晋京两地148名护理学硕士研究生择业效能感研究
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摘要
目的通过了解晋京两地护理研究生择业效能感的总体情况,探讨不同年龄、不同年级和不同城市护理研究生择业效能感存在的差异,为高校护理研究生的就业指导提供依据。
研究对象确定2006年北京、太原的所有在读女护理研究生共148名(已剔除仅有的1名男生)为调查对象,按年龄划分:23岁以上护理研究生51人,26岁以上护理研究生80人,30岁以上护理研究生17人;按年级划分:一年级护理研究生53人,二年级护理研究生53人,三年级护理研究生42人;按城市划分:北京护理研究生67人,太原护理研究生81人。
研究方法采用已通过信、效度检验的、胡艳红自编的《择业效能感问卷》进行问卷调查,结合深度访谈法、文献资料法,比较和分析护理研究生的择业效能感测量结果,得出结论。择业效能感问卷包括自我概念、自我评价、社会支持、职业信息收集、学绩和目标设定6个方面。6个维度的方差累积贡献率为56.931%,问卷的内部一致性系数α为0.724。总量表和6个维度的相关在0.651—0.822之间,各维度与其项目之间的相关在0.376—0.856之间,每一个相关都达到了显著水平。将数据运用SPSS11.5 for Windows软件进行统计分析。统计方法有析因分析、x~2检验。
结果除了“学绩”维度的得分(3.750±0.628)之外,护理研究生择业效能感在“自我评价”的得分(3.345±0.584)、“自我概念”的得分(3.625±0.606)、“社会支持”的得分(3.218±0.502)、“信息收集”的得分(3.340±0.541)、“目标设定”的得分(3.460±0.500)与胡艳红用同一份问卷的调查结果相比较低;护理研究生择业效能感不存在显著的年龄主效应(F=2.057,P＞0.05),还不能认为年龄因素对护理研究生择业效能感得分的影响有统计学意义,30岁以上护理研究生择业效能感得分最低(3.174±0.254);护理研究生择业效能感的年级和城市的交互作用显著(F=4.275,P＜0.05)。表明不同城市的三个年级护理研究生的择业效能感发展趋势不同,太原二年级护理研究生择业效能感的得分(3.928±0.291)高于一年级的得分(3.297±0.210)和三年级的得分(3.259±0.157),北京二年级护理研究生择业效能感的得分(3.450±0.276)高于一年级的得分(3.443±0.273)和三年级的得分(3.117±0.367);不同年级的北京和太原护理研究生的择业效能感发展趋势不同,一年级的北京护理研究生择业效能感的得分(3.443±0.273)高于太原护理研究生的得分(3.297±0.210),二年级、三年级的太原护理研究生的得分(3.928±0.291、3.259±0.157)分别高于北京护理研究生的得分(3.450±0.276、3.117±0.367);“自我概念”维度的年级主效应显著(F=46.490,P＜0.01),不同年级“自我概念”维度的差别有统计学意义;“信息收集”维度的年级主效应显著(F=4.733,P＜0.05),不同年级“信息收集”维度的差别有统计学意义;“目标设定”维度的年级主效应显著(F=12.372,P＜0.01),不同年级“目标设定”维度的差别有统计学意义;“自我评价”的年级和城市的交互作用显著(F=4.874,P＜0.01),表明不同城市的三个年级护理研究生的自我评价水平不同;“学绩”的年级和城市的交互作用显著(F=14.922,P＜0.01),表明不同城市的三个年级护理研究生的学绩水平不同。
结论1.与胡艳红的研究结果相比,护理研究生择业效能感的水平比本科生低。2.护理研究生的择业效能感水平在年龄上无显著差异。3.不同城市的三个年级护理研究生的择业效能感发展趋势不同。二年级护理研究生的择业效能感水平高于其它年级,具体体现在自我概念、信息收集、目标设定方面有显著差异,二年级护理研究生比其它年级护理研究生的自我概念水平高、职业信息收集和掌握情况好、对职业目标的认识程度高。不同年级护理研究生的择业效能感水平在自我评价、社会支持、学绩方面无显著差异。随着年级的增高,太原护理研究生的择业效能感呈现出低-高-低的发展趋势,变化起伏大;北京护理研究生的择业效能感呈现出平稳上升后降低的发展趋势。4.不同年级北京和太原的护理研究生的择业效能感的发展趋势不同。一年级北京护理研究生的择业效能感水平高于太原护理研究生,而二、三年级太原护理研究生的择业效能感水平高于北京护理研究生。以上研究提示在读研究生三个年级均应加强就业指导教育,北京地区尤为重要。
Objective To discusses the difference of Occupational Choice Self-efficacy(OCSE)of nursing post-graduates of Beijing and Taiyuan due to their ages,grades and cities.This study can be used as evidence of employment guidance for nursing post- graduates.
