南水北调中线源头区典型持久性有机污染物赋存特征研究
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摘要
南水北调中线工程是国家进行跨流域水资源优化配置的一项重大战略决策,是缓解我国北方干旱缺水、保障供水安全的重大水利工程。目前,对于中线工程水源地丹江口水库的研究主要集中在一些常规水质分析上,而对人体健康和水质安全存在严重影响的POPs类化合物的研究上却几近空白,缺乏足够的研究基础,因此,对丹江口水库库区水体和土壤环境中POPs进行监测和分析、对其迁移转化研究具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。
本论文对丹江口库区淅川段淹没区土壤、蒿坪河水体和降雨径流中典型持久性有机污染物污染状况进行了研究分析。修建了5组15个野外径流池,并对淅川淹没区表层农田土壤、蒿坪河及其支流14个汇水断面和3次降雨径流样品进行了20种有机氯农药和16种多环芳烃的检测与分析。经过两年7期的实验,初步掌握了库区OCPs和PAHs的组分种类、污染程度、浓度分布以及污染来源等基本情况。研究结果表明：
1.淅川淹没区表层农田土壤共有α-HCH与DDE两种有机氯农药和Acy等10种PAHs检出,与国内外农田土壤相比α-HCH偏高、DDE相当、PAHs较低,其中OCPs具有一定的生态风险,PAHs对生态环境产生负面效应较低。
2.蒿坪河水体3期样品共有α-HCH、环氧七氯、硫丹Ⅰ、硫丹Ⅱ和硫丹硫酸盐5种OCPs以及11种PAHs检出,均符合国家地表水环境质量标准,但Chr、Bbf和Bk等三种PAHs超过美国EPA2006年颁布的《国家推荐的优先有毒污染物水质标准》,值得进一步关注
3.研究区降雨径流OCPs只有α-HCH检出,其中耕地径流α-HCH的平均含量约是果园的30余倍,而山林径流则没有检出,可见人类开发活动对OCPs的残留影响很大；三种土地利用类型降雨径流PAHs含量平均值大小与组分种类均为耕地>果园>山林。Baa、Chr、Bbf、Bkf和Bap等5种组份均超过EPA2006年颁布的《国家推荐的优先有毒污染物水质标准》,因此,研究区降雨径流中PAHs污染存在一定的生态风险。降雨径流中总PAHs含量随坡度的增加呈明显的上升趋势,可见同种利用类型土地径流中PAHs流失量与坡度关系密切相关。径流量随坡度的增加也呈明显的上升趋势。
4.使用分子标志物指示法对丹江口库区土壤、水体以及径流中的多环芳烃来源进行解析,结果表明,土壤、水体以及降雨径流中PAHs的来源相似,均主要是煤等化石燃料以及草木等植物性燃料的燃烧,少量来源于汽车尾气的排放。
5.蒿坪河干流平水期5种多环芳烃化合物由饮水途径所致健康危害的个人年总风险范围为1.40×10-12-5.28×10-12a-1,低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值(5.0×10-5a-1)。平水期个人年总风险约是丰水期的6倍。
South-to-North Water Diversion Middle Line Project is a major strategic decision of the State to conduct inter-basin water resources optimal allocation, which is a major water conservancy projects to ease the drought and water shortage in northern China and ensure water supply safety. Recently, as the water source of the middle canal, Danjiangkou reservoir, has draw much attention of the government and the environmental scientist, focusing on the agriculture nonpoint pollutant of nitrogen and phosphorus. However, data about the current contamination status with POPs which Seriously affect human health and water quality, were very scarce in this area. So, it will be of great significance, and has great practical value on monitoring and analysis of POPs in Danjiangkou reservoir water and soil environment.
The pollution of persistent organic pollutants in the soil from Xichuan submerged area, surface water of Haoping river and runoff have been analyzed in this article.15 runoff ponds of three groups were built, and farmland soil samples, surface water samples and three times runoff samples have been collected for experiments, Basing on the data of 7 times experiments within 2 years, the types, level, distribution, sources and possible ecological risk about OCPs and PAHs were initially acquired in the reservoir area. It was found that:
1. Two of OCPs (a-HCH and DDE) and ten of PAHs were detected in the soil from Xichuan submerged area, in comparisons with other areas, the mean value of a-HCH content in present study was higher slightly, DDE was at the same level and PAHs was lower relatively. OCPs pose a bit high risk and PAHs have little negative ecological risk comparing with ERL and ERM value of risk evaluation.
2. Five of OCPs (a-HCH, heptachlor epoxide, endosulfanⅠ,Ⅱendosulfan and endosulfan sulfate) and eleven of PAHs were detected in Haoping River. It should be noted that contents of Chr, Bbf and Bkf were higher than the National Recommended Water Quality Criteria limits (US EPA at 2006),, which should be paid further attention.
3. In the runoff of farmland soil and orchard, only a-HCH of OCPs was detected. The average content of a-HCH in farmland soil is about more than 30 times than that of orchard. The average contents and component types of PAHs in three types of land-use were all decreased in the order of cultivated land>orchard>mountain forest. Baa, Chr, Bbf, Bkf and Bap were out of the National Recommended Water Quality Criteria limits. There were a certain degree of ecological risk about runoff PAHs pollution in the study area. It was also be found that the runoff volume and the total PAHs content in runoff increase with the slope.
4. Based on the Molecular Markers Indicative Law, the source analysis of PAHs was carried out. It was found that the dominant source of PAHs in the soil from Xichuan submerged area was combustion of coal, and a small amount came from vehicle exhaust emissions.
