内共生菌对烟粉虱种群形成与发展的影响及其作用机制
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摘要
烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)是一种世界性的重要害虫,是由在形态学上难以区分的多种生物型所组成的复合种。在烟粉虱众多生物型中,B型和Q型烟粉虱被认为最有害并且分布广泛。Q型烟粉虱依靠其对极限温度和多种农药的强耐受性等优势,近年来开始在世界范围内扩散,并显示出比B型烟粉虱更强的入侵性和危害性。烟粉虱体内除了初生内共生菌Portiera,还有Hamiltonella、Rickettsia、Wolbachia、 Cardinium、Fritschea和Arsenophonus等次生内共生菌。为了确定B型和Q型烟粉虱种群分布和次生内共生菌的关系,本研究检测了58个B型和Q型中国地理种群中次生内共生菌的发生。主要结果和结论如下：
1.在两种生物型的所有地理种群中都检测到Hamiltonella的存在；Rickettsia, Wolbachia和Fritschea在B型烟粉虱种群中的感染率分别是93.3%,33.3%和11.1%; Rickettsia, Cardinium和Fritschea在Q型烟粉虱中的感染率分别是4.3%,31.9%和19.1%；所有烟粉虱种群中都没有检测到Arsenophonus的感染。
2.在B型和Q型中分别发现了9个和7个内共生菌的组合,并且一些地理种群中所有的内共生菌感染方式呈现生态分布区重叠；内共生菌的组合和感染率在临近的地理种群中差异很大；B型个体和Q型个体中内共生菌的超感染方式分别为48.9%和15.8%。
3.次生内共生菌显示了典型的地理分布方式,比如Hamiltonella在所有地区都有很高的感染率；Rickettsia在B型烟粉虱种群的分布地区具有高感染率,并且从北部到南部呈现升高的趋势；而Wolbachia, Cardinium和Fritschea只在中国东南部地区有零星的较低感染率。
4.数据统计分析结果显示Rickettsia的发生和环境因素相关,主要影响如下：(1)相比豆科寄主植物Rickettsia感染更趋向于发生在十字花科寄主植物上；(2)Rickettsia感染率随地理区域年平均气温的升高而升高；(3) Rickettsia感染率随地理区域年平均降雨量的升高而升高。
5. B型烟粉虱在高纬度地区占优势,而Q型烟粉虱主要分布在低纬度地区；年平均气温和年平均降雨量影响两种生物型的分布比例,主要影响趋势：(1)该地区的年平均气温越高B型烟粉虱种群比例越低；(2)该地区的年平均降雨量越高B型烟粉虱种群比例也越低。
6. Rickettsia增强了烟粉虱对杀虫剂的敏感性,Rickettsia感染率越高,B型烟粉虱种群的比例越低,Rickettsia诱导的烟粉虱对杀虫剂抗性的差异可能是影响我国B型和Q型烟粉虱种群竞争替代的部分因素。
为了明确内共生菌的功能及在烟粉虱种群扩散中的生物学意义,我们提取了烟粉虱内共生菌的总基因组DNA,进行了宏基因组测序。本研究的实验结果将为更好的理解种群替代机制和预防控制这一入侵害虫提供了理论基础。
The sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)(Hemiptera:Aleyrodidae), is an important cosmopolitan insect pest all over the world. B. tabaci is a species complex composed of numerous biotypes, which are morphologically indistinguishable. Among the numerous B. tabaci biotypes, B and Q biotypes are widely distributed and well-studied. Many researches proved that B. tabaci Q biotype has better survival than B biotype due to higher tolerance to extreme temperature and greater resistance to insecticides, and Q biotype has spread worldwidely. In addition to the essential intracellular symbiotic bacterium Portiera, several facultative secondary symbionts (S-symbionts) including Hamiltonella, Rickettsia, Wolbachia, Cardinium, Fritschea, and Arsenophonus have been identified from B. tabaci. To verify the correlation between the geographical distribution of S-symbiont communities and population proportions of B and Q biotypes, S-symbiont infection frequencies of58Chinese geographical populations of B and Q biotypes were determined by a specific PCR detection technique. The main results and conclusion were as follows,
1. Hamiltonella was detected in all populations. The infection frequencies of Rickettsia, Wolbachia and Fritschea were93.3%,33.3%and11.1%in B biotype populations, respectively. And in Q biotype populations, Rickettsia, Cardinium and Fritschea showed infection frequencies of4.3%,31.9%and19.1%, respectively. None of the populations screened tested positive for the presence of Arsenophonus.