Subjects We regard 148 female nursing post-students(a male nursing post-student has been eliminated)who are studying in Taiyuan and Beijing in 2006 as our research subjects.The subjects are divided into groups according to ages:51 subjects who are older than 23 years old, 80 subjects whose are older than 26 years old,17 subjects who are older than 30 years old; according to grades:53 first-year post-graduates,53 second-year post-graduates,42 third-year post-graduates;according to cities:67 post-graduates in Beijing,81 post-graduates in Taiyuan.
Methods We use the questionnaire of OCSE of graduates which was designed by HuYanhong and verified by the test of reliability and validity as the study tool and the method of individual interview and literature information to compare and analyze the scores of OCSE of nursing post-graduates and make conclusion lastly.The OCSE of graduates consists of six factors.They are self-concept,self-evaluation,social support,occupational information accumulation,study capacity,and intending objects.The variance with the criterion variable of these six factors is 56.931%and inner identical coefficient(α)is 0.724.Every correlation reaches remarkable level that the correlation between the general questionnaire and six factors is between 0.651 and 0.822, and the correlation between every factor and its items is between 0.376 and 0.856.All the data are put into the software of SPSS11.5 for Windows to analyze and the statistic methods are factorial analysis and Chi-square test.
Results Compared with the results of HuYanhong who used the same questionnaire,the OCSE scores of nursing post-graduates in 'self-concept'(3.625±0.606)、'self-evaluation'(3.345±0.584)、'social support'(3.218±0.502)、'occupational information accumulation'(3.340±0.541)、'intending objects'(3.460±0.500)are much lower except the score of 'study capacity '(3.750±0.628);There isn't prominent main effect of ages in OCSE of nursing post-graduates(F=2.057,P＞0.05),it isn't considered that there is statistical significance on the influence of age factor on OCSE score of nursing post-graduates,the score of students more than 30 years old is the lowest(3.174±0.254);There is prominent interaction of grades and cities in OCSE of nursing post-graduates(F=4.275,P＜0.05),this indicates that the development trend in OCSE of nursing post-graduates of three grades is different in two cities,the score in OCSE of nursing second-year post-graduates in Taiyuan(3.928±0.291)is higher than the score of the first-year(3.297±0.210)and the score of the third-year(3.259±0.157).The score in OCSE of nursing post-graduates of the second-years in Beijing(3.450±0.276)is higher than the score of the first-years(3.443±0.273)and the score of the third-years(3.117±0.367);The development trend in OCSE of nursing post-graduates between Beijing and Taiyuan is different in three grades,this indicates that the score in OCSE of nursing post-graduates of one-grade in Beijing(3.443±0.273)is higher than the score of nursing post-graduates in Taiyuan(3.297±0.210),the score of nursing post-graduates of two grade and three grade in Taiyuan(3.928±0.291、3.259±0.157)are higher respectively than the score of nursing post- graduates in Beijing(3.450±0.276、3.117±0.367);There is prominent main effect of grades in factor of 'self-concept'(F=46.490,P＜0.01),there is statistical significance on distinction of different grades on factor of 'self-concept';There is prominent main effect of grades in factor of 'occupational information accumulation'(F=4.733,P＜0.05),there is statistical significance on distinction of different grades on factor of 'occupational information accumulation';There is prominent main effect of grades in factor of 'intending objects'(F=12.372,P＜0.01),there is statistical significance on distinction of different grades on factor of 'intending objects';There is prominent interaction of grades and cities on factor of 'self-evaluation'(F=4.874,P＜0.01),this indicates that the degree of self-evaluation for nursing post-graduates of the three grades are different in the two cities;There is prominent interaction of grades and cities on factor of 'study capacity'(F=14.922,P＜0.01),this indicates that the degree of study capacity for nursing post graduates of the three grades are different in the two cities.