5. The health risk from PAHs by drinking for one person ranged from 1.40×10-12 to 5.28×10-12 a-1, were lower than the maximum tolerable value(5.0×10-5 a-1) recommended by ICRP. The health risk of PAHs in the level period was six times than abundant water period.
本论文对丹江口库区淅川段淹没区土壤、蒿坪河水体和降雨径流中典型持久性有机污染物污染状况进行了研究分析。修建了5组15个野外径流池,并对淅川淹没区表层农田土壤、蒿坪河及其支流14个汇水断面和3次降雨径流样品进行了20种有机氯农药和16种多环芳烃的检测与分析。经过两年7期的实验,初步掌握了库区OCPs和PAHs的组分种类、污染程度、浓度分布以及污染来源等基本情况。研究结果表明：
1.淅川淹没区表层农田土壤共有α-HCH与DDE两种有机氯农药和Acy等10种PAHs检出,与国内外农田土壤相比α-HCH偏高、DDE相当、PAHs较低,其中OCPs具有一定的生态风险,PAHs对生态环境产生负面效应较低。
2.蒿坪河水体3期样品共有α-HCH、环氧七氯、硫丹Ⅰ、硫丹Ⅱ和硫丹硫酸盐5种OCPs以及11种PAHs检出,均符合国家地表水环境质量标准,但Chr、Bbf和Bk等三种PAHs超过美国EPA2006年颁布的《国家推荐的优先有毒污染物水质标准》,值得进一步关注
3.研究区降雨径流OCPs只有α-HCH检出,其中耕地径流α-HCH的平均含量约是果园的30余倍,而山林径流则没有检出,可见人类开发活动对OCPs的残留影响很大；三种土地利用类型降雨径流PAHs含量平均值大小与组分种类均为耕地>果园>山林。Baa、Chr、Bbf、Bkf和Bap等5种组份均超过EPA2006年颁布的《国家推荐的优先有毒污染物水质标准》,因此,研究区降雨径流中PAHs污染存在一定的生态风险。降雨径流中总PAHs含量随坡度的增加呈明显的上升趋势,可见同种利用类型土地径流中PAHs流失量与坡度关系密切相关。径流量随坡度的增加也呈明显的上升趋势。
4.使用分子标志物指示法对丹江口库区土壤、水体以及径流中的多环芳烃来源进行解析,结果表明,土壤、水体以及降雨径流中PAHs的来源相似,均主要是煤等化石燃料以及草木等植物性燃料的燃烧,少量来源于汽车尾气的排放。
5.蒿坪河干流平水期5种多环芳烃化合物由饮水途径所致健康危害的个人年总风险范围为1.40×10-12-5.28×10-12a-1,低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值(5.0×10-5a-1)。平水期个人年总风险约是丰水期的6倍。
South-to-North Water Diversion Middle Line Project is a major strategic decision of the State to conduct inter-basin water resources optimal allocation, which is a major water conservancy projects to ease the drought and water shortage in northern China and ensure water supply safety. Recently, as the water source of the middle canal, Danjiangkou reservoir, has draw much attention of the government and the environmental scientist, focusing on the agriculture nonpoint pollutant of nitrogen and phosphorus. However, data about the current contamination status with POPs which Seriously affect human health and water quality, were very scarce in this area. So, it will be of great significance, and has great practical value on monitoring and analysis of POPs in Danjiangkou reservoir water and soil environment.
The pollution of persistent organic pollutants in the soil from Xichuan submerged area, surface water of Haoping river and runoff have been analyzed in this article.15 runoff ponds of three groups were built, and farmland soil samples, surface water samples and three times runoff samples have been collected for experiments, Basing on the data of 7 times experiments within 2 years, the types, level, distribution, sources and possible ecological risk about OCPs and PAHs were initially acquired in the reservoir area. It was found that:
1. Two of OCPs (a-HCH and DDE) and ten of PAHs were detected in the soil from Xichuan submerged area, in comparisons with other areas, the mean value of a-HCH content in present study was higher slightly, DDE was at the same level and PAHs was lower relatively. OCPs pose a bit high risk and PAHs have little negative ecological risk comparing with ERL and ERM value of risk evaluation.
2. Five of OCPs (a-HCH, heptachlor epoxide, endosulfanⅠ,Ⅱendosulfan and endosulfan sulfate) and eleven of PAHs were detected in Haoping River. It should be noted that contents of Chr, Bbf and Bkf were higher than the National Recommended Water Quality Criteria limits (US EPA at 2006),, which should be paid further attention.
3. In the runoff of farmland soil and orchard, only a-HCH of OCPs was detected. The average content of a-HCH in farmland soil is about more than 30 times than that of orchard. The average contents and component types of PAHs in three types of land-use were all decreased in the order of cultivated land>orchard>mountain forest. Baa, Chr, Bbf, Bkf and Bap were out of the National Recommended Water Quality Criteria limits. There were a certain degree of ecological risk about runoff PAHs pollution in the study area. It was also be found that the runoff volume and the total PAHs content in runoff increase with the slope.
4. Based on the Molecular Markers Indicative Law, the source analysis of PAHs was carried out. It was found that the dominant source of PAHs in the soil from Xichuan submerged area was combustion of coal, and a small amount came from vehicle exhaust emissions.
5. The health risk from PAHs by drinking for one person ranged from 1.40×10-12 to 5.28×10-12 a-1, were lower than the maximum tolerable value(5.0×10-5 a-1) recommended by ICRP. The health risk of PAHs in the level period was six times than abundant water period.
引文
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