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大豆蛋白速溶工艺探讨及在动物体内利用率的研究
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摘要
城乡居民营养状况据1998年全国营养监测网的调查资料显示:城市居民动物性食物消费依然过多,豆类食物摄入显然不足;农村居民食物消费仍以谷类为主,蛋白质摄入明显不足,广大农民不能象城镇居民那样吃很多的鱼肉蛋奶,如果能增加大豆制品的食用量,这将是增加优质蛋白质的重要途径。大豆含有40%的蛋白质,比任何一种粮食作物的蛋白质含量都高,而且大豆蛋白是植物蛋白中营养价值最高的蛋白质。但目前许多大豆蛋白制品因大豆蛋白粉的溶解性不好,而使其种类和品质都受到很大限制。特别是将大豆蛋白用于流质食品生产时,其溶解程度和溶解稳定性在加工中显得尤为重要,大豆蛋白质其它各种物理机能的发挥也都是以其溶解性为前提的。因此研究大豆蛋白的溶解特性,对于大豆食品的加工和大豆蛋白的利用是非常有意义的。
     本文从大豆蛋白的提取开始研究,接着对提取的大豆蛋白通过酶解、添加乳化剂以及均质操作和喷雾干燥条件的控制来达到提高大豆蛋白溶解性的目的,然后以实验制得的速溶大豆蛋白粉为原料尝试制得即冲豆腐脑,最后对制得的大豆蛋白粉进行了代谢实验,进一步验证了制得的大豆蛋白粉的营养价值。
     1、大豆蛋白提取工艺过程的确定
     大豆蛋白的提取工艺过程主要包括浸泡、磨浆、喷干成粉三大部骤。传统的浸泡方法是用添加了NaHCO_3的水质来浸泡,以达到缩短浸泡时间的目的。本文通过实验发现,采用添加柠檬酸的水质进行浸泡和磨浆的效果更好,可以有效的减轻大豆蛋白提取过程中产生的豆腥味,通过浸泡温度、时间和磨浆条件中料水比的控制,可以达到提高蛋白质得率,改善大豆蛋白品质,提高提取效率的目的。最终确定大豆蛋白提取的工艺过程为:采用水温为40℃,水质为0.05%的柠檬酸(pH=4)的水浸泡8小时后,选用pH=4的水质,1:10的料水比进行磨浆。最后采用喷雾干燥的方式干燥成粉。
     2、大豆蛋白速溶性的研究
     本文通过实验发现,大豆蛋白通过酶解可以制得酶解大豆蛋白。通过对酶添加量和酶解时间的控制可以控制酶解程度,使大豆蛋白的溶解性增加明显。实验还通过酶解大豆蛋白添加乳化剂卵磷脂,降低大豆蛋白粉颗粒的表面能,增加其亲水性,来达到增溶的目的。添加的稳定剂:β-环糊精,麦芽糊精可以减少大豆蛋白沉淀,并且在喷雾干燥过程中,对大豆蛋白起到一定的保护作用,使其可以耐受高温,保护大豆蛋白质原有的性质,使得大豆蛋白在经过喷雾干燥后仍能保持较高的溶解状态。通过均质操作可以使大豆蛋白颗粒变小,从而减
    
