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日本储蓄率变动及其影响研究
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摘要
储蓄在任何经济体中都是不可或缺的,因为它为家庭、企业及社会提供资金。一定时期的储蓄水平会影响经济增长,储蓄率是影响一国经济发展的关键因素之一。
     日本曾经是世界储蓄率最高的国家之一。以往的持续的高储蓄率促进了战后日本经济的高速增长,使得日本成为令人瞩目的世界经济强国。日本过剩的储蓄资金也帮助资金短缺的国家解决了资金缺口,进而促进了世界经济的发展。但不可忽略的是,日本的高储蓄也对日本经济产生了一些负面影响,使其长期受到“储蓄过剩”的困扰。
     然而,从20世纪90年代开始,日本国民储蓄率(总储蓄率)快速下降,日本家庭储蓄率更是急速下降,家庭储蓄率从20世纪80年代初期的18%降到现在只有3%左右,日本的储蓄率在一个世纪四分之一的时间里就下降了15%。和美国家庭相比,日本部分家庭入不敷出。与储蓄率下降相伴随的是日本经济的萧条。
     自1955年到现在将近六十年的时间里,很多因素使得日本储蓄率发生了显著变化。日本储蓄率的变动不但影响了日本本国经济,而且还影响着世界经济。
     中国目前的处境与20世纪90年代之前的日本的处境非常相似,两国都在经历高增长时出现了高储蓄率。目前中国储蓄率一直居高不下,且持续攀升。高储蓄率为中国快速发展提供了有力的资金保障的同时,也给中国经济带来了一定的负面影响,低消费、高投资、高出口等经济失衡问题越来越突出。如何通过降低储蓄率来寻求经济的平衡稳定发展是当前中国面临的一个艰巨任务。
     基于此,本文通过运用理论研究和实证研究深入地分析日本自20世纪50年代以来储蓄率由高到低变动的原因及其影响,为中国正在面临的高储蓄问题提供参考建议。
     本文主要包括以下几个部分:
     第一章为导论。主要阐述本文的写作背景和选题意义,梳理和总结国内外关于日本储蓄率的相关文献,提出写作思路和研究内容,确定研究方法。
     第二章为本文研究的理论基础。准确界定了储蓄和储蓄率的含义及其分类。对储蓄率的决定及其经济效应的相关理论进行综述。
     第三章为日本储蓄率变动的特点及未来走势。本章首先全面分析了日本储蓄率的总体运行特征,观察到占总储蓄最大份额的家庭储蓄变动与总储蓄变动趋势是一致的,并实证检验了家庭储蓄率和总储蓄率之间具有长期的均衡关系,总储蓄率变动在很大程度上是因为家庭储蓄率变动。由此确定了本文的主要研究对象为日本的家庭储蓄率。然后将家庭储蓄率变动划分为三个阶段,分析其变动特点,并通过计算对日本家庭储蓄率水平进行了较准确的定位。
     第四章至第六章是本文的核心内容。运用理论与实证相结合的方法研究日本储蓄率三个阶段变动的成因及其影响。第四章分析了1955-1973年日本储蓄率上升的成因及其影响。总结出了日本储蓄率上升既有一般性成因,又有特殊性成因,阐述了日本充裕的家庭储蓄对战后日本经济发展是如何发挥重要作用的,并研究了日本将储蓄有效转化为投资的机制和渠道。第五章主要研究1974-1990年储蓄率稳定变动的成因及其影响。梳理出了储蓄率稳定变动受诸多因素影响,分析了该时期的储蓄水平对日本经济发展的积极作用和消极作用,评价了日本过剩储蓄的用途。第六章主要研究1991年至今储蓄率下降的成因及其影响。得出收入因素、人口结构因素及社会保障制度三个因素是储蓄率下降的主要成因,最后,从正反两个方面分析了储蓄率下降的经济效应。
     第七章是日本储蓄率的变动对中国的启示。主要分析了中国储蓄率运行的特征、影响和成因,提出中国调整储蓄率的思路和降低中国高储蓄率的具体政策建议。
Savings are requisite in any economy,because it provides funds for families,businesses and the community. No savings will not be able to invest. Savings rate isone of the key factors which affect a country’s economic development.
