/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00184,Iran-Iraq War:U.S.Responses to Escalation Scenarios and;Threats to Persian Gulf States, 3/20/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00139,Iran-Iraq War:Analysis of Possible U.S.Shift from;Position of Strict Neutrality,10/7/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00168, Easing Restrictions on Exports to Iraq,1/30/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00139, Iran-Iraq War:Analysis of Possible U.S.Shift from;Position of Strict Neutrality,10/7/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00184, Iran-Iraq War:U.S.Responses to Escalation Scenarios and;Threats to Persian Gulf States, 3/20/1984,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00139, Iran-Iraq War:Analysis of Possible U.S.Shift from;Position of Strict Neutrality,10/7/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③Ibid.
④IG00184, Iran-Iraq War:U.S.Responses to Escalation Scenarios and;Threats to Persian Gulf States, 3/20/1984,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00139, Iran-Iraq War:Analysis of Possible U.S.Shift from;Position of Strict Neutrality,10/7/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00184,Iran-Iraq War:U.S.Responses to Escalation Scenarios and;Threats to Persian Gulf States, 3/20/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑦IG00139, Iran-Iraq War:Analysis of Possible U.S.Shift from;Position of Strict Neutrality,10/7/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq. New York: Challian Inc.and John Fielding.1993, p.25.
②杨兴礼、冀开运、陈俊华:《伊朗与美国关系研究》,北京:时事出版社2006年版,第64-65页。
③IG00165,Staunching the Flow of Arms to Iran-Military Addee Handle as Specat Exclusive,1/21/1984,数据库:DNSA,ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00205,U.S. Export Policy Toward Iran,6/5/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②张士智,赵慧杰:《美国中东关系史》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1993年版,第356页。
③IG00258, [Forwarding Draft NSDD on Iran and Caspar Weinberger's Comments],6/19/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00261,U.S. Policy Toward Iran;Comment on Draft NSDD,6/29/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00265,U.S. Policy Toward Iran,7/13/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥转引自张士智,赵慧杰:《美国中东关系史》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1993年版,第358页。
①IG00300,Milestones.DNSA,1/17/1986.数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②根据秘密文件,这种装置是能够被用在发射“陶”式导弹的导弹发射器上的一种重要的装置。
③IG00301,Covert Action Finding Regarding Iran,1/17/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④Mark Phythian, Arming Iraq-How the U.S. and Britain Secretly Built Saddam’s War Machine, p.40.
⑤IG00302,Present Status in Saga Regarding the Movement of TOW Missiles,1/25/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00388,Arms Sales to Iraq and Iran.1/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00306〔,Under Secretary Schneider’s Meeting With Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister Ramadan〕,2/6/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00347,USG〔U.S. Government〕;Support for Iraq During the War,7/26/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③CIA Back Iraq During Iran-Iraq War, Washington Post,12/5/1986,数据库:Access World News(世界各国报纸全文库), available at http://infoweb.newsbank.com/.
④IG00383,U.S. Intelligence for Iraq,12/15/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤[美]亨利?基辛格:大外交,海口:海南出版社1997年版,第773页。
⑥田文林:美国的中东战略及其历史命运,availible at http://blog.china.com.cn/art/show.do?dn=tianwenlin&id.
⑦[美]亨利?基辛格:大外交,海口:海南出版社1997年版,第4页。
①IG00367, State Department Summation of the Problems Generated by Exposure of the Iran Initiative,11/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00369,U.S. Policy on Iran,11/5/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00371,Meeting on November 10,1986,With the President,Vice;President,Secretary Shultz,DCI Casey,Attorney General;Meese,Don Regan,Admiral Poindexter,and Al Keel,in the;Oval Office,11/10/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00374,Saudis and Iran,11/17/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00401,Emergency Assistance for the Middle East,1/21/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00404,U.S. Policy on Third-Country Transfers of U.S.Arms to Iraq,2/4/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00423,Iraqis Repulse“Karabala X”,4/27/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00380,U.S.-Iraqi Relations:Picking Up the Pieces,12/5/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④Ibid.
⑤IG00382,〔Export Licenses for Iraq;Cover Memo From Arnold Raphel to Michael Armacost Attached〕,12/12/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑦北京太平洋国际战略研究所:《应对危机—美国国家安全决策机制》,北京:时事出版社,2001年版,第347页。
⑧“祈求螳螂”作战揭秘两伊战争中美伊大海战, available at http://news.china.com/zh_cn/history/all/11025807/20060519/13331979_1.html. (Jan22,2008)
①IG00399.Iran-Iraq,1/21/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00383,U.S.Intelligence for Iraq,12/15/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq, pp.39-42.
⑥“祈求螳螂”作战揭秘两伊战争中美伊大海战,availible at http:// news. china. com/zh_ cn/ history/ all/11025807/20060519/13331979_1.html.(Jan22,2008).
①IG00559,Proposed Military Training for Iraqi Officers,4/25/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00702,Administration Position on Proposed Iraq Sanctions,11/18/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01243,Licensing for Iraq,3/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②民主党参议员,1978年担任参议院规则委员会主席,1987年担任国会外交事务委员会主席。
③IG00657,Background and Summary of Iraqi Sanctions Legislation,9/22/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④Ibid.
①IG00657,Background and Summary of Iraqi Sanctions Legislation,9/22/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00669,〔＄300 Million Medium-Term Loan for Iraq’s Ministry of Industry and Military Production;Loan Agreement and Handwritten Draft Attached〕,10/6/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00679,U.S.-Iraqi Relations:Implications of Passage of Economic Sanctions Bill,10/18/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①.IG00702.Administrations Position on Proposed Iraq Sanctions,11/12/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive
②IG00739,Export-Import Financing for Iraq,12/29/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00761,Guidelines for U.S.-Iraq Policy,1/20/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00828,Meeting With Iraqi Under Secretary Nizar Hamdun,March 24,;1989 at 2:00 p.m.,3/23/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00761,Guidelines for U.S.-Iraq Policy,1/20/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③斯塔克被袭事件后,美国一直要求伊拉克政府出台一份对美道歉声明,答应美国的各种要求。伊拉克政府除了同意赔偿外,拒绝发表声明以及其他要求。
④IG00761,Guidelines for U.S.-Iraq Policy,1/20/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑦IG00761,Guidelines for U.S.-Iraq Policy,1/20/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00761,Guidelines for U.S.-Iraq Policy,1/20/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00828, Meeting With Iraqi Under Secretary Nizar Hamdun,March 24,;1989 at 2:00 p.m.,3/23/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00893.U.S.-Iraq Business Forum:Meeting With Saddam Hussein,6/11/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00949,〔Congressional Support for U.S./Iraq Joint Venture〕,8/4/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00973,Foreign Economic Trends and Their Implications for the;United States:Iraq,9/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01035,U.S. Policy Toward the Persian Gulf,10/2/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01184,Proposed U.S.-Iraq Military Initiatives,1/3/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01041,Meeting With Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz,Henry Clay;Room,Friday,October 6,2:00 p.m.,10/4/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01080, Message From the Secretary to Tariq Aziz,10/21/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①于群主编:《美国国家安全与冷战战略》,北京:社会科学出版社2006年,第186-187页。
③Alan R.Taylor, The Superpowers and the Middle East. New York: Syracuse University Press, 1991, p.136.
④И.В.Быстрова,Советскийвоенно-промышленныйкомплекс:проблемыстановленияиразвития(1930-1980-егоды)..М.,ИнститутроссийскойисторииРАН2006с.373.
⑥Talal Nizameddin, Russia and the Middle East. New York:St.Martin’s Press.1999, p.39.