Conclusions 1.According to the results of HuYanhong,OCSE of nursing post-graduates is in a lower level than graduates.2.There isn't a difference of nursing post-graduates' OCSE due to their ages.3.The development trend in OCSE of nursing post-graduates of three grades is different in two cities,The OCSE of students who in two grade is higher than who in other grades,the difference is represented in self-concept,occupational information accumulation, intending objects,it shows in higher self-concept,intending objects and better information -accumulating capability of students who in two grade.There isn't a difference of nursing post graduates' OCSE in different grade in self-concept,study capacity and social support.With the development of grades,OCSE scores of post-graduate students who are studying in Taiyuan showed a low-high-low developmental trend and the degree of this change is distinct;the developmental trend of OCSE scores of post-graduates who are studying in Beijing is increasing steadily and then reducing.4.The development trend in OCSE of nursing post-graduates of Beijing and Taiyuan is different in three grades,OCSE of post-graduates of one grade in Beijing is higher than who in Taiyuan,but OCSE of post-graduates of two grade and three grade in Taiyuan are higher than who in Beijing.All of these research indicated that it is important to heighten employment guidance education for nursing post-graduates of three grades except the nursing post-graduates who are studying in Beijing.
研究对象确定2006年北京、太原的所有在读女护理研究生共148名(已剔除仅有的1名男生)为调查对象,按年龄划分:23岁以上护理研究生51人,26岁以上护理研究生80人,30岁以上护理研究生17人;按年级划分:一年级护理研究生53人,二年级护理研究生53人,三年级护理研究生42人;按城市划分:北京护理研究生67人,太原护理研究生81人。
研究方法采用已通过信、效度检验的、胡艳红自编的《择业效能感问卷》进行问卷调查,结合深度访谈法、文献资料法,比较和分析护理研究生的择业效能感测量结果,得出结论。择业效能感问卷包括自我概念、自我评价、社会支持、职业信息收集、学绩和目标设定6个方面。6个维度的方差累积贡献率为56.931%,问卷的内部一致性系数α为0.724。总量表和6个维度的相关在0.651—0.822之间,各维度与其项目之间的相关在0.376—0.856之间,每一个相关都达到了显著水平。将数据运用SPSS11.5 for Windows软件进行统计分析。统计方法有析因分析、x~2检验。
结果除了“学绩”维度的得分(3.750±0.628)之外,护理研究生择业效能感在“自我评价”的得分(3.345±0.584)、“自我概念”的得分(3.625±0.606)、“社会支持”的得分(3.218±0.502)、“信息收集”的得分(3.340±0.541)、“目标设定”的得分(3.460±0.500)与胡艳红用同一份问卷的调查结果相比较低;护理研究生择业效能感不存在显著的年龄主效应(F=2.057,P＞0.05),还不能认为年龄因素对护理研究生择业效能感得分的影响有统计学意义,30岁以上护理研究生择业效能感得分最低(3.174±0.254);护理研究生择业效能感的年级和城市的交互作用显著(F=4.275,P＜0.05)。表明不同城市的三个年级护理研究生的择业效能感发展趋势不同,太原二年级护理研究生择业效能感的得分(3.928±0.291)高于一年级的得分(3.297±0.210)和三年级的得分(3.259±0.157),北京二年级护理研究生择业效能感的得分(3.450±0.276)高于一年级的得分(3.443±0.273)和三年级的得分(3.117±0.367);不同年级的北京和太原护理研究生的择业效能感发展趋势不同,一年级的北京护理研究生择业效能感的得分(3.443±0.273)高于太原护理研究生的得分(3.297±0.210),二年级、三年级的太原护理研究生的得分(3.928±0.291、3.259±0.157)分别高于北京护理研究生的得分(3.450±0.276、3.117±0.367);“自我概念”维度的年级主效应显著(F=46.490,P＜0.01),不同年级“自我概念”维度的差别有统计学意义;“信息收集”维度的年级主效应显著(F=4.733,P＜0.05),不同年级“信息收集”维度的差别有统计学意义;“目标设定”维度的年级主效应显著(F=12.372,P＜0.01),不同年级“目标设定”维度的差别有统计学意义;“自我评价”的年级和城市的交互作用显著(F=4.874,P＜0.01),表明不同城市的三个年级护理研究生的自我评价水平不同;“学绩”的年级和城市的交互作用显著(F=14.922,P＜0.01),表明不同城市的三个年级护理研究生的学绩水平不同。
结论1.与胡艳红的研究结果相比,护理研究生择业效能感的水平比本科生低。2.护理研究生的择业效能感水平在年龄上无显著差异。3.不同城市的三个年级护理研究生的择业效能感发展趋势不同。二年级护理研究生的择业效能感水平高于其它年级,具体体现在自我概念、信息收集、目标设定方面有显著差异,二年级护理研究生比其它年级护理研究生的自我概念水平高、职业信息收集和掌握情况好、对职业目标的认识程度高。不同年级护理研究生的择业效能感水平在自我评价、社会支持、学绩方面无显著差异。随着年级的增高,太原护理研究生的择业效能感呈现出低-高-低的发展趋势,变化起伏大;北京护理研究生的择业效能感呈现出平稳上升后降低的发展趋势。4.不同年级北京和太原的护理研究生的择业效能感的发展趋势不同。一年级北京护理研究生的择业效能感水平高于太原护理研究生,而二、三年级太原护理研究生的择业效能感水平高于北京护理研究生。以上研究提示在读研究生三个年级均应加强就业指导教育,北京地区尤为重要。
Objective To discusses the difference of Occupational Choice Self-efficacy(OCSE)of nursing post-graduates of Beijing and Taiyuan due to their ages,grades and cities.This study can be used as evidence of employment guidance for nursing post- graduates.
Subjects We regard 148 female nursing post-students(a male nursing post-student has been eliminated)who are studying in Taiyuan and Beijing in 2006 as our research subjects.The subjects are divided into groups according to ages:51 subjects who are older than 23 years old, 80 subjects whose are older than 26 years old,17 subjects who are older than 30 years old; according to grades:53 first-year post-graduates,53 second-year post-graduates,42 third-year post-graduates;according to cities:67 post-graduates in Beijing,81 post-graduates in Taiyuan.