2. Nine S-symbiont combinations were found among B biotype individuals, and seven among Q biotype individuals. In some geographical populations, all basic infection types were detected sympatrically. The composition and frequency of S-symbionts often differed greatly among closely located populations. Multiple infections with the S-symbionts within all the B and Q biotype individuals examined were approximately48.9%and15.8%, respectively.
3. The S-symbionts exhibited characteristic geographical distribution patterns, such as Hamiltonella at high frequencies in all localities, Rickettsia at high frequencies mainly in B biotype in all localities, while Wolbachia, Cardinium and Fritschea were found at low frequencies sporadically in the southeastern part of China.
4. A statistically significant positive correlation was detected between the Rickettsia infection and the environmental factors. The following tendencies were identified:(1) Rickettsia infection tends to be found on Brassicaceae more than on Leguminosae;(2) higher frequency of Rickettsia is associated with higher mean annual temperature at the locality;(3) higher frequency of Rickettsia is associated with greater mean annual precipitation at the locality.
5. B biotype was dominant in higher latitude regions and Q biotype was dominant in lower latitude regions. Mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation were highly correlated with the B biotype distribution proportions. The following tendencies were identified:(1) a lower B biotype distribution proportion, by locality is associated with higher mean annual temperature;(2) a lower B biotype distribution proportion is associated with greater mean annual precipitation at the locality.
6. Rickettsia increased susceptibility to insecticidal compounds of B. tabaci. A lower B biotype distribution proportion is associated with greater infection frequency of Rickettsia. Differences in insecticide resistance induced by Rickettsia might be the main factor affecting population proportions of B and Q biotypes in China.
In order to understand the functions of endosymbionts, and then reveal their biological significance for invasive mechanism of B. tabaci Q biotype in China. We extracted total DNA of endosymbionts from whiteflies and the comprehensive metagenomic analysis is ongoing. The research results will be helpful for the pest control.
1.在两种生物型的所有地理种群中都检测到Hamiltonella的存在；Rickettsia, Wolbachia和Fritschea在B型烟粉虱种群中的感染率分别是93.3%,33.3%和11.1%; Rickettsia, Cardinium和Fritschea在Q型烟粉虱中的感染率分别是4.3%,31.9%和19.1%；所有烟粉虱种群中都没有检测到Arsenophonus的感染。
2.在B型和Q型中分别发现了9个和7个内共生菌的组合,并且一些地理种群中所有的内共生菌感染方式呈现生态分布区重叠；内共生菌的组合和感染率在临近的地理种群中差异很大；B型个体和Q型个体中内共生菌的超感染方式分别为48.9%和15.8%。
3.次生内共生菌显示了典型的地理分布方式,比如Hamiltonella在所有地区都有很高的感染率；Rickettsia在B型烟粉虱种群的分布地区具有高感染率,并且从北部到南部呈现升高的趋势；而Wolbachia, Cardinium和Fritschea只在中国东南部地区有零星的较低感染率。
4.数据统计分析结果显示Rickettsia的发生和环境因素相关,主要影响如下：(1)相比豆科寄主植物Rickettsia感染更趋向于发生在十字花科寄主植物上；(2)Rickettsia感染率随地理区域年平均气温的升高而升高；(3) Rickettsia感染率随地理区域年平均降雨量的升高而升高。
5. B型烟粉虱在高纬度地区占优势,而Q型烟粉虱主要分布在低纬度地区；年平均气温和年平均降雨量影响两种生物型的分布比例,主要影响趋势：(1)该地区的年平均气温越高B型烟粉虱种群比例越低；(2)该地区的年平均降雨量越高B型烟粉虱种群比例也越低。
6. Rickettsia增强了烟粉虱对杀虫剂的敏感性,Rickettsia感染率越高,B型烟粉虱种群的比例越低,Rickettsia诱导的烟粉虱对杀虫剂抗性的差异可能是影响我国B型和Q型烟粉虱种群竞争替代的部分因素。
为了明确内共生菌的功能及在烟粉虱种群扩散中的生物学意义,我们提取了烟粉虱内共生菌的总基因组DNA,进行了宏基因组测序。本研究的实验结果将为更好的理解种群替代机制和预防控制这一入侵害虫提供了理论基础。
The sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)(Hemiptera:Aleyrodidae), is an important cosmopolitan insect pest all over the world. B. tabaci is a species complex composed of numerous biotypes, which are morphologically indistinguishable. Among the numerous B. tabaci biotypes, B and Q biotypes are widely distributed and well-studied. Many researches proved that B. tabaci Q biotype has better survival than B biotype due to higher tolerance to extreme temperature and greater resistance to insecticides, and Q biotype has spread worldwidely. In addition to the essential intracellular symbiotic bacterium Portiera, several facultative secondary symbionts (S-symbionts) including Hamiltonella, Rickettsia, Wolbachia, Cardinium, Fritschea, and Arsenophonus have been identified from B. tabaci. To verify the correlation between the geographical distribution of S-symbiont communities and population proportions of B and Q biotypes, S-symbiont infection frequencies of58Chinese geographical populations of B and Q biotypes were determined by a specific PCR detection technique. The main results and conclusion were as follows,
1. Hamiltonella was detected in all populations. The infection frequencies of Rickettsia, Wolbachia and Fritschea were93.3%,33.3%and11.1%in B biotype populations, respectively. And in Q biotype populations, Rickettsia, Cardinium and Fritschea showed infection frequencies of4.3%,31.9%and19.1%, respectively. None of the populations screened tested positive for the presence of Arsenophonus.
2. Nine S-symbiont combinations were found among B biotype individuals, and seven among Q biotype individuals. In some geographical populations, all basic infection types were detected sympatrically. The composition and frequency of S-symbionts often differed greatly among closely located populations. Multiple infections with the S-symbionts within all the B and Q biotype individuals examined were approximately48.9%and15.8%, respectively.
3. The S-symbionts exhibited characteristic geographical distribution patterns, such as Hamiltonella at high frequencies in all localities, Rickettsia at high frequencies mainly in B biotype in all localities, while Wolbachia, Cardinium and Fritschea were found at low frequencies sporadically in the southeastern part of China.
4. A statistically significant positive correlation was detected between the Rickettsia infection and the environmental factors. The following tendencies were identified:(1) Rickettsia infection tends to be found on Brassicaceae more than on Leguminosae;(2) higher frequency of Rickettsia is associated with higher mean annual temperature at the locality;(3) higher frequency of Rickettsia is associated with greater mean annual precipitation at the locality.
5. B biotype was dominant in higher latitude regions and Q biotype was dominant in lower latitude regions. Mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation were highly correlated with the B biotype distribution proportions. The following tendencies were identified:(1) a lower B biotype distribution proportion, by locality is associated with higher mean annual temperature;(2) a lower B biotype distribution proportion is associated with greater mean annual precipitation at the locality.
6. Rickettsia increased susceptibility to insecticidal compounds of B. tabaci. A lower B biotype distribution proportion is associated with greater infection frequency of Rickettsia. Differences in insecticide resistance induced by Rickettsia might be the main factor affecting population proportions of B and Q biotypes in China.
In order to understand the functions of endosymbionts, and then reveal their biological significance for invasive mechanism of B. tabaci Q biotype in China. We extracted total DNA of endosymbionts from whiteflies and the comprehensive metagenomic analysis is ongoing. The research results will be helpful for the pest control.
引文
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