⑦И.В.Быстрова,Советскийвоенно-промышленныйкомплекс:проблемыстановленияиразвития(1930-1980-егоды).М.,ИнститутроссийскойисторииРАН2006с.394.
①牛军:《冷战时期苏联对第三世界的政策》,2005年9月2日,availible at http://niujun.coldwarchina.com. (April9,2008).
②Geoff Simons, Iraq: from Summer to Post-Saddam, Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire and London :The Macmillan Press LTD, 1994, p.317.
③Lewis Sorley:Arms Transfers under Nixon:A policy Analysis.Lexington:University Press of Kentucky,copyright1983, p.163.
④Cindy Cannizzo(ed), The Gun Merchants:Politics and Policies of the Major Arms Suppliers,New York:Pergamon Press,1980, pp.24-45.
⑤IG00057.Chemical and Biological Warfare Capabilities—Middle East Countries,8/10/1981,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②万光:美国全球战略中的中东和海湾,《西亚非洲》,1991年第2期,第56页。
④知远:伊拉克核计划的实施, available at http://mil.news.sohu.com. (May4,2008).
⑥IG00052,Israeli Raid on Iraqi Nuclear Faculty,6/9/1981,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑦IG00051,Attack on Iraqi Nuclear Facility,6/8/1981,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑧IG00016,French Research Reactor (Osirak) Sale to Iraq, 4/11/1979,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & NationalSecurity Archive.
①IG00047,Meetings in Baghdad with Foreign Minister Hammadi,4/12/1981,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Ibid.
③这些飞机后来在1983年10月运到伊拉克并在两年后因为贷款期限被返还给法国。
④Geoff Simons, Iraq: from Summer to Post-Saddam. Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire and London:The Macmillan Press LTD, 1994, p.321.
⑤Kenneth R.Timmerman,The Death Lobby:How the West Armed Iraq,New York.Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company ,1991,p.71.
⑥Kenneth R.Timmerman,The Death Lobby:How the West Armed Iraq ,p.71. Ibid.
①Kenneth R.Timmerman,The Death Lobby:How the West Armed Iraq ,p.73.
②IG01542,The Grey Arms Market: Methods of Maintaining Covert Business Relationships,10/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③该报告是国会研究署(Congressional Research Service)提供的研究成果,该机构专门为国会提供立法的分析和研究,并在国会成员的要求下提供相应信息和研究成果。
④IG00348,United States-Iraqi Relations,7/30/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①韩德强:石油与美国中东战略, available at http://www.tecn.cn/data/24063.html (July 6,2008).
①IG00335,Foreign Economic Trends and Their Implications for the;United States-Irag「Iraq」, 6/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00139, Iran-Iraq War:Analysis of Possible U.S.Shift from;Position of Strict Neutrality, 10/7/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②NSDD114 ,US Policy Toward Iran - Iraq War. 11/26/1983,美国科学家联盟情报资源数据库(Federation American Scientist Intelligence Resource Program, hereafter cited as FASIRP), available at http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/index.html.
③IG00184, Iran-Iraq War:U.S.Responses to Escalation Scenarios and;Threats to Persian Gulf States, 3/20/1984,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00184, Iran-Iraq War:U.S.Responses to Escalation Scenarios and;Threats to Persian Gulf States, 3/20/1984,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00369, U.S.Policy on Iran , 11/5/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00184,Iran-Iraq War:U.S.Responses to Escalation Scenarios and;Threats to Persian Gulf States , 3/20/1984,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④位于约旦西南沿海亚喀巴湾的顶端东侧,是约旦唯一的海港,也是一个中转港口。南部接壤沙特,北部隔红海与以色列南端的埃拉特遥遥相望。
⑤IG00162,Meeting with Tariq Aziz:Expanding Iraq’s Oil Export;Facilities , 1/3/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥Ibid.
⑦位于伊拉克西部安巴拉省,西北距离巴格达240公里,是重要的能源重镇,通过哈迪塞大坝水力发电为当地炼油厂供电。
⑧这个小型石油管道计划由布朗—鲁特(Brown&Root)公司同伊拉克之间签订了共建合同。
①IG00206,Status of Iraqi Export Pipelines,6/12/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00206,Status of Iraqi Export Pipelines ,6/12/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00211,Eximbank Offers to Help Finance Iraq-Jordan Oil Pipeline ,6/25/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③Kenneth R.Timmerman, The Death Lobby:How the West Armed Iraq, New York:Houghton Mifflin Company,1991, p.218.
⑦Part seven,US financial assistance for Hussein in the 1980s,The diplomacy of imperialism: Iraq and US foreign policy, available at http://www.wsws.org/articles/2004/mar2004/iraq-m26.shtml,December1,2008.
⑧舒先林:《美国中东石油战略的经济机制及启示》,《世界经济与政治论坛》,2005年第1期,第87页。
①杨光:《美国的中东石油外交》,《国际经济评论》,2003年第5-6期,第33页。
②IG00335,Foreign Economic Trends and Their Implications for the;United States-Irag「Iraq」,6/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00168, Easing Restrictions on Exports to Iraq ,1/30/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00324, U.S. Heavy Trucks for Iraq ,4/22/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00203, U.S. Dual-Use Exports to Iraq:Specific Actions,5/9/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①贝尔原是美国一家生产直升机的公司,后因财政困境于1960年被德事隆集团收购。
②IG00223, Prospective Helicopter Sale to Iraq ,10/17/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00225, Export of Bell Helicopters to Iraq ,11/13/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00230,〔Reply to Representative Berman’s Letter Regarding Export of Bell Helicopters to Iraq〕,12/6/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00231, Prospective Helicopter Sale to Iraq,12/7/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00079,〔Request Ruling on Status of Zirconium Under ITAR;Teledyne Zirconium Brochures Not Attached〕,10/8/1982,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑦IG00105,〔Cluster Bomb Pricing for Iraq〕,2/11/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑧IG00098,〔Exclusion of Zirconium From United States Munitions List〕,1/24/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑨Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq, New York: Challian Inc.and John Fielding,1993, p.54.
①NSDD99, US Security Strategy for near East and South Asia, 7/1983,数据库:FASIRP, available at http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/index.html .
②IG00262, High Technology Dual-Use Export to Iraq ,7/1/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00306,〔Under Secretary Schneider’s Meeting With Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister Ramadan〕,2/6/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④Ibid.
⑤IG00263,Iraq-PC Request No.6062. ,7/5/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①核出口控制协调小组本来是级别较低的内部委员会,但是由国防部、商业部、国务院和能源部的高级官员组成。负责协调美国各部门出台与高科技和敏感物资(特别是核物资)相关的贸易出口项目。
②IG00313, Computers for Iraq,3/10/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00274〔,Sale of Computer Systems to Saad General Establishment;Description of Saad Project 16 Attached〕,9/3/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④位于伊拉克苏摩尔的导弹研发中心,同时也研发生化武器。
⑤IG00458, Visit of Iraqi Minister of Trade Dr.Mohammad Mahdi Salih;From 11:00a.m.;to 2:00p.m. on August 26 at the Department of;Commerce,8/26/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00291, Chronology:October 4 Through December 6,1985, 12/6/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00319, Computers for Iraq:DOD’s Proliferation Concerns, 4/3/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00321, Denials of Dual Use Exports to Iraq for Nuclear End Use, 4/9/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③Ibid.
④IG00346, Iraq:CPPG〔Crisis Pre-Planning Group〕;Meeting of Wednesday,July 23 ,7/23/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤Ibid.
⑥Geoff Simons, Iraq:from Summer to Post-Saddam, p.327.
⑦IG00356, Iraqi Interest in U.S. Equipment, 9/10/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00343, Suspension of 12〔S〕License for Export to Iraq, 7/3/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Ibid.