Methods We use the questionnaire of OCSE of graduates which was designed by HuYanhong and verified by the test of reliability and validity as the study tool and the method of individual interview and literature information to compare and analyze the scores of OCSE of nursing post-graduates and make conclusion lastly.The OCSE of graduates consists of six factors.They are self-concept,self-evaluation,social support,occupational information accumulation,study capacity,and intending objects.The variance with the criterion variable of these six factors is 56.931%and inner identical coefficient(α)is 0.724.Every correlation reaches remarkable level that the correlation between the general questionnaire and six factors is between 0.651 and 0.822, and the correlation between every factor and its items is between 0.376 and 0.856.All the data are put into the software of SPSS11.5 for Windows to analyze and the statistic methods are factorial analysis and Chi-square test.
Results Compared with the results of HuYanhong who used the same questionnaire,the OCSE scores of nursing post-graduates in 'self-concept'(3.625±0.606)、'self-evaluation'(3.345±0.584)、'social support'(3.218±0.502)、'occupational information accumulation'(3.340±0.541)、'intending objects'(3.460±0.500)are much lower except the score of 'study capacity '(3.750±0.628);There isn't prominent main effect of ages in OCSE of nursing post-graduates(F=2.057,P＞0.05),it isn't considered that there is statistical significance on the influence of age factor on OCSE score of nursing post-graduates,the score of students more than 30 years old is the lowest(3.174±0.254);There is prominent interaction of grades and cities in OCSE of nursing post-graduates(F=4.275,P＜0.05),this indicates that the development trend in OCSE of nursing post-graduates of three grades is different in two cities,the score in OCSE of nursing second-year post-graduates in Taiyuan(3.928±0.291)is higher than the score of the first-year(3.297±0.210)and the score of the third-year(3.259±0.157).The score in OCSE of nursing post-graduates of the second-years in Beijing(3.450±0.276)is higher than the score of the first-years(3.443±0.273)and the score of the third-years(3.117±0.367);The development trend in OCSE of nursing post-graduates between Beijing and Taiyuan is different in three grades,this indicates that the score in OCSE of nursing post-graduates of one-grade in Beijing(3.443±0.273)is higher than the score of nursing post-graduates in Taiyuan(3.297±0.210),the score of nursing post-graduates of two grade and three grade in Taiyuan(3.928±0.291、3.259±0.157)are higher respectively than the score of nursing post- graduates in Beijing(3.450±0.276、3.117±0.367);There is prominent main effect of grades in factor of 'self-concept'(F=46.490,P＜0.01),there is statistical significance on distinction of different grades on factor of 'self-concept';There is prominent main effect of grades in factor of 'occupational information accumulation'(F=4.733,P＜0.05),there is statistical significance on distinction of different grades on factor of 'occupational information accumulation';There is prominent main effect of grades in factor of 'intending objects'(F=12.372,P＜0.01),there is statistical significance on distinction of different grades on factor of 'intending objects';There is prominent interaction of grades and cities on factor of 'self-evaluation'(F=4.874,P＜0.01),this indicates that the degree of self-evaluation for nursing post-graduates of the three grades are different in the two cities;There is prominent interaction of grades and cities on factor of 'study capacity'(F=14.922,P＜0.01),this indicates that the degree of study capacity for nursing post graduates of the three grades are different in the two cities.
