自然通风条件下可吸入颗粒物对室内空气品质影响的预测研究
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摘要
进入21世纪以来,由于节能要求,建筑物密闭性增强,从而减少了进入室内的新风量。同时,有机合成材料在室内装饰及设备用具方面的广泛应用,致使挥发性有机化合物气体大量散发,严重影响了室内空气品质,出现了各种症状,统称为“病态建筑综合症”。世界上许多国家,例如:美国、日本等,对室内空气品质的问题相当重视,研究较早,取得了一定的成就,我国关于室内空气品质的研究还刚刚起步,有关室内空气品质的标准近乎空白。
本文系统地研究了大气中可吸入颗粒物对室内空气品质的影响,对可吸入颗粒物对IAQ影响的国内外研究进展进行了回顾和分析,指出了研究中仍存在的问题,确定了研究方法和研究内容;并对国家的一些相关标准进行了分析;对影响室内空气品质的相关因素进行了分析。
在现场实测的基础上,对西安市2009年的可吸入颗粒物浓度进行了测定。实验结果表明:2009年西安市PM_(10)质量浓度分布存在着明显的季节差异,春季、夏季、秋季、冬季的PM_(10)质量浓度分别为152μg /m~3,118μg /m~3,133μg /m~3,171μg /m~3,总体分布是冬季最高,春季次之,秋季低于春季,夏季质量浓度最低。全年最高峰值浓度出现在3月份,平均浓度达到了193μg /m~3,最低浓度在7月份,平均浓度为102μg /m~3。与中国PM_(10)环境空气质量标准相比对,可以发现,西安市2009年夏、秋季节的PM_(10)质量浓度仅仅达到三级标准,而冬、春季节的PM_(10)质量浓度标准还没有达到三级。因此西安市2009年空气质量相对来说比较差。室内外PM_(10)质量浓度存在正相关关系,即随着室外PM_(10)质量浓度的增大,室内PM_(10)质量浓度也随着增大;当室外PM_(10)质量浓度减小时,室内PM_(10)质量浓度也随之减小。同时通过模拟的方法,对实验结果和模拟情况进行了对比分析,模拟结果基本上与实验结果吻合。
Into the 21st century, as energy requirements, the buildings airtight is enhancing, thereby reducing the fresh air into the room. At the same time, organism synthesis material was extensively applied equipment and instrument in the room, which rendered a lot of vapor organism compound gaseous sprayed, so indoor air quality serious declined, coming vast symptom, termed "sick building syndrome". Many countries in the world, for example, American, Japan, and so on, fairly valued indoor air quality, have researched very early, acquired definite achievement. In this area, China's research only underway, the IAQ's standard almost is blank.
This paper has done a systematic study on this issue. Firstly, it reviewed and analyzed existing research, home and abroad, on indoor particulate pollution of outdoor origin, then pointed out the existing problem and scheduled the methods and content of this research. Later on, it introduced the effects of PM_(10) on human health and related standards in several countries. And analyzed the impact of indoor air quality and related factors.
Measured the concentration of respirable particulate matter in the field test on the basis of Xi'an in 2009. The result shows:The mass distribution of PM_(10) of Xi'an in 2009 had a clear seasonal variation, the PM_(10) concentrations of spring, summer, autumn, winter were 152μg /m~3, 118μg /m~3, 133μg /m~3, 171μg /m~3, the overall distribution is highest in winter , followed by spring , and autumn is lower than in spring, summer had the lowest concentration. Compared to China PM_(10) ambient air quality standard, can be found in Xi'an in 2009 summer and autumn of respirable particulate matter concentration standards for Grade III, while the winter and spring concentrations of respirable particulate matter standard has not yet reached Grade III. Therefore, the air quality in Xi'an in 2009 is relatively poor. Indoor and outdoor PM_(10) concentrations are positively correlated, which is means with increasing concentration of outdoor PM_(10), PM_(10) indoor also with the increasing concentration; when the outdoor concentration of PM_(10) reduced, the indoor PM_(10) concentrations also decreased. At the same time through the simulation method, the experimental results and simulations were compared with analysis, simulation results are in agreement with the experimental results.