③IG00357, Unauthorized Transfer of MK-84s, 9/13/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00358, Unauthorized Transfer of MK-84s ,9/16/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00375,〔Improving Trade With Iraq〕,11/20/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00387,〔Excised〕Application for License to Export to Iraq , 12/19/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00411,〔U.S.-Iraqi Trade Relations;Cover Letter Attached〕,3/5/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00410, The Vice President’s March 2 Meeting With Iraqi Ambassador;Nizar Hamdoon, 2/26/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00412,〔Requests Clarification of U.S. Export Licensing Policy for Iraq;Membership List Attached〕,3/10/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Ibid.
③IG00433,Iraqi Aircraft Attack on U.S. Naval Vessel,5/17/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00434,SPOT Intelligence Report:Attack on USS Stark,5/17/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00437,USS Stark:Iraq Apologizes, 5/18/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00458,Visit of Iraqi Minister of Trade Dr.Mohammad Mahdi Salih;From 11:00a.m.;to 2:00p.m. on August 26 at the Department of;Commerce,8/26/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00693, Baghdad International Fair:Positive Public Gesture Toward;USG〔U.S. Government〕,11/5/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive..
③总结自IG00335、IG00562、IG00624、IG00693、IG00803、IG00825、IG00864共7份文件。
①IG01623,The NSC and Iraq,1/29/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②BSA机械有限公司(BSA Machine Tools Ltd),威克曼-贝内特机械工具有限公司(Wickmann Bennett Machine Tool Company Ltd),TI机械工具有限公司(TI Machine Tools Limited)三家公司。
④IG00494,Brefing for EFT’s〔Minister for Trade〕Meeting at 3:00;p.m.,;20 January With Members of Machine Tool Trades Association;(MTTA)Re Export Licences for Iraq,1/18/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00505, Machine Tools for Iraq,1/28/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00517, M.P.‘s Letter: Machine Tools for Iraq,2/29/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑨IG00506. Report of Meeting With the Hon〔Honorable〕Alan Clark M.P.,;Minister for Trade,Concerning Export Licences for Iraq;(Held on 20 January 1988),1/29/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑩IG00588.Monessen Rail Mill,7/13/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00606.〔Congressional Opposition to Sale of Baytown,Texas Steel Mill to Iraq;Related Correspondence Attached〕,7/29/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00651, Request for License Determination,9/19/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00691,〔Supplementary Type Certificate for Modified Bell Helicopter〕,11/1/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00599, Pending Iraq Cases,7/15/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG001293, U.S. Nuclear Export Policy Towards Iraq,4/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01466, Foreign Policy Controls for Proliferation-Related Exports to Iraq,7/19/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01654,〔Statistics on U.S. Licensing for Iraq,1985-1990;Fact Sheet on Export Licensing for Iraq,Description of Printout Attached.〕,3/11/1991,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00159, EXIM「Export-Import Bank」; Bank Financing for Iraq, 12/22/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00164, Follow-Up Steps on Iraq-Iran, 2/14/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00174, Country Review and Recommendations for Eximbank's; [Export-Import Bank]; Programs,2/21/1984,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②美国贸易代表办公室是美国白宫总统办公室的一部分,在贸易政策的制定和调整,贸易争端的解决和向总统直接报告贸易政策问题方面发挥着特殊重要的作用。
③IG00211,Eximbank Offers to Help Finance Iraq-Jordan Oil Pipeline,6/25/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.此项贷款计划没有成功。
④IG00217, Exim [Export-Import Bank]; Credits,8/20/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00238, U.S. Bankers Call on the Embassy: Concerned About Debt; Repayments,1/21/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00304, Official-Informal: Exim's Proposed CGA,2/5/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②伊拉克最大的银行,同伊拉克第二大银行拉什德(Rasheed音译)一起控制着伊拉克90%以上的银行业务。
③IG00410, The Vice President's March 2 Meeting With Iraqi Ambassador; Nizar Hamdoon,2/26/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00431, Short Term Cover in Iraq,5/13/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00497, Iraqi Trade Minister Discusses Trade With U.S. and Privatization,2/20/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00558, Financial and Economic Report on Iraq,4/21/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00859,Country Review of Iraq,4/24/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00739,Export-Import Financing for Iraq,12/29/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00831, U.S.-Iraq Trade, Finance, and Industrial Development Issues,3/30/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00845, Export-Import Financing for Iraq,4/10/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00879, Exim [Export-Import Bank]; Medium-Term Credit Guarantees,5/23/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01166, U.S. Legislation Suspending Exim [Export-Import Bank]; Credits to Iraq,12/11/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00114, U.S. Credit Possibilities for Iraq,3/14/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG01586, International Trade Iraq’s Participation in U.S. Agricultural Export Programs,11/14/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①胡国成主编:《透视美国:近年来中国的美国研究》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002年4月版,第237页。
③IG00087,CCC GSM-102 Credit Guarantees for Iraq,12/18/1982,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑦IG00088, National Advisory Council Staff Committee,Minutes Meeting;82-52,December 21,1982,12/21/1982,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①这是国家顾问委员会第83-71号文件。IG00113, CCC-Proposed $35m Million Blended Credit Program-Iraq,3/2/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00100, CCC-Proposed $230 Million Blended Credit Program-Iraq,2/1/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00102, CCC-Blended Credits for Sale of Wheat to Iraq and Syria,2/3/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG001586, International Trade:;Iraq’s Participation in U.S. Agricultural Export Programs,11/14/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00114, U.S. Credit Possibilities for Iraq,3/14/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00119.History of BNL Atlanta Branch,4/25/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Ibid.
③IG00136, CCC-Proposed $130Million Export Credit Sales Guarantee;Program-Iraq,8/30/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00155, Iraqi Economic Situation,12/21/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00171,CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program(GSM-102) Payment Guarantee,2/10/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00173,Country Review and Recommendations for Eximbank’s;〔Export-Import Bank〕;Programs,2/21/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00222, National Advisory Council Staff Committee ,Minutes Meeting;84-42,October 16,1984,10/16/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00224,CCC Export Credit Sales Guarantees to Iraq,10/17/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00221Defense Estimative Brief: Prospects for Iraq,9/25/1984数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00235,CCC for Egypt and Iraq,1/15/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③Ibid.
④IG00236, FAS〔Foreign Agricultural Service〕Administrator Smith’s;Meeting With Iraq’s Minister of Trade Hassan Ali,1/16/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00239, Iraq Requests Additional Commodities and Credits Under PAC;Program,1/22/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00243, CCC Guarantees for Iraq,2/7/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq, p.96.
④IG00241,1985 Commodity Credit Corporation Guarantees Allocated to;Iraq,2/4/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00243, Commodity Credit Corporation,2/8/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00273, CCC-Proposed $500 Million Export Credit Sales Guarantee;Program-Iraq,8/29/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00096, Italian Requests for Authorization to Deliver U.S.-Controlled Helicopters to Iran and Frigate Turbine Components to Iraq,1/19/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①Kenneth R.Timmerman, The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq, p.227.
②Mark Phythian, Arming Iraq-How the U.S. and Britain Secretly Built Saddam’s War Machine, p.46.
③IG00331, Operations Guaranteed by CCC/Eximbank〔Export-Import Bank〕,5/16/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00332,National Adivisory Council Staff Committee,Minutes Meeting;86-20,May 20,1986,5/20/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive..