Conclusions 1.According to the results of HuYanhong,OCSE of nursing post-graduates is in a lower level than graduates.2.There isn't a difference of nursing post-graduates' OCSE due to their ages.3.The development trend in OCSE of nursing post-graduates of three grades is different in two cities,The OCSE of students who in two grade is higher than who in other grades,the difference is represented in self-concept,occupational information accumulation, intending objects,it shows in higher self-concept,intending objects and better information -accumulating capability of students who in two grade.There isn't a difference of nursing post graduates' OCSE in different grade in self-concept,study capacity and social support.With the development of grades,OCSE scores of post-graduate students who are studying in Taiyuan showed a low-high-low developmental trend and the degree of this change is distinct;the developmental trend of OCSE scores of post-graduates who are studying in Beijing is increasing steadily and then reducing.4.The development trend in OCSE of nursing post-graduates of Beijing and Taiyuan is different in three grades,OCSE of post-graduates of one grade in Beijing is higher than who in Taiyuan,but OCSE of post-graduates of two grade and three grade in Taiyuan are higher than who in Beijing.All of these research indicated that it is important to heighten employment guidance education for nursing post-graduates of three grades except the nursing post-graduates who are studying in Beijing.
引文
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[8]何建娥.论高校就业指导的理论与模式:[硕士学位论文].广州:华南师范大学,2005
[9]龙燕梅.大学生择业效能感的研究:[硕士学位论文].上海:上海师范大学,2003
[10]蒋秀卿.高校研究生择业观的分析与思考一研究生就业重点难点之一.中国大学生就业,维普资讯http://www.cqvip.com57-58
[11]陈凌宇.职业生涯管理对高校应届毕业生择业影响研究:[硕士学位论文].北京:对外经济贸易大学,2004
[12]刘晓燕.当代大学生择业效能感与人格因素之间关系的实证研究.四川心理科学,2004,(4):4.
[13]胡艳红,刘霞.大学生择业效能感的比较研究.中华女子学院学报,2006,18(2):22-23
[14]Peterson,S.L.Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy and Institutional Integration of Under- prepared College Students.Research in Higher Education,1993,34:660-682.
[15]Clement,S.(1987).The self-efficacy expectations and occupational preferences of females and males.Journal of Occupational Psychology,60:257-265.
[16]Eaton MC.Watson MB.Foxcroft CD.Patton W."Career decision-making self-efficacy of south African high school boys and girls." Psychological Reports,2004,94(2):694-696
[17]张杉杉,郑日昌.507名理工科大学生择业效能感现状分析.中国心理卫生杂志,2002,16(11):776-777
[18]Peterson,S.L.(1993a).Career decision-making self-efficacy and institutional integration of underprepared college students.Research in Higher Education,34:659-683
[19]Peterson,S.L.(1993b).Career decision-making self-efficacy and social and academic integration of underprepared college students:Variations based on background characteristics.Journal of Vocational Education Research,18:77-115
[20]Peterson,S.L.(1993b).Career decision-making self-efficacy and social and academic integration of underprepared college students:Variations based on background characteristics.Journal of Vocational Education Research,18:77-115
[21]黄远,李林,匙静.论当代大学生择业心理特点及指导对策.教育与职业,2006,(3):56.