本文系统地研究了大气中可吸入颗粒物对室内空气品质的影响,对可吸入颗粒物对IAQ影响的国内外研究进展进行了回顾和分析,指出了研究中仍存在的问题,确定了研究方法和研究内容;并对国家的一些相关标准进行了分析;对影响室内空气品质的相关因素进行了分析。
在现场实测的基础上,对西安市2009年的可吸入颗粒物浓度进行了测定。实验结果表明:2009年西安市PM_(10)质量浓度分布存在着明显的季节差异,春季、夏季、秋季、冬季的PM_(10)质量浓度分别为152μg /m~3,118μg /m~3,133μg /m~3,171μg /m~3,总体分布是冬季最高,春季次之,秋季低于春季,夏季质量浓度最低。全年最高峰值浓度出现在3月份,平均浓度达到了193μg /m~3,最低浓度在7月份,平均浓度为102μg /m~3。与中国PM_(10)环境空气质量标准相比对,可以发现,西安市2009年夏、秋季节的PM_(10)质量浓度仅仅达到三级标准,而冬、春季节的PM_(10)质量浓度标准还没有达到三级。因此西安市2009年空气质量相对来说比较差。室内外PM_(10)质量浓度存在正相关关系,即随着室外PM_(10)质量浓度的增大,室内PM_(10)质量浓度也随着增大;当室外PM_(10)质量浓度减小时,室内PM_(10)质量浓度也随之减小。同时通过模拟的方法,对实验结果和模拟情况进行了对比分析,模拟结果基本上与实验结果吻合。
Into the 21st century, as energy requirements, the buildings airtight is enhancing, thereby reducing the fresh air into the room. At the same time, organism synthesis material was extensively applied equipment and instrument in the room, which rendered a lot of vapor organism compound gaseous sprayed, so indoor air quality serious declined, coming vast symptom, termed "sick building syndrome". Many countries in the world, for example, American, Japan, and so on, fairly valued indoor air quality, have researched very early, acquired definite achievement. In this area, China's research only underway, the IAQ's standard almost is blank.
This paper has done a systematic study on this issue. Firstly, it reviewed and analyzed existing research, home and abroad, on indoor particulate pollution of outdoor origin, then pointed out the existing problem and scheduled the methods and content of this research. Later on, it introduced the effects of PM_(10) on human health and related standards in several countries. And analyzed the impact of indoor air quality and related factors.
Measured the concentration of respirable particulate matter in the field test on the basis of Xi'an in 2009. The result shows:The mass distribution of PM_(10) of Xi'an in 2009 had a clear seasonal variation, the PM_(10) concentrations of spring, summer, autumn, winter were 152μg /m~3, 118μg /m~3, 133μg /m~3, 171μg /m~3, the overall distribution is highest in winter , followed by spring , and autumn is lower than in spring, summer had the lowest concentration. Compared to China PM_(10) ambient air quality standard, can be found in Xi'an in 2009 summer and autumn of respirable particulate matter concentration standards for Grade III, while the winter and spring concentrations of respirable particulate matter standard has not yet reached Grade III. Therefore, the air quality in Xi'an in 2009 is relatively poor. Indoor and outdoor PM_(10) concentrations are positively correlated, which is means with increasing concentration of outdoor PM_(10), PM_(10) indoor also with the increasing concentration; when the outdoor concentration of PM_(10) reduced, the indoor PM_(10) concentrations also decreased. At the same time through the simulation method, the experimental results and simulations were compared with analysis, simulation results are in agreement with the experimental results.