⑤IG00336,Itinerary for Christopher Drogoul and Paul Von Wedel, Washington D.C.,New York, June 2,1986,6/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00345,National Advisory Council Staff Committee,Minutes Meeting;86-28,July 15,1986, 7/15/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00353, Briefing Material for Ambassador Wisner:Iran-Iraq,8/28/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00354, National Advisory Council Staff Committee,Minutes Meeting;86-35,September 4,1986,9/4/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00390, Proposed Allocation for GSM-102 Credit Guarantees,1/7/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00393, Treasury’s Views on an Additional $200 Million in GSM-102 Credit Guarantees for Iraq for FY 1987,1/ 13/ 1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00398, Financial and Economic Report on Iraq,1/20/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00411,〔U.S.-Iraqi Trade Relations;Cover Letter Attached〕,3/5/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③发布美国联邦政府法令文件《联邦公报》(Federal Register)的部门,
④IG00426,〔BNL Financing of Freight Costs〕,5/5/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00790,Memorandum of Interview,2/10/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥是美国联邦政府执行机构和部门在《联邦公报》(Federal Register,FR)中发表与公布的一般性和永久性规则的集成,具有普遍适用性和法律效应。
⑦IG00428, Meeting to Discuss Implementation of Freight Financing Under GSM-102/103,5/6/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑧IG00429, USDA Announces Freight Coverage Available for U.S. Exports to Iraq,5/11/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00512,〔Middle East Economic Digest Article on Agricultural Credit〕,2/20/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Lee Michael,Democrats Raise New Charges on‘Iraqgate’.USA TODAY,10/28/1992,p.A1.
③IG00416,〔United States-Iraq Business Forum(USIBF) Welcomes the Proposed Rule Amendment to the CCC Credit Guarantee Program;Membership List of USIBF and Article“NW Firm to Sell Wood to Iraq”Attached〕,4/2/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④Ibid.
⑤IG00416,〔United States-Iraq Business Forum(USIBF) Welcomes the Proposed Rule Amendment to the CCC Credit Guarantee Program;Membership List of USIBF and Article“NW Firm to Sell Wood to Iraq”Attached〕,4/2/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00427,A Meeting of the International Advisory Board in Madrid,4-5 May,1987,5/5/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq.p.100.
③Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq.p.101.
④IG00455,〔Proposed GSM-102 and GSM-103 Credits for Iraq〕,8/19/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00466,〔Financing U.S. Exports to Iraq Under GSM Programs〕,10/16/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00470,1988 CCC GSM 102 and 103 Programs,10/23/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑦IG00457,National Advisory Council Staff Committee,Minutes Meeting;87-35,August 25,1987,8/25/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00458 ,Visit of Iraqi Minister of Trade Dr.Mohammad Mahdi Salih;From 11:00 a.m.;to 2:00 p.m. on August 26 at the Department of;Commerce,8/26/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00459,USDA Continues to Press Troublesome CCC Proposals at NAC,8/27/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00467,CCC-Proposed $360 Million Export Credit Sales;Guarantees-Iraq,10/16/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00468, Proposed Increase of Iraq CCC Funds by $360 Million, 10/19/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00484, National Advisory Council Staff Committee,Minutes Meeting;87-51,December 15,1987,12/15/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥丹佛中央合作银行(Central Co-operative Bank of Denver)代理其中的7000万美元、德国地方银行纽约支行(the New York branch of West Germany’s Deutsche Genossenschaftsbank)代理了2500万美元、海湾国际银行(Gulf international Bank,GIB)代理了2亿美元,汉诺威制造商银行(Manufacrurers Hanover)代理了1.5亿美元、科威特国民银行(National Bank of Kuwait,NBK)代理了5000万美元,法阿联合银行(Union de Banques Arabes&Francaises,UBAF)代理了1亿美元。
⑦IG00512,〔Middle East Economic Digest Article on Agricultural Credit〕,2/20/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①1987年之前,亚特兰大支行和丹佛中央合作银行(Central Cooperative Bank of Denver)银行共同代理,1987年后者退出。IG00500, Re-Organization of the North and Central Amercian Region,1/21/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive. John Roberts ,Financial Times.Iraq:more banks brought in for US commodity finance,20 February 1988,p.21.
②IG00513, Medium Term Loan Agreement Between the Ministry of Trade of; the Republic of Iraq and Banca Nazionale del Lavoro,;Atlanta,USA, 2/22/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00519, Iraq’s Foreign Policy:Deeper Into the Mainstream,3/3/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00519, Iraq’s Foreign Policy:Deeper Into the Mainstream,3/3/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00537, Your March 24 Meeting With〔Excised〕and〔Excised〕;Concerning Iraq’s CCC Program,3/24/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00542, National Advisory Council Staff Committee, Minutes Meeting;88-14,April 5,1988,4/5/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00558, Financial and Economic Report on Iraq,4/21/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00618, National Advisory Council Staff Committee,Minutes 88-33,;August 16,1988,8/16/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG001688, BNL Chronology: Relating to the Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Policy (NAC), 4/19/1991,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00629, Ban on Exim〔Export-Import Bank〕to Iraq and Other Countries,9/8/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00632, Overview of U.S.-Iraqi Relations and Potential Pressure Points,9/9/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③Ibid.
④IG00643,〔State Department Comments on the“Prevention of Genocide Act of 1981”〕,9/13/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00656,GSM-102 for Iraq:New Credits and Reallocations,9/22/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00754,Issuing Bank’s Credit No.88/3/2407,1/13/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00784,〔BNL-Atlanta’s Agreement to Finance Central Bank of Iraq’s Payments to Danieli and Company,S.p.A.〕,2/7/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00790, Memorandum of Interview,2/10/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00669,〔$300 Million Medium-Term Loan for Iraq’s Ministry of Industry and Military Production;Loan Agreement and Handwritten Draft Attached〕,10/6/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②BNL Hell.The New Republic.Washington,Nov 9,1992.Vol.207.
③IG00713, Medium Term Loan Agreement Between the Ministry of Industry;of the Republic of Iraq and Banca Nationale del Lavoro;Atlanta, Georgia USA,12/3/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00735, Atlanta Agency Audit,12/22/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00736, Issuing Bank’s Credit No.88/3/4086,12/23/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00748〔,Letters of Credit From Central Bank of Iraq Through BNL-Atlanta〕,1/11/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②美国公司,储藏运输农产品,旗下还有一个熔炼工厂。
③IG00805, Rafidain Bank-Baghdad,Iraq:1989 CCC-GSM102 Program,3/7/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00831,U.S.-Iraq Trade,Finance, and Industrial Development Issues,3/30/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00845.Export-Import Financing for Iraq,4/10/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①James W.Hammond, Poison Gas—The Myths Versus Reality,Westport: Greenwood press .Inc ,1999, p.119.
③IG00147, Iraqi Use of Chemical Weapons,11/21/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00145, Iraq Use of Chemical Weapons,11/1/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00147, Iraqi Use of Chemical Weapons,11/21/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④NSDD79, US Chemical Weapons Arms Control Policy,数据库:FASIR, available at http:// www. fas. org/ irp/ offdocs/ nsdd/index. html .
⑤IG00144, IRAN Reports Iraqi Regime Using Chemical Weapons to Stop Val-Fajr IV.DNSA,10/22/1983.数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00145, Iraq Use of Chemical Weapons,11/1/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①James W.Hammond, Poison Gas—The Myths Versus Reality, p.119.
②IG00147,Iraqi Use of Chemical Weapons,11/21/1983,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④John King, Arming Iraq:A Chronology of U.S. Involvement, availible at http://www.iranchamber.com/history/articles/arming_iraq.php, (December 19.2008).
⑤万光:美国全球战略中的中东和海湾,《西亚北非》,1991年第2期,第23页。
⑥NSDD121, Soviet Noncompliance with Arms Control Agreements,数据库: FASIRP,available at http:// www. fas. org/ irp/ offdocs/nsdd/index.html .