[22]Wang.Naitian.The relations of neuroticismand extraversion to progress in commitmentto careerchoice:amodelofmediaingmechanismsthroughcareerdecision-making self-efficacy.Dissertation,2004
[23]Nacy Betz.Career Self-efficacy:Career decision making self-efficacy.Contemporary models in vocational psychology[C].Mahwah,NErlbaum,2001.
[24]苗旭,董新泽.职业选择理论与大学生就业指导.辽宁高职学报,2005,7(3):152-153.
[25]Lisa Y.Flores,Lizette Ojeda.The Relation of Acculturation,Problem-Solving Appraisal,and Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy to Mexican American High School Students' Educational Goals.Journal of Counseling Psychology,2006,53(2):261-264.
[26]姜飞月.职业自我效能理论及其在大四学生职业选择中的应用研究:[硕士学位论文].南京:南京师范大学,2002
[27]曹宁宁,宋丽贞等.高校毕业生职业自我效能感的调查研究.思想理论教育,2006,(1):42
[28]上海大学研究生调查:生活学习缺乏规划.中国青年报,2006.4.21
[29]罗慧君,唐小艳.从就业观念生态圈失衡看大学生择业教育.中国科技信息,2005,(23):140-141.
[30]胡环宇.大学生就业心理研究:[硕士学位论文].湖北:武汉大学,2005
[31]女研究生投简历不问薪酬,期望工资1000元.北青网—北京青年报,2006.10.23
[32]金安娜,王宁,吴旭东,等.护理学专业毕业生就业趋势比较研究与对策.现代护理,2005,11(22):1869
[33]我国护理学研究生教育兹待解决的问题.护理园地,2005.10.18
[34]黄秋如.西方供求关系理论述评.井冈山学院学报,2006,27(1):94-95
[35]曾兴无.从高等教育角度探讨高校毕业生就业问题:[硕士学位论文].湖南:湖南大学,2005
[36]Bandura,A.(1977).Self-efficacy:Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.Psychology Review,84:191-215
[37]Bandura,A.(1986).Social foundations of thought and action.Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice Hall.
[38]Bandura,A.(1989).Human agency in social cognitive theory,American Psychologist,Vol,44,9:1175-1184
[39]姜安丽,王建荣,朱京慈,等.护理学科的发展和展望[J].解放军护理杂志,2005,22(9):1-4.
[40]Bandura A.Self-efficacy.In V.S.Ramachaudran(Ed.)Ency-clopedia of Human Behavior,Academic Press,1994,4:71-81
[1]刘晓燕.当代大学生择业效能感与人格因素之间关系的实证研究[J].四川心理科学,2004,(4):4.
[2]胡艳红.大学生择业效能感的因素分析及其与职业兴趣、职业价值观的关系研究,陕西师范大学硕士学位论文,北京:中国国家图书馆,.2003
[3]Peterson,S.L.Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy and Institutional Integration of Underprepared College Students.Research in Higher Education,1993,34:660-682.
[4]Sandler,Martin E.Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy,Perceived Stress,and An Integrated Model of Student Persistence:A Structural Model of Finances,Attitudes,Behavior,and Career Development.Research in Higher Education,2000,41(5):545-573.
[5]张杉杉,郑日昌.507名理工科大学生择业效能感现状分析[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2002,16(11):776-777.
[6]胡艳红,刘霞.大学生择业效能感的比较研究[J].中华女子学院学报,2006,18(2):22-23.
[7]Lisa Y.Flores,Lizette Ojeda.The Relation of Acculturation,Problem-Solving Appraisal,and Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy to Mexican American High School Students 'Educational Goals.Journal of Counseling Psychology,2006,53(2):261-264.
[8]张巧良,蒋美玲.从毕业生的供求关系论高等教育的创新[J].西北成人教育学报,2002,(4):37.
[9]刘利舲,郑子莹.理想与现实:浅析女研究生就业状况[J].理论界,2006,(2):103.
[10]史广玉,赵娜等.我校研究生的就业现状与思考[J].河北医科大学学报,2005,26(6):670.