引文
[1] Fisk W.J. Health and productivity gains from better indoor environments and their relationship with building energy efficiency [J].Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 2000, 25(4): 537~546
[2]倪凌等.超细微粒对人体健康及室内空气品质的影响.洁净与空调技术.2001.4
[3]中国环境保护总局. 2001年中国环境状况公报,www.zhb.gov.vn,2002-04-10
[4]吴国平,胡伟,藤恩江等.我国四城市空气PM2.5和PM10的污染水平.中国环境科学,2004,19(2):133~137
[5]谈荣华,张元茂,郑叶飞等.上海城区典型居民住宅区PM2.5的污染状况分析.环境与职业医学,2004,21(3):226~229
[6] Guo H., Lee S. C. and Li W. M. Risk assessment of exposure to volatile organic compounds in different indoor environments [J]. Environmental Research, 2004,94(1): 57~66
[7]国家环境保护总局,空气和废气监测分析方法编委会.空气和废气监测分析方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1999: 13~16
[8]王玮,汤大钢.中国PM2.5污染状况和污染特征的研究.环境科学研究,2000,1(1):1~5
[9] Ashish K., Panagiotis D.C., Nonlinear control of spatially inhomogenous aerosol processes, Chemical Engineering Science 54(1999)2669~2678
[10]王刚,裴秀坤.室内污染与健康的研究现状.医学理论与实践,2002 5(4):529~531
[11]熊志明,张国强.室内可吸入颗粒污染物研究现状.暖通空调,2004,4(1):32~36
[12] Lutz K.K., Ulrich P.K. and Reinhard N., Microstructural rearrangement of sodium chloride condensation aerosol particles on interaction with water vapor, J.Aerosol Sci.31-6(2000)673~685
[13] Mihalis L. and Dimitrios M., New Sulfate Particle Formation During Summer Pollution Episodes Using a 3-D Aerosol Model, J.Aerosol Sci. 29~8(1998)913D927
[14] Yasufumi N., Yoshinobu Y, Kazuie N., Noncatalytic reduction of NO in diesel exhaust with the addition of methylamine, JSAE Review2l(2000)561~566
[15]戴海夏,宋伟民.大气PM2.5的健康影响.国外医学卫生学分册,2001,5(2):299~303
[16] Petros Koutrakis , Susan L K Briggs . Source apportionment of indoor aerosols in Suffolk and Onondaga Counties . New York Environment Science and Technology ,1992,26:521~527
[17] Harrel S K , Bares J B , Rivera H F . Reduction of aerosols produced by ultrasonicsealers . Periodontol ,1996,67(1):28~82
[18] Khillare P S, Pandey R Balachandran S. Characterisation of indoor PM10 in residential areas of Delhi. Indoor Built Environment, 2004, 13(2): 139~147
[19] Berico M, Luciani A, Formignani M. Atmospheric aerosol in urban area measurements of TSP and PMIO standards and pulmonary deposition assessments [J] . Atmospheric Environment, 1997, 31:3659~3665
[20] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air&Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Fact Sheet. EPA's Revised Particulate Matter Standards [P].17, July, 1997
[21]王玮,汤大刚,刘红杰等.中国PM2.5污染状况和污染特征的研究.环境科学研究,2000,13(1): 2~5
[22] Thatcher T. L., McKone T.E., Fisk W. J., et al. Factors affecting the concentration of outdoor particles indoors (COPI): identification of data needs and existing data[R]. LBNL-49321. CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2001
[23]刘阳生,陈睿,沈兴兴等.北京冬季室内空气中TSP,PM10,PM2.5和PM1污染研究[J].应用基础与工程科学学报, 2003, 11(3): 255～265
[24]熊志明.大气悬浮颗粒物对室内空气品质影响的预测模拟研究[D].湖南大学, 2004
[25] Cristy G. A., Chester C. V. Emergency protection form aerosols[R]. ORNL-5519. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, 2001
[26] Ozkaynak H., Xue J., Spengler J., et al. Personal exposure to airborne particles and metals: results from the Particle TEAM Study in Riverside, CA[J]. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environment Epidemiology, 1996, 6(1):57～78
[27]沈晋明.室内污染物与空气品质评价.通风除尘,1995: 10～13
[28] Mosley R. B., Greenwell D. J., Sparks L. E., et al. Penetration of ambient fine particles into the indoor environment[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2001, 34: 127～136
[29] Liu D-L, Nazaroff W. W. Particle penetration through windows. In: Proc Indoor Air’2002, California, U.S.A., Vol.1, 862～867
[30] Bjarne W Olesen. International development of standards for ventilation of building. ASHRAE J, 1997(4):31～39
[31] ASHRAE Public Review Draft 62-19898. Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality. August, 1996
[32]曹守仁.室内空气污染与测定方法,北京:中国环境科学出版社,1998:39～58
[33]李启东,汤鸿.室内环境空气质量研究进展.上海环境科学,2001.20 (10): 463～466
[34] M. Maroni, B Seifert. T Lindvall .Indoor air quality. Netherlands Elsevier Science BV,1995.
[35]刘东,陈沛霖.室内空气品质与暖通空调.建筑热能通风空调.2001.20(3) : 31～34
[36]耿世彬,杨家宝.室内空气品质及相关研究.建筑热能通风空调,2000. 19 (1) : 29～30
[37]李先庭,江亿.用计算流体力学方法求解通风房间的空气年龄.清华大学学报,1998. 38(5):28～31
[38] M Sandberg, M Sjoberg. The use of moments for assessing air quality in ventilated rooms. Building and Environment, 1983. 18(4):181～197.