①IG00197, Chemical Weapons;Meeting With Iraqi Charge,4/6/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00181, U.N.Human Rights Commission:Item12:Iranian Resolution on;Use of Chemical Weapons by Iraq,3/14/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00179, Iraq Reacts Angrily to U.S. Condemnation of CW〔Chemical;Weapons〕Use,3/7/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00190, U.N. Report on Chemical Weapons Use in Iran/Iraq War:;Consideration in Security Council,3/28/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00182,Iraq’s Use of Chemical Weapons:Control on U.S.Ingredients,3/14/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00182,Iraq’s Use of Chemical Weapons:Control on U.S.Ingredients,3/14/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Ibid.
③IG00191, New Foreign Policy Control on Export of Chemicals to Iraq and Iran, 3/29/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④除了上面谈到了氟化钾(Potassium Flouride),还有二甲磷酸钾酯(Dimethyl二甲基,乙烷(Methylphosphonate)亚磷酸甲(基)酯、二氟化物(Methylphosphonate Difluoride)、氯氧化磷(Phosporous Oxychloride)、硫甘醇(Thioglycol)。
⑤IG00188,〔Urges U.S. Chemical Companies Not to Sell Chemicals Needed for Development of Chemical Weapons Capability to Iraq or Iran〕,3/26/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG00210, Alleged U.S. Mustard Gas Shipments to Iraq Via Spain,6/25/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑦IG00348, United States-Iraqi Relations.7/30/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00186,〔Iranian Burn Victims〕,3/23/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00190, U.N. Report on Chemical Weapons Use in Iran/Iraq War:;Consideration in Security Council,3/28/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00197,Chemical Weapons:Meeting With Iraqi Charge,4/6/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00197,Chemical Weapons:Meeting With Iraqi Charge,4/6/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00208〔,Text of Jack Anderson Article Entitled“U.S. Chemicals for Poison Gas Bought by Iraq”〕,6/20/1984,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00210, Alleged U.S. Mustard Gas Shipments to Iraq Via Spain,6/25/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00214, Alleged U.S. Chemcial Weapons Shipment to Iraq,7/17/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00215, FRG Responds to Parliamentary Inquiry by Greens on West;German Involvement in Iraq CW〔Chemical Weapons〕Facility,7/18/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥Sharad S.Chauhan, War on Iraq, S.B.Nangia A.P.H.Publishing Corporation,2003, p.168.
①John King, Arming Iraq:A Chronology of U.S. Involvement.availible at http: //www. iranchamber. com/history/ articles/ arming_ iraq.php , (December 19.2008).
②IG00259, Curbing Proliferation of Chemical Weapons,6/19/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00268, Foreign Policy Export Controls on Chemical Weapon Precursors,7/29/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00350,Control of Bio-Chemical〔Handling〕,8/3/1986,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①Sharad S.Chauhan, War on Iraq, p.168.
②IG00416,〔United States-Iraq Business Forum(USIBF)Welcomes the Proposed Rule Amendment to the CCC Credit Guarantee Program;Membership List of USIBF and Article“NW Firm to Sell Wood to Iraq”Attached〕,4/2/1987,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00632, Overview of U.S.-Iraqi Relations and Potential Pressure Points,9/9/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00600,〔Restrictions on Chemical Exports to Iran,Iraq,and Syria;;Cover Memorandum From Dan Hoydysn to Michael E.Zacharia;Dated July 25,1988 Attached〕,7/25/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00682, Iraqi Sanctions:Confidence in Monitoring CW〔Chemical;Weapons〕;Use,10/19/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00667, Statement by Richard W. Murphy, Assistant Secretary for Near;Eastern and South Asian Affairs Befort the Subcommittee on;Europe and the Middle East,House Foreign Affairs Committee,10/13/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00761, Guidelines for U.S.-Iraq Policy,1/20/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③亦称《洛桑和约》,Treaty of Lausanne。全称《协约和参战各国对土耳其和约》。1922年11月20日英、法、意、日、希、罗、南斯拉夫等协约国与土耳其在瑞士洛桑召开和会签订。规定了土耳其的边界。
④IG00761, Guidelines for U.S.-Iraq Policy,1/20/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤美国出口控制还有《涉核物资控制清单》(Nuclear Referral List)。
①IG00259,Curbing Proliferation of Chemical Weapons,6/19/1985,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00667, Statement by Richard W. Murphy, Assistant Secretary for Near;Eastern and South Asian Affairs Befort the Subcommittee on;Europe and the Middle East,House Foreign Affairs Committee,10/13/1988,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00797,U.S. Imposes Export Controls on Chemicals and Biological Agents,2/22/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00845, Export-Import Financing for Iraq,4/10/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00853,Recommendations to Strengthen U.S. Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy,4/17/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00837, Demarche on Saudi Aid for Iraqi Nuclear Program,4/4/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01191, New Nuclear Export Control Scandal Hits the FRG Press,1/5/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00989, Nuclear Cooperation With Iran and Iraq,9/12/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01171, Minutes of the PCC〔Policy Coordinating Committee〕;Subcommittee on Non-Proliferation Policy;December 12,1989,12/12/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01162, Report to the Congress on the Expansion and Imposition of Foreign Policy Export Controls on Certain Chemicals Used as Weapons Precursors,12/7/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01162, Report to the Congress on the Expansion and Imposition of Foreign Policy Export Controls on Certain Chemicals Used as Weapons Precursors,12/7/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00837, Demarche on Saudi Aid for Iraqi Nuclear Program,4/4/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00853,Recommendations to Strengthen U.S. Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy, 4/17/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①樊为之,《第二次世界大战后的美国中东政策研究》,博士学位论文,西北大学历史系,2007年,第201页。
②于群主编,《新冷战史研究:美国的心理宣传战和情报战》,上海:上海三联书店,2009年2月,第18页。
③IG01775,[Announces Indictments for Export Violations and Other Crimes; Document Entitled "United States of America v. James H. Guerin" Attached],10/31/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00842,〔Letter of Credit for Entrade〕,4/8/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00875,Atlanta Agency Audit as of September 2,1989〔1988〕,5/16/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00879〔,Details of Central Bank of Iraq’s Irrevocable Letter of Credit〕,5/23/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq, p.108.
④IG00880, Request to Expand GSM-102 Program,5/23/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00918, FY 1990 GSM-102 and GSM-103 Proposals Worksheet as of;7/10/89(Incl.EEP),7/10/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq,p.122.
②IG00933〔,Audit of BNL-Atlanta;Audit Report Attached〕,7/26/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00934〔,Requests Christopher Drogoul to Address Issues Raised by Audit of BNL-Atlanta〕,7/27/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG00951,〔Christopher Drogoul Is Summoned to New York〕,8/5/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG00959, Investigation of Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Branch in;Atlanta,8/18/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00966,Iraq FY 1989 and FY 1990 GSM Credit Needs,8/29/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00973, Foreign Economic Trends and Their Implications for the;United States:Iraq,9/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00980, More on the Explosion in Iraq,9/7/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00985, Article in Financial Times-8 September Alleging U.K.;Companies Involvement in the Sale of Machine Too〔ls〕;to Iraq;for Missile and Munitions Manufacture,9/8/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG00983, BNL Chairman Nesi Resigns Under Pressure;Rumors Fly on BNL“Iraqgate”,9/8/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq,p.132.