[11]龙燕梅.大学生择业效能感的研究,上海师范大学硕士学位论文,北京:中国国家图书馆,.2003
[12]A.Bandura著.缪小春等译.自我效能:控制的实施[M].华东师范大学出版社,2003:167
[1]姜安丽.中美护理教育比较[J].中华护理杂志,2003,38(1):38.
[2]欧金荣,李晓波.WTO对我国研究生教育的冲击与对策[J].中国电力教育,2002,3:87.
[3]LI SHUZHEN.Today's nursing education in the people's republic of China[J].Nursing Education,2001,40(5):217.
[4]白玫,沈宁.论述护理人才的内涵[J].中华护理杂志,2003,38(10):828.
[2]张杉杉,郑日昌.507名理工科大学生择业效能感现状分析.中国心理卫生杂志,2002,16(11):776-777.
[3]Hackett,G.,& Betz,N.E.(1981).A self-efficacy approach to the career development of women.Journal of Vocational Behavior,18:326-339
[4]Sandler,Martin E.Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy,Perceived Stress,and An Integrated Model of Student Persistence:A Structural Model of Finances,Attitudes,Behavior,and Career Development.Research in Higher Education,2000,41(5):545-573.
[5]Nancy E Betz,Hackett.The relationship of career related se-efficacy expectations to perceived career options in college women and men[J].Journal of Counseling Psychology,1981,28:399-410.
[6]罗伟,吴海燕等.加强就业指导,提高就业质量——北京化工大学研究生就业观调查及分析.北京化工大学学报,2006,(1):77.
[7]Bandura,A.Self-efficacy.The Exercise of Control[M].H.Freemam and Company,NewYork.1997.
[8]何建娥.论高校就业指导的理论与模式:[硕士学位论文].广州:华南师范大学,2005
[9]龙燕梅.大学生择业效能感的研究:[硕士学位论文].上海:上海师范大学,2003
[10]蒋秀卿.高校研究生择业观的分析与思考一研究生就业重点难点之一.中国大学生就业,维普资讯http://www.cqvip.com57-58
[11]陈凌宇.职业生涯管理对高校应届毕业生择业影响研究:[硕士学位论文].北京:对外经济贸易大学,2004
[12]刘晓燕.当代大学生择业效能感与人格因素之间关系的实证研究.四川心理科学,2004,(4):4.
[13]胡艳红,刘霞.大学生择业效能感的比较研究.中华女子学院学报,2006,18(2):22-23
[14]Peterson,S.L.Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy and Institutional Integration of Under- prepared College Students.Research in Higher Education,1993,34:660-682.
[15]Clement,S.(1987).The self-efficacy expectations and occupational preferences of females and males.Journal of Occupational Psychology,60:257-265.
[16]Eaton MC.Watson MB.Foxcroft CD.Patton W."Career decision-making self-efficacy of south African high school boys and girls." Psychological Reports,2004,94(2):694-696
[17]张杉杉,郑日昌.507名理工科大学生择业效能感现状分析.中国心理卫生杂志,2002,16(11):776-777
[18]Peterson,S.L.(1993a).Career decision-making self-efficacy and institutional integration of underprepared college students.Research in Higher Education,34:659-683
[19]Peterson,S.L.(1993b).Career decision-making self-efficacy and social and academic integration of underprepared college students:Variations based on background characteristics.Journal of Vocational Education Research,18:77-115
[20]Peterson,S.L.(1993b).Career decision-making self-efficacy and social and academic integration of underprepared college students:Variations based on background characteristics.Journal of Vocational Education Research,18:77-115
[21]黄远,李林,匙静.论当代大学生择业心理特点及指导对策.教育与职业,2006,(3):56.
[22]Wang.Naitian.The relations of neuroticismand extraversion to progress in commitmentto careerchoice:amodelofmediaingmechanismsthroughcareerdecision-making self-efficacy.Dissertation,2004
[23]Nacy Betz.Career Self-efficacy:Career decision making self-efficacy.Contemporary models in vocational psychology[C].Mahwah,NErlbaum,2001.
[24]苗旭,董新泽.职业选择理论与大学生就业指导.辽宁高职学报,2005,7(3):152-153.