[39] M Sandberg. Ventilation efficiency as a guide to design. ASHRAE Trans, 1983, 89(2B):455～479
[40]蔡宏道主编.现代环境卫生学.北京:人民卫生出版社,1995. 448～487.
[41]刘晓红,周定国.室内环境污染研究现状与展望.木材工业,2003. 17(2): 8～11
[42]国家环境保护总局.2001室内空气质量国际研讨会论文集.2001, 8.
[43]周扬胜.病态建筑综合症的原因与解决办法(译自Booklet of Healthy Building International Pty Ltd.).环境保护,1998 (5):36～37
[44]潘峰.室内空气污染不容忽视.科学时报,1999-03-23
[45]郑慧,王志刚.室内环境污染与环境设计.环境科学动态,2001(1) :32
[46] L.Z. Zhang et al. Effects of substrate parameters on the emissions of volatile organic compounds from wet coating materials. Building and Environment. 2003(38):939～946
[47]陆思华,白郁华,龚幸颐等.北大园区室内空气质量卫生学研究.环境与健康杂志,1999. 16(1): 28～30
[48]许明镐,等译.(日)空气净化技术手册编辑委员会编,空气净化技术手册.北京:电子工业出版社,1985
[49] Qiang Wei,Qigao Chen .New function for evaluation. Proceedings of the 3rd international ventilation and air conditioning 1999. 207～213
[50] P. 0. Fanger. The new comfort equation for indoor air quality. ASHRAE J, 1989. 10
[2]倪凌等.超细微粒对人体健康及室内空气品质的影响.洁净与空调技术.2001.4
[3]中国环境保护总局. 2001年中国环境状况公报,www.zhb.gov.vn,2002-04-10
[4]吴国平,胡伟,藤恩江等.我国四城市空气PM2.5和PM10的污染水平.中国环境科学,2004,19(2):133~137
[5]谈荣华,张元茂,郑叶飞等.上海城区典型居民住宅区PM2.5的污染状况分析.环境与职业医学,2004,21(3):226~229
[6] Guo H., Lee S. C. and Li W. M. Risk assessment of exposure to volatile organic compounds in different indoor environments [J]. Environmental Research, 2004,94(1): 57~66
[7]国家环境保护总局,空气和废气监测分析方法编委会.空气和废气监测分析方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1999: 13~16
[8]王玮,汤大钢.中国PM2.5污染状况和污染特征的研究.环境科学研究,2000,1(1):1~5
[9] Ashish K., Panagiotis D.C., Nonlinear control of spatially inhomogenous aerosol processes, Chemical Engineering Science 54(1999)2669~2678
[10]王刚,裴秀坤.室内污染与健康的研究现状.医学理论与实践,2002 5(4):529~531
[11]熊志明,张国强.室内可吸入颗粒污染物研究现状.暖通空调,2004,4(1):32~36
[12] Lutz K.K., Ulrich P.K. and Reinhard N., Microstructural rearrangement of sodium chloride condensation aerosol particles on interaction with water vapor, J.Aerosol Sci.31-6(2000)673~685
[13] Mihalis L. and Dimitrios M., New Sulfate Particle Formation During Summer Pollution Episodes Using a 3-D Aerosol Model, J.Aerosol Sci. 29~8(1998)913D927
[14] Yasufumi N., Yoshinobu Y, Kazuie N., Noncatalytic reduction of NO in diesel exhaust with the addition of methylamine, JSAE Review2l(2000)561~566
[15]戴海夏,宋伟民.大气PM2.5的健康影响.国外医学卫生学分册,2001,5(2):299~303
[16] Petros Koutrakis , Susan L K Briggs . Source apportionment of indoor aerosols in Suffolk and Onondaga Counties . New York Environment Science and Technology ,1992,26:521~527
[17] Harrel S K , Bares J B , Rivera H F . Reduction of aerosols produced by ultrasonicsealers . Periodontol ,1996,67(1):28~82
[18] Khillare P S, Pandey R Balachandran S. Characterisation of indoor PM10 in residential areas of Delhi. Indoor Built Environment, 2004, 13(2): 139~147
[19] Berico M, Luciani A, Formignani M. Atmospheric aerosol in urban area measurements of TSP and PMIO standards and pulmonary deposition assessments [J] . Atmospheric Environment, 1997, 31:3659~3665