⑤IG00991,National Advisory Council Staff Committee,Minutes89-37,;September 12,1989,9/12/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG01001,NAC Reserves on Additional Credit Guarantees for Iraq in FY 1989,9/15/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑦IG001021, BNL/Iraq Affair:Guidance on U.S. Attitude,9/26/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00998,〔Iraqi Threat to Blacklist Companies From GSM-102 Program;Letter From Kalevi Turkia to Abner Deatherage and Related Telexes Attached〕,9/14/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01028, Legal Aspects of Voting for Iraq FY 1990 CCC Credit Guarantee Program,9/28/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01030,Audit of the Foreign Agriculture Service Exports of;Commodities Under GSM102/103—Audit;No.07099-21-HY September 1989,9/29/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG01030,Audit of the Foreign Agriculture Service Exports of;Commodities Under GSM102/103—Audit;No.07099-21-HY September 1989,9/29/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01011, Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Investigation,9/21/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01038, National Advisory Council Staff Committee,Minutes 89-40,;October 3,1989,10/3/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01041, Meeting With Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz,Henry Clay;Room,Friday,October 6,2:00 p.m.,10/4/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③Ibid.
④Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq,p.140.
①Robert S.Boynton&Paul.Tough, Iraqgate:The making of an investigation, Harper’s Magazine,New York:1993. Vol.286, Iss. 1712.p. 59.
②IG01060, CCC Credits for Iraq,10/11/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01067,USDA Comments on Investigations of Iraq and the Banco;〔Banca〕;Nazionale del Lavoro,Atlanta Branch,Scandal,10/13/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01067,USDA Comments on Investigations of Iraq and the Banco;〔Banca〕;Nazionale del Lavoro,Atlanta Branch,Scandal,10/13/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01077, CCC Program for Iraq,10/20/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01080, Message From the Secretary to Tariq Aziz,10/21/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG01080, Message From the Secretary to Tariq Aziz,10/21/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National SecurityArchive.
①IG01089, The Iraqi CCC Program,10/26/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Ibid.
③美国联邦政府采购的监督管理机构有两个,一是美国国会下属的联邦会计总署( General Accounting Office, "GAO");二是美国总统行政办公厅内设的行政管理与预算局(the Office of Management and Budget,,"OMB")。
④Robert S.Boynton&Paul.Tough,Iraqgate:The making of an investigation, p.59.
⑤IG01115,CCC Program for Iraq,11/6/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG01128, Letter to Treasury Deputy Secretary Robson on a CCC Program for Iraq,11/8/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01129,National Advisory Council Deputies Meeting,Minutes Meeting;89-1,November 8,1989,11/8/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01182,The CCC and the Banca Nazionale de〔del〕Lavoro Scandal,12/22/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01093,CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program-GSM 102/103:Briefing;for the Office of Management and Budget,October 27,1989,10/27/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG01189,Second Tranche of CCC Credit for Iraq,1/4/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG01185,Atlanta Group Weekly Report(From December 4,1989 to March30,1990),1/3/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01184,Proposed U.S.-Iraq Military Initiatives,1/3/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01210,NEA Assistant Secretary Kelly Visit:Agenda With Aziz,2/3/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01222,Assistant Secretary Kelly’s Conversation With Saddam Husayn;〔Hussein〕,2/13/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG01223,Status Report on the CCC Program for Iraq and the BNL Investigation,2/3/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG01221,〔Request for Report on Investigations of BNL-Atlanta and CCC〕,2/12/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG01229,Iraqi Cooperation in BNL Criminal Investigation,2/20/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01225,Assistant Sec〔Secretary〕;of State Kelly Meets With Minister;of Trade/Finance Saleh,2/14/1990,数据库:DNSA,ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01228,Iraqi Central Bank Loans Director Seeks More U.S. Business,More U.S.Loans,2/15/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01232,NAC Alternates Meeting on CCC/Iraq,2/22/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG01243,Licensing for Iraq,3/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG01247, NAC Meeting on Iraq CCC Program,3/5/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01252,Iraq-Financial and Economic Situation,3/8/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01256,〔Requests for Interviews With Iraqi Officials;Facsimile Cover Sheet From Kevin Brosch to Wendy Blank,Memorandum Entitled“Iraq GSM-102/BNL Affair:Request for Meeting With Iraqi Officals,”List of Iraqi Officials,and Draft Letter to Iraqi Ambassador Attached〕,3/13/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG01257,Your Meeting With April C.Glaspie,U.S.Ambassador to Iraq,;on Friday,March 15,at 9:00 p.m.,3/14/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥David W.Lesch, Third Edition:The Middle East and the United States-A Historical and Political Reassessment, p.340.
①IG01307, Lavoro,4/5/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01355, Testimony of Assistant Secretary John H.Kelly Before the;House Foreign Affairs Committee Sub-Committee on Europe and;the Near East:April 26,1990,4/26/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③美国能源部负责技术政策与出口控制的官员,也是国家安全委员会成员。一直调查伊拉克的核计划,但是其递交国务院的备忘录始终不被重视。
④IG01377,Report of Administrative Review of Iraq GSM Program,5/16/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG01372,Iraq, 5/10/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01379, Options Paper on Iraq,5/16/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG01387,USDA Administrative Review of Iraq GSM-102 Program,5/21/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01395,NSC/Deputies Committee Meeting on Iraq,5/24/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01398,NSC Deputies Committee Meeting on Iraq,May 29,1990,White;House Situation Room,4:30 p.m.,5/26/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01395,NSC/Deputies Committee Meeting on Iraq,5/24/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01462,〔Loan Payment Request〕,7/18/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01336,〔Inquiry Into the BNL Affair;Novermber27,1990 Congressional Research Service Translation〕,4/19/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01390,Special Commission on the Case of the Atlanta Branch of the;BNL:;Report of Treasury Minister Carli, 5/22/ 1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01423,Fact-Finding Inquiry on the Case of the Atlanta Branch of;the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro-Second Transcript,6/12/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01427,“U.S. Relations With Iraq”:Statement of Assistant Secretary;John H.Kelly Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,;June 15,1990,6/15/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01482,Meeting Between President Saddam Hussein and the American;Ambassador to Baghdad,7/15/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01493,USDA Suspends Programs to Iraq,8/2/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01586,International Trade:;Iraq’s Participation in U.S. Agricultural Export Programs,11/14/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01504,Conflict-of-Interest Waiver,8/8/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01522,Returning Iraq to the Terrorism List,9/1/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01537,〔Congressional Hearing on BNL-Atlanta〕,9/26/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01557,Report on the Commodity Credit Corporation’s GSM102/103 Export Credit Guarantee Programs and Iraq’s Participation in the Program,10/16/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01556,Congressman Doug Barnard’s Letter,10/16/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01562,Justice Department Investigation of BNL/Iraq,10/19/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG01586,International Trade:;Iraq’s Participation in U.S. Agricultural Export Programs,11/14/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01591,Fact-Finding Inquiry on the Case of the Atlanta Branch of;the Banca Lazionale del Lavoro-Fourth Transcript, 12/5/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01629,Conclusions of the Investigation by the Special Committee on the Matter of the Atlanta Branch of the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro,2/7/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01629,Conclusions of the Investigation by the Special Committee on the Matter of the Atlanta Branch of the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro,2/7/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG01678,Inspection Report Concerning the BNL Atlanta Case,4/10/1991,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①NSDD141,Responding to Escalation in Iran - Iraq War.数据库:FASIRP, available at http:// www. fas.org/ irp/ offdocs/ nsdd/index.html .国家安全指令第141号尚未解密。
②Gates Nomination,Congressional Record,11/7/1991,available at http:// www. fas.org/ irp/ congress/ 1991_ cr/s911107- gates. htm, (December 20,2008).
③IG01884,The Intelligence Community’s Involvement in the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro(BNL)Affair,2/5/1993,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive, p.73.