    少聚贝作用来达到增熔的日的。另外通过对喷雾干燥过程中进口温度和流页的控制,攸大豆
    进白在其耐受温度内,所得大豆蛋白粉达到合适的水份含量5%,来增加其溶解性。最后确定
    速溶大豆蛋臼的生产工艺过程为:把酶解的大豆蛋白添加 1.h卵磷脂,0.4%的p-环糊粕和
    0.6%麦芽糊粗作稳定剂,然后进行均质,采用1500ml/次,连续均质三遍,均质时问约为5mh,
    最后选用进口温度为150’C,进料量为40ml/min的条件下喷干,可得速溶大豆蛋臼粉。
     本实验第一次尝试把增加大豆蛋白溶解性的方法酶解法和物理增溶法结合使用,既能达
    到增加溶解性的目的,又能使大豆蛋白粉的消化吸收率大大增加。
    3、速溶大豆蛋白粉的应用研究
     以实验制得的速溶大豆蛋白粉为原料,通过对复合型凝固剂种类、添加量和添加方式的
    选择,砒定选用0.25%的GDL和0.20%的乳酸钙作为复合型凝固剂,选用品质改良剂、糊粘
    $1 CMC作为辅料,然后进行温度和pH控制,可以制得即食豆脑粉。
    4、速溶大豆蛋白粉的消化吸收实验
     速溶大豆蛋白粉的消化吸收实验,以大白鼠为实验动物,采用四组来进行比较。第一组
    是饲以标准饲料,第二组是提取的大豆蛋白直接喷干所得的大豆蛋白粉,第三组是未酶解的
    大豆蛋白采用其它几种物理增溶法制得的大豆蛋白粉,第四组是用综合增加溶解度的方法包
    括酶解法制得的大豆蛋白粉。通过在大白鼠体内进行代谢实验,结果证明,经过酶解后,综
    合增加溶解度的方法制得的速溶大豆蛋白粉消化吸收率最高,具有很高的营养价值。
     以上结果说明,速溶大豆蛋白粉不仅溶解性好,而且消化利用率高,对于新型大豆制品
    的厂发和原有大豆制品品质的改善都具有重要意义。
The urban and rural nutritional condition is showed according to the datum from the countrywide nutritional supervisory network in 1998. The consumption of the animality food is superfluous and the legume food is insufficient by the urban resident, however, rustic villagers consume mainly cereal and the absorption of protein is apparently insufficient. The villagers have no choice to eat so many fish> meat > eggs and milk , but if to increase the consumption of soybean produce which will be an important method to enhance the high quality protein. Soybean protein contains 40%protein and exceeds any crop on the content of protein and soybean protein has the most nutritional value of all the plant protein. But at present much soybean produce is confined because of the bad dissolution from the soybean powder. Especially when soybean protein is used to produce fluidity food the degree of dissolution and stability is especially significant, Besides, All kinds of physical enginery of soybean are exerted at the premise of good dissolution. So the study of dissolution from soybean protein is very significant for the process of soybean produce.
    The paper researches the distill of soybean protein as the beginning, And then hydrolysis by enzyme, Emulsification, The operation of homogenization and the conditional control of spraying dryness. These operations contribute to dissolving of soybean protein powder. At last the experiment of metabolization proves the high quality value of nutrition from the soybean protein powder.
    1. The techniques of distilling soybean protein.
    The course of distilling soybean protein comprises mainly dipping >. grinding and spraying to powder. The soybean is dipped with the water of NaHCOa by conventional method to reduce the time of dipping. Now my experiment proves that the water of citric is better than the traditional method. The method may reduce apparently the soybean stinking, and the effectual control of temperature > time and the rate of material to water during the grinding may increase the output and improve the quality of soybean protein and enhance the efficiency of distilling. The techniques of distilling soybean protein is that: dip in the water of 0.05% citric acid at 40"C with eight hour, then grind with water of pH=4, material to water 1:10, and become powder by praying dryness.
    2. The study of fast dissolution with soybean protein.
    The paper discovers the increase of the dissolution after hydrolysis by enzyme is distinct by
    IV
    
    
    
    the control of content and time. With the protein after hydrolysis as raw material, access the lecithin and the material of stabilization P -loop dextrin and malt dextrin. The lecithin may reduce the superficial energy of protein granule and contribute to hydrophile, 3 -loop dextrin and malt dextrin may reduce the sedimentation and protect the protein to endure the high temperature during the spraying dryness. The homogenization may reduce the protein granule and lessen the conglomeration. Besides, the control of the temperature of inlet and flux may contribute the soybean protein to obtaining the proper content of 5% water. All these operations aim at increasing the dissolution. The techniques of fast dissolution soybean protein is that: With the soybean protein as raw material, put 1.0% lecithin o.4% ?-loop dextrin and 0.6% malt dextrin, then homogenize three times (1500ml/times), about 5 minute, at last spraying dryness at 15CTC with the flux of 40ml/min may obtain fast soluble soybean protein powder.
    The experiment is the first to try combining hydrolysis by enzyme with other physical methods. The method may obtain not only fast dissolution but also increase distinctly the obsorptivity. 3 > The study of appliance with soybean protein.
    With the fast soluble soybean protein powder, choose the kind and content of coagulator and ascertain 0.25%GDL and 0.20% lact-calcium as complex coagulator, and control the temperature ^ pH, at last may obtain the instant bean curd gel powder. 4> The study of assimilation and absorptivity with soybean
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