[20] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air&Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Fact Sheet. EPA's Revised Particulate Matter Standards [P].17, July, 1997
[21]王玮,汤大刚,刘红杰等.中国PM2.5污染状况和污染特征的研究.环境科学研究,2000,13(1): 2~5
[22] Thatcher T. L., McKone T.E., Fisk W. J., et al. Factors affecting the concentration of outdoor particles indoors (COPI): identification of data needs and existing data[R]. LBNL-49321. CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2001
[23]刘阳生,陈睿,沈兴兴等.北京冬季室内空气中TSP,PM10,PM2.5和PM1污染研究[J].应用基础与工程科学学报, 2003, 11(3): 255～265
[24]熊志明.大气悬浮颗粒物对室内空气品质影响的预测模拟研究[D].湖南大学, 2004
[25] Cristy G. A., Chester C. V. Emergency protection form aerosols[R]. ORNL-5519. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, 2001
[26] Ozkaynak H., Xue J., Spengler J., et al. Personal exposure to airborne particles and metals: results from the Particle TEAM Study in Riverside, CA[J]. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environment Epidemiology, 1996, 6(1):57～78
[27]沈晋明.室内污染物与空气品质评价.通风除尘,1995: 10～13
[28] Mosley R. B., Greenwell D. J., Sparks L. E., et al. Penetration of ambient fine particles into the indoor environment[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2001, 34: 127～136
[29] Liu D-L, Nazaroff W. W. Particle penetration through windows. In: Proc Indoor Air’2002, California, U.S.A., Vol.1, 862～867
[30] Bjarne W Olesen. International development of standards for ventilation of building. ASHRAE J, 1997(4):31～39
[31] ASHRAE Public Review Draft 62-19898. Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality. August, 1996
[32]曹守仁.室内空气污染与测定方法,北京:中国环境科学出版社,1998:39～58
[33]李启东,汤鸿.室内环境空气质量研究进展.上海环境科学,2001.20 (10): 463～466
[34] M. Maroni, B Seifert. T Lindvall .Indoor air quality. Netherlands Elsevier Science BV,1995.
[35]刘东,陈沛霖.室内空气品质与暖通空调.建筑热能通风空调.2001.20(3) : 31～34
[36]耿世彬,杨家宝.室内空气品质及相关研究.建筑热能通风空调,2000. 19 (1) : 29～30
[37]李先庭,江亿.用计算流体力学方法求解通风房间的空气年龄.清华大学学报,1998. 38(5):28～31
[38] M Sandberg, M Sjoberg. The use of moments for assessing air quality in ventilated rooms. Building and Environment, 1983. 18(4):181～197.
[39] M Sandberg. Ventilation efficiency as a guide to design. ASHRAE Trans, 1983, 89(2B):455～479
[40]蔡宏道主编.现代环境卫生学.北京:人民卫生出版社,1995. 448～487.
[41]刘晓红,周定国.室内环境污染研究现状与展望.木材工业,2003. 17(2): 8～11
[42]国家环境保护总局.2001室内空气质量国际研讨会论文集.2001, 8.
[43]周扬胜.病态建筑综合症的原因与解决办法(译自Booklet of Healthy Building International Pty Ltd.).环境保护,1998 (5):36～37
[44]潘峰.室内空气污染不容忽视.科学时报,1999-03-23
[45]郑慧,王志刚.室内环境污染与环境设计.环境科学动态,2001(1) :32
[46] L.Z. Zhang et al. Effects of substrate parameters on the emissions of volatile organic compounds from wet coating materials. Building and Environment. 2003(38):939～946
[47]陆思华,白郁华,龚幸颐等.北大园区室内空气质量卫生学研究.环境与健康杂志,1999. 16(1): 28～30
[48]许明镐,等译.(日)空气净化技术手册编辑委员会编,空气净化技术手册.北京:电子工业出版社,1985
[49] Qiang Wei,Qigao Chen .New function for evaluation. Proceedings of the 3rd international ventilation and air conditioning 1999. 207～213
[50] P. 0. Fanger. The new comfort equation for indoor air quality. ASHRAE J, 1989. 10