①伊拉克政府官员,伊中央银行总裁,亚特兰大支行丑闻案被告之一。在被最高法院传讯时神秘死亡在英国。
②IG01593,BNL-Atlanta Investigation,12/10/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG01603,Report of Investigation Concerning Missing Top Secret Documents,12/12/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤IG01635,Banca Nazionale del Lavoro,2/15/1991,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑥IG01645,United States of America v. Christopher P.Drogoul,Therese;Marcelle Barden,Amedeo DeCarolis,Entrade International;Ltd.,Yavuz Tezeller,Rafidain Bank,Sadik Hasson Taha,;Abdul Munim Rasheed,Raja Hassan Ali,;and SafaHaji Al-Havobi,2/28/1991,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01646, Italian Press Reaction to BNL Indictiments,3/1/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01660〔,Request for National Security Directive 26〕,3/21/1991,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01674,Meeting on Congressional Requests for Information and Documents,4/8/1991,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01687〔,Congressional Review of NSD26〕,4/17/1991,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.根据美国司法审查规程,应该由司法部的立法事务高级官员(Senior Director for Legislative Affairs )来安排对国家安全指令的审查,然后再由国家安全委员会审查解密的整体过程,而在解密外交政策文件的时候是要按照一定的比例的,就是说并不会完全看到整篇的政策文件内容,同时能够看到文件副本的国会议员也必须是少数人。
③共68份出口记录,出口总价值高达10亿美元。
④IG01714,Report on Iraqi Export License Information.Bureau of Export Administration,STD-206-1-0004,6/4/1991,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
⑤Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq,p.214.
①IG01803,〔Attorney General’s Refusal to Provide Congress With Classified Document〕,5/15/1992,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01772,The U.S. Export-Import Bank:No Evidence of Financing Restricted Chemical Exports to Iraq,9/30/1991,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③William Safire.Crimes of Iraqgate,New York Times,New York,N.Y.:May 18,1992,pg.A17.
④Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web:The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq,p.225.
①IG01884,The Intelligence Community’s Involvement in the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro(BNL)Affair,2/5/1993,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive. P.109.
②IG01860,United States of America,Plaintiff,v.Christopher P.;Drogoul,Defendant,10/5/1993,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01862,〔Appointment of Special Prosecutor for the BNL Affair〕,10/14/1992,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG01864,〔Appointment of Frederick Lacey as Independent Counsel〕,10/16/1992,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01870,BNL Financed U.S.Export for CondorⅡBallistic Missile and Nuclear Programs,10/27/1992,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01881,Unclassified Summary of the Final Report of the Office of; Inspector General Investigation of CIA's Handling of;BNL-Related Matters,1/14/1993,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01884,The Intelligence Community’s Involvement in the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro(BNL)Affair,2/5/1993,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Davina Miller, Export or Die-Britain’s Defense Trade with Iran and Iraq, p.147.
①IG01815,United States of America, Plaintiff, vs. Christopher P.; Drogoul, Defendant,6/2/1992,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01860,United States of America, Plaintiff, v. Christopher P.; Drogoul, Defendant,10/5/1992,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01905,United States of America, Plaintiff, v. Amedeo DeCarolis and Therese Marcelle Barden, Defendants; United States of America, Plaintiff, v. Leigh Ann New, Defendant; United States of America, Plaintiff, v. Paul Von Wedel, Defendant; United States of America, Plaintiff, v. Thomas Mobely Fiebelkorn, Defendant,8/23/1993,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01907,Christopher P. Drogoul,9/2/1993,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01913,BNL Task Force-Final Report,10/21/1994,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②The Simmering Scandal,available at http://www.parascope.com/articles/1196/iraq3.htm, (Feb 12,2009)
①IG00845,Export-Import Financing for Iraq,4/10/1989,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG00949,〔Congressional Support for U.S./Iraq Joint Venture〕,9/4/1989,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01187.Today’s Meeting on Iraq Policy,1/3/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01194.Thinking About a Policy for Iraq,1/12/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01194,Thinking About a Policy for Iraq,1/12/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Arch
②IG01220,Possible Iraqi Missile and Nuclear-Related Procurement,2/12/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01228,Iraqi Central Bank Loans Director Seeks More U.S. Business, More U.S. Loans,2/15/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④David W.Lesch, Third Edition:The Middle East and the United States-A Historical and Political Reassessment, p.339.
①IG01293,U.S. Nuclear Export Policy Towards Iraq,4/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①David W.Lesch: Third Edition:The Middle East and the United States-A Historical and Political Reassessment.p.341.
②IG01315,[State Department Opposition to Congressional Sanctions Against Iraq],4/10/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01489,PCC [Policy Coordinating Committee]; on Protection of U.S. Interests in the Persian Gulf,7/26/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01351,Missile Technology Control Regime: Support of Iraqi Missile Program,4/26/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③David W.Lesch, Third Edition:The Middle East and the United States-A Historical and Political Reassessment,p.342.
④IG01427,"U.S. Relations With Iraq": Statement of Assistant Secretary; John H. Kelly Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,;,6/15/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01451,Nonproliferation Initiative for Iraq,7/10/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②这种为导弹服务的领域包括经济、金融、保险、运输、仓储以及导弹设备技术领域。
③IG01451,Nonproliferation Initiative for Iraq,7/10/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01458,Trade With Iraq; Brief for Minister (DP) [Defense; Procurement] for the Foreign Secretary's Meeting on 19 July,7/17/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01475,U.S. Reaction to Iraqi Threats in the Gulf,7/24/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
③IG01466,Foreign Policy Controls for Proliferation-Related Exports to Iraq,7/19/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01482,Meeting Between President Saddam Hussein and the American; Ambassador to Baghdad,7/25/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Ibid.
③IG01486,[Requests Commerce Department to Implement Export Controls; Transcription Attached],7/25/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01507,Your Memo of 14 August to Bob Mantel: U.S. Exports to Iraq,8/14/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Ibid.
③IG01514,Iraq Sanctions Implementation, No. 12,8/22/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
④IG01520,Implementation of Iraq Sanctions (No. 18),8/30/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01521,Countering Iraqi Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Gulf; Crisis and Beyond,9/1990,数据库: DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①韩志斌:从盟友到仇敌:美国和萨达姆的伊拉克,大庆师范学院学报,2007年第1期,第24页。
②高祖贵主编:《全球变局:美国与伊拉克》,北京:时事出版社2003年版,第17页。
①高祖贵主编:《全球变局:美国与伊拉克》,第376页。
②Doc16 ,The White House, "President Bush Outlines Iraqi Threat", Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction.数据库:NSAEBB.http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, 10/7/2002.
③“伊拉克门”调查拉开战幕, availible at http://www.people.com.cn/GB/guoji/14549/1931697.html, (June 6, 2003).
④Doc7 ,United Nations, Note by the Secretary General, Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction.数据库:NSAEBB ,http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (June 6, 2003).
⑤Doc15, Director of Central Intelligence,National Intelligence Estimate,Iraq’s Contining Programs for Weapons of Mass Destruction,10/2002.Top Secret(Extract),Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction.数据库:NSAEBB ,http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (June 6, 2003).
①Doc11, UK Joint Intelligence Committee, Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Assessment of the British Government, Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction ,数据库:NSAEBB.http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (June 6, 2003).
②Doc14 ,CIA, Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs, Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction,数据库:NSAEBB .http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (June 6, 2003).
③Doc16"PresidentBushOutlinesIraqiThreat",数据库:NSAEBB .http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (July, 2003).
④Doc. 34, House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee, The Decision to go to War in Iraq: Ninth Report of Session 2002-03.Volume I, London: The Stationary Office Limited, 7/2003, Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction,数据库:NSAEBB .http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (July, 2003).
⑤The Independent on Sunday, Washington Post, 12 June 2003.
⑥President Bush delivers‘State of the Union’,available at http:// www. whitehouse. gov/news/ releases/ 2003/01/ 20030128- 19. html, (Feb, 2003).