[25]Lisa Y.Flores,Lizette Ojeda.The Relation of Acculturation,Problem-Solving Appraisal,and Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy to Mexican American High School Students' Educational Goals.Journal of Counseling Psychology,2006,53(2):261-264.
[26]姜飞月.职业自我效能理论及其在大四学生职业选择中的应用研究:[硕士学位论文].南京:南京师范大学,2002
[27]曹宁宁,宋丽贞等.高校毕业生职业自我效能感的调查研究.思想理论教育,2006,(1):42
[28]上海大学研究生调查:生活学习缺乏规划.中国青年报,2006.4.21
[29]罗慧君,唐小艳.从就业观念生态圈失衡看大学生择业教育.中国科技信息,2005,(23):140-141.
[30]胡环宇.大学生就业心理研究:[硕士学位论文].湖北:武汉大学,2005
[31]女研究生投简历不问薪酬,期望工资1000元.北青网—北京青年报,2006.10.23
[32]金安娜,王宁,吴旭东,等.护理学专业毕业生就业趋势比较研究与对策.现代护理,2005,11(22):1869
[33]我国护理学研究生教育兹待解决的问题.护理园地,2005.10.18
[34]黄秋如.西方供求关系理论述评.井冈山学院学报,2006,27(1):94-95
[35]曾兴无.从高等教育角度探讨高校毕业生就业问题:[硕士学位论文].湖南:湖南大学,2005
[36]Bandura,A.(1977).Self-efficacy:Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.Psychology Review,84:191-215
[37]Bandura,A.(1986).Social foundations of thought and action.Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice Hall.
[38]Bandura,A.(1989).Human agency in social cognitive theory,American Psychologist,Vol,44,9:1175-1184
[39]姜安丽,王建荣,朱京慈,等.护理学科的发展和展望[J].解放军护理杂志,2005,22(9):1-4.
[40]Bandura A.Self-efficacy.In V.S.Ramachaudran(Ed.)Ency-clopedia of Human Behavior,Academic Press,1994,4:71-81
[1]刘晓燕.当代大学生择业效能感与人格因素之间关系的实证研究[J].四川心理科学,2004,(4):4.
[2]胡艳红.大学生择业效能感的因素分析及其与职业兴趣、职业价值观的关系研究,陕西师范大学硕士学位论文,北京:中国国家图书馆,.2003
[3]Peterson,S.L.Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy and Institutional Integration of Underprepared College Students.Research in Higher Education,1993,34:660-682.
[4]Sandler,Martin E.Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy,Perceived Stress,and An Integrated Model of Student Persistence:A Structural Model of Finances,Attitudes,Behavior,and Career Development.Research in Higher Education,2000,41(5):545-573.
[5]张杉杉,郑日昌.507名理工科大学生择业效能感现状分析[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2002,16(11):776-777.
[6]胡艳红,刘霞.大学生择业效能感的比较研究[J].中华女子学院学报,2006,18(2):22-23.
[7]Lisa Y.Flores,Lizette Ojeda.The Relation of Acculturation,Problem-Solving Appraisal,and Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy to Mexican American High School Students 'Educational Goals.Journal of Counseling Psychology,2006,53(2):261-264.
[8]张巧良,蒋美玲.从毕业生的供求关系论高等教育的创新[J].西北成人教育学报,2002,(4):37.
[9]刘利舲,郑子莹.理想与现实:浅析女研究生就业状况[J].理论界,2006,(2):103.
[10]史广玉,赵娜等.我校研究生的就业现状与思考[J].河北医科大学学报,2005,26(6):670.
[11]龙燕梅.大学生择业效能感的研究,上海师范大学硕士学位论文,北京:中国国家图书馆,.2003
[12]A.Bandura著.缪小春等译.自我效能:控制的实施[M].华东师范大学出版社,2003:167
[1]姜安丽.中美护理教育比较[J].中华护理杂志,2003,38(1):38.
[2]欧金荣,李晓波.WTO对我国研究生教育的冲击与对策[J].中国电力教育,2002,3:87.
[3]LI SHUZHEN.Today's nursing education in the people's republic of China[J].Nursing Education,2001,40(5):217.
[4]白玫,沈宁.论述护理人才的内涵[J].中华护理杂志,2003,38(10):828.