     Japan has been one of the countries which have the highest savings rates in theworld. The continuous high savings rate promotes Japan’s rapid economic growthpostwar,and makes Japan to be remarkable in the world. At the same time,Japan’ssurplus savings help countries with a shortage of funds to address the funding gap,and high savings in Japan also contribute to the development of the world economy. Itcannot be neglected that high savings rate has also some negative impact on theJapanese economy,makes Japan to be troubled by the “savings glut”.
     However,the national savings rate in Japan rapidly declines from the1990’s,and Japan’s household savings rate declines more rapidly. The household savings ratedropped from18%in the early1980’s to3%now. Japan’s savings rate fell by15%ina quarter of the century. Compared with American families,some Japanese familiescan not make both ends meets. The depression of the Japanese economy isconcomitant with the decline of savings rate.
     Since1955,many factors make Japan’s savings rate change significantly.Changes in the savings rate in Japan will not only affect their own economies,butalso affect the world economy.
     The current situation is very similar to the situation in Japan before the1990’s,and both countries experienced high savings rate with high growth. China’s savingsrate has been high and rising. High savings rate provides a favorable financialsecurity for China’s rapid development,but also brings some negative impact onChina’s economy. Economic imbalances become increasingly prominent,such as low consumption,high investment,high exports,and so on.
     To seek a balanced and stable development of the economy by reducing thesavings rate will be a daunting task for China. This paper analyzes the causes andeffects of Japan’s savings rate changing from high to low since the1950’s through theuse of theoretical and empirical research and provides reference for China.
     This article consists of the following sections:
     The first chapter is introduction. It includes the background and significance ofthe topics,review of the literature about Japan’s savings rate,the main contents andresearch methods.
     The second chapter is the theoretical basis of this study. This chapter accuratelydefines the meaning of the savings and the savings rate and its classification,andsummarizes the theory of the decision and its economic effect on the savings rate.
     The third chapter studies the characteristics and the future trend of Japan’ssavings rate. This chapter first analyzes the characteristics of the overall operation ofJapan’s savings rate,observes changes in trend in household savings which is thelargest share of total savings,is consistent with total savings and empirical tests havea long-term equilibrium relationship between household savings rate and the totalsavings rate,the total change in the savings rate in large part because changes in thehousehold savings rate. This determines the main object of study of this article isJapan’s household savings rate. This chapter divides the changes of the householdsavings rate into three stages,and analyzes the changes’ characteristics,and thenmakes a more accurate position for the level of household savings rate in Japan bycalculating.
     The fourth chapter,the fifth chapter and the sixth chapter are the core contents ofthis article. Studying the causes and effects of the changes in the three stages of theJapan’s savings rate with the combination of theoretical and empirical methods.
     The fourth chapter analyzes the causes and effects of the rising savings rate from1955to1973, and teases out both the general causes and particular causes of the risein the savings rate,and then summarizes that how plenty of household savings inJapan play an important role in the economic development post-war,and studies the mechanism and channels to make Japanese savings into investment effectively.
     The fifth chapter studies the causes and effects of stability changes in savingsrate from1974to1990,and discusses that savings rate is affected by many factors toremain stable movements,and analyzes the positive and negative effects that the levelof savings have on Japan’s economic development. At last,making evaluation ofJapan’s excess savings’ purposes.
     The sixth chapter mainly studies the causes and impact of the decline in thesavings rate since1991. Income factors,demographic factors and the social securitysystem are the main causes of the decline in the savings rate. Finally,analyzing theeconomic effects of the decline in the savings rate from both positive and negative.
     The seventh chapter is the revelation of the changes in the savings rate in Japan.This chapter mainly analyzes the characteristics,impact and causes of China’ssavings rate,and then elaborates the ideas of adjusting china’s savings rate and somestrategies and countermeasures to reduce China’s high savings rate.
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