⑦Doc15,NIE,Iraq’s Continuing Programs for Weapons of Mass Destruction,10/2002,Top Secret(Extract),Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction.数据库:NSAEBB .http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (July, 2003).
①Doc27,Colin L.Powell,Remarks to the United Nations Security Council,2/5/2003,Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction,数据库:NSAEBB .http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (July, 2003).
②Doc24,Dr.Mohammed ElBaradei,The Status of Nuclear Inspections in Iraq,1/27/2003, Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction,数据库:NSAEBB .http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (July, 2003).
③Doc30, Dr.Hans Blix,Briefing of the Security Council,2/14/2003, Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction.数据库:NSAEBB .http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (July, 2003).
④Joseph Cirincione,Jessica T.Matthews,and George Perkovich,WMD in Iraq:evidence and implications,Washington,D.C.:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,2004,p.55.
⑤根据UN1441号决议,核查小组要在60天内给出关于伊拉克WMD情况的总结报告,这一报告将在很大程度上决定伊拉克的命运。瞭望新闻周刊编辑部.联合国通过1441号决议.瞭望新闻周刊, 2002年12月30日第52期.
⑥Doc23, Hans Blix,An Update on Inspection,1/27/2003, Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction.数据库:NSAEBB .http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (July, 2003).
⑦王波:《“千面文章”各取所需-“27日报告”后的美国动向》,《瞭望新闻周刊》, 2003年2月3日第56期.
①“The Teicher Affidavit: Iraqgate”, the sworn court declaration of former NSC official Howard Teicher . United States District Court Southern District of Florida,available at http://www.webcom.com/~lpease/collections/hidden/teicher.htm, (Feb,2003).
②Doc 4 ,Central Intelligence Agency, Prewar Status of Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction, Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction.数据库:NSAEBB .http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (July, 2003).
③Doc4, George Bush, National Security Directive 54, Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf. Operation Desert Storm Ten Years After,数据库:NSAEBB .http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (July, 2003).
④Doc12 ,Defense Intelligence Agency,Iraq-Key WMD Facilities-An Operational Support Study,9/2002, Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction,数据库:NSAEBB .http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (July, 2003).
⑤忻华:《从‘双重遏制’到‘区别遏制’》,《世界经济研究》2003年第5期,第33页。
①John Murray Clearwater, Johnson, McNamara, and the Birth of SALT and the ABM Treaty 1963-1969,available at http:// www.dissertation.com/library/1120621,(Dec,2003).
②Doc16,"PresidentBushOutlinesIraqiThreat",数据库:NSAEBB .http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBBkb, (July, 2003).
③Douglas Feith,“Remarks to the Center for Strategic and International Studies,”Washington, available at http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/2003/tr20030707-0362.html, (July7,2003).
①Report of Near East Regional Conference in Cairo, 16 March 1950, FRUS, 1950, vol.5: Near East, South Asia, and Africa (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1978), pp.3-4.
②林珏:《战后美国对外贸易政策研究》,昆明:云南大学出版社1995年8月,第294页。
①IG00204, Sale of Non-Munitions List Armor to Iraq, 6/1/1984,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01913,BNL Task Force--Final Report,10/21/1994,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG00017,Space Research Corporation: Text of Washington Post Article,8/5/1979,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②Ibid.
③Mark Phythian, Arming Iraq:How the U.S. and Britain Secretly Built Saddam’s War Machine,p.43.
①IG01913,BNL Task Force--Final Report,10/21/1994,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②IG01871, Approved Licenses to Iraq,10/27/1992,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①IG01438,Tough Iraqi Negotiators Getting Tougher,6/25/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
②William Safire, The Mosaic of Cover-up In the Iraqgate Caper, San Francisco Chronicle, Monday, June 29, 1992,世界各国报纸全文数据库Access World News.
①William Safire, Bush Digs Himself Deeper Into the Iraqgate Hole, San Francisco Chronicle, Tuesday, July 7, 1992,世界各国报纸全文数据库Access World News.
②Davina Miller, Export or Die:Britain’s Defence Trade with Iran and Iraq,pxiv.
①田文林,美国的中东战略及其历史命运,availible at http://blog.china.com.cn/art/show.do?dn=tianwenlin&id=1576&agMode=1&com.trs.idm.gSessionId=CE0AAA76C3DB8B3A1A4AE1D7EDE65948. (Feb,16,2009).
①IG00761, Guidelines for U.S.-Iraq Policy,1/20/1989,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①Tim Weiner, Iraq Uses Techniques in Spying Against Its Former Tutor, the U.S, available at http:// www. jonathanpollard. org/ 1991/020591.htm. (Feb.22,2009).
②张丽娟:《美国商务外交策略》,北京:经济科学出版社2005年7月,第94页。
③IG01586, International Trade:; Iraq's Participation in U.S. Agricultural Export Programs,11/14/1990,数据库:DNSA, ProQuest Inc & National Security Archive.
①韩志斌:《“新战略”与美国在伊拉克的困境》,《国际论坛》,2007年第3期,第62页。
②Bruce W.Jentleson, With Friends Like These: Reagan, Bush and Saddam, 1982-1990, W W Norton & Co Inc press,1995, p.195.
①Robert S.Boynton&Paul Tough, Iraqgate:The Making of an Investigation.Harper’s Magazine, New York:Jan 1993.Vol.286,p.59.
②王克东:《小布什对伊拉克和伊朗的遏制政策》,《攀枝花学院学报》,2004年第21卷第3期,第18页。
[1] DDRS (Declassified Documents Reference System, Copyright by Thomson Gale) www.galegroup.com/psm/ www.ddrs.psmedia.com
[2] DNSA (Digital National Security Archive, Data Copyright ? 2003 The National Security Archive; Software Copyright ? 2003 ProQuest Information and Learning Company) www.proquestchina.com
[3] UMI ProQuest– Digital Dissertations www.proquestumi.com
[1] http://www.npc.org美国国家石油委员会网址。
[2] http://www.commerce.gov美国商务部网址
[3] http://opencrs.com美国国会研究署Congressional Research Service
[4] http://usiraq.procon.org美国伊拉克专题研究在线US - Iraq ProCon.org
[5] http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/acda美国裁军军控处U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
[6] http://www.acronym.org.uk/docs/index.ht美国裁军文件汇编U.S.Disarmament Documentation
[7] http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/index.html.美国科学家联盟情报资源数据库Federation American Scientist Intelligence Resource Program
[8] http://www.mideasti.org美国中东研究所The Middle East Institute
[9] http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~mideast哈佛大学中东研究中心Harvard U. Center for Middle East Studies
[10]http://www.sipa.columbia.edu/mei哥伦比亚大学中东研究所Columbia U. The Middle East Institute
[11]http://iwaas.cass.cn社会科学院西亚非洲研究所
[12]http://mainpage.nwu.edu.cn西北大学中东研究所
[13]http://www.sh-mideast.cn上海外国语大学中东研究所
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[1] All Things Considered《时事纵观》[N]
[2] Atlanta Journal-Constitution《亚特兰大宪章报》[N]
[3] Boston Globe《波士顿全球报》[N]
[4] Chicago Tribune《芝加哥论坛报》[N]
[5] Dallas Morning《达拉斯早报》[N]
[6] Foreign Affairs《外交季刊》[J]
[7] National Review《国家评论》[J]
[8] New Statesman & Society《新政治家与社会》[J]
[9] New York Times《纽约时报》[N]
[10]San Francisco Chronicle《旧金山纪事报》[N]
[11]The Economist《经济学人》[J]
[12]The Middle East Journal《中东研究杂志》[J]
[13]The New Republic《新共和》[J]
[14]U.S. News & World Report《美国新闻与世界报道》[J]
[15]Washington Post《华盛顿邮报》[N]
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