哈尔滨城市居住区公共空间声环境评价及分析研究
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摘要
城市居住区的公共空间形态构成和整体空间环境品质是影响城市整体的宜居水平的关键要素之一。其质量会对使用者的生活产生很大的影响，消极的居住区公共空间会使居民对公共生活产生排斥感。当前，居住区公共空间在使用的过程中存在诸多问题，如何营建舒适的居住区公共空间声环境就是其中之一。不利的声环境将对人们生理和心理双方面造成危害，包括听力视力的损害；心血管系统的损害；甚至影响到人的神经系统，产生急躁，易怒等情绪。因此营造令人们满意的居住区公共空间声环境，适宜的声场条件以及使用者、物理环境等多方面因素与声环境影响的考虑，可以解决人们对生存环境舒适度的要求，缓解居民生活的压力，舒缓心情。
本文以哈尔滨典型居住区具有代表性的公共空间作为研究对象，将声环境研究与居住区公共空间营造相结合，通过对既有研究成果与研究方法进行梳理和综述，结合现场实测调研、计算机软件模拟、问卷调查和统计分析等方法，对哈尔滨典型居住区公共空间进行了全面深入调查与分析，从而拓宽了居住区公共空间可持续发展的研究视野，确立了哈尔滨居住区公共空间声环境的评价方法与设计策略。
本文通过文献调研和实地考察对哈尔滨典型住区及代表性公共空间进行了分析，选取哈尔滨典型住区公共空间展开现场实测，结合计算机软件模拟分析，对居住区公共空间的声场分布特征和设计因子影响机制展开了研究，即规划层面上的区块规模、建筑密度、后退距离、道路交通、空间绿化以及空间封闭性等因素，以及与建筑层面上的建筑开口、建筑高度以及空间组合多样性等因素。其次，对居住区居民展开问卷调研，通过调研结果的相关性分析，深入研究居住区公共空间中声音、听者和环境三者的内在关系，对使用者基于声喜好的声环境评价影响机制进行了解读，即交通声、施工声和商业设施声、自然声、人行为声同使用者行为特征和社会特征方面存在的显著相关性。最后，综合实测和模拟结果，依托问卷调研和统计分析结论，挖掘物理环境特征、设计因子与声环境评价的关联性，分析了声环境总体特征和不同影响因素对哈尔滨居住区公共空间声环境评价的影响。对居住区公共空间声环境舒适性的营造进行了针对性的设计。对典型居住区抗噪性能进行评价，从宏观整体上把控，提出针对居住区空间声环境的优化设计方法；并针对受访者特征和物理环境因素影响下的声环境评价分析结果，提出营建符合人们心理需求的舒适居住区声环境设计策略和原则，以最终的成果来指导具体的居住区工程设计实践，从而体现了科研成果的价值转换。
论文取得了下列创造性研究成果：
（1）提出了居住区空间结构声环境的影响因子。
（2）揭示了使用者社会人口特征对居住区声环境评价影响的规律。
（3）探寻了居住区公共空间声环境设计策略。
本研究主要是以哈尔滨居住区公共空间声环境进行展开，由于我国幅员辽阔，各地空间环境各有不同，因此在今后本方向进一步后续研究中，可找南方（如广州）等地设计院进行深入，以适应全国的运用。
Generally, Pattern construction and overall space environment quality of publicarea in urban are important factors which can influence overall suitable living levelof city. Their quality can influent people’s life seriously, such as negative publicarea of residential area leads people reject public life. Of course, there are still someproblems in using process of public area of residential area, including how to buildcomfortable acoustic environment of public area in residential area. Bad acousticenvironment will harm people’s physiology and mentality, including audition,vision, cardiovascular system, which even will harm people’s nervous system sothat make irritable and fractious emotion. Therefore, suitable acoustic environmentof public area in residential area, sound condition, users, physical environment andother factors can meet comfort level needs of living environment, which can remittheir life pressure and relieve their temper.
Taking representative public area of typical Harbin residential area as study ofobject, this thesis combines acoustic environment research and public areaconstruction of residential area to study and analysis public area of typical Harbinresidential area roundly and deeply by methods of field research, computer softwaresimulation, questionnaire and statistic analysis to broaden research vision of itssustainable development for establishing evaluation methodology and designstrategy.
Through researching literature and field study of typical Harbin residentialarea and representative public area, the writer chooses public area of Harbin typicalresidential area to do the field visit by combing computer software simulationanalysis to research influence factors mechanism of sound space distributioncharacteristics and design, which includes district model, construction density,backway, road traffic, space greening, space closure on the level of planning, andbuilding openings, height and variety of spatial organization on the level ofconstruction. Second, through questionnaire survey and analysis about resultcorrelation, the writer studies the relationship among sound, listeners andenvironment in public area of residential area to interpret acoustic environmentvaluation mechanism of users’ sound favor. That is studying the correlation betweensound, including traffic sound, construction sound, commercial design sound,nature sound, human behavior sound, and users’ behavior and socialcharacteristics. Last, combing results of field research and simulation, the writerexplores correlations among physical environment characteristics, design factorsand acoustic environment valuation, and analyzes the influence of general characteristics of acoustic environment and different factors to acousticenvironment valuation of public area in Harbin residential area by the methods ofquestionnaire survey and statistic analysis. In addition, the writer does pointeddesign for constructing comfort acoustic environment in public area of residentialarea. By analyzing anti-noise of typical residential area, the writer puts forwardprioritization plan to acoustic environment of residential space from macroscopicperspective. Moreover, focusing on analysis results of interviewee characteristicsand physical influences factors, the writer puts forward design strategy andprinciple of constructing the acoustic environment which can meet people’spsychological needs. Directing concrete design of residential area, this thesis canembody the value shift of scientific payoffs.
This thesis gets following achievement:
(1) Putting forward the influence factors of acoustic environment in spacestructure of residential area.
(2) Revealing laws of population characteristics of users’ society to acousticenvironment of residential area.
(3) Exploring acoustic environment design strategy of public area in residentialarea.
This research focuses on acoustic environment of public area in Harbinresidential area. We can study some southern cities to study in the further researchto adapt to application of nationwide, because different places have differentcharacteristics of space and environment.
本文以哈尔滨典型居住区具有代表性的公共空间作为研究对象，将声环境研究与居住区公共空间营造相结合，通过对既有研究成果与研究方法进行梳理和综述，结合现场实测调研、计算机软件模拟、问卷调查和统计分析等方法，对哈尔滨典型居住区公共空间进行了全面深入调查与分析，从而拓宽了居住区公共空间可持续发展的研究视野，确立了哈尔滨居住区公共空间声环境的评价方法与设计策略。
本文通过文献调研和实地考察对哈尔滨典型住区及代表性公共空间进行了分析，选取哈尔滨典型住区公共空间展开现场实测，结合计算机软件模拟分析，对居住区公共空间的声场分布特征和设计因子影响机制展开了研究，即规划层面上的区块规模、建筑密度、后退距离、道路交通、空间绿化以及空间封闭性等因素，以及与建筑层面上的建筑开口、建筑高度以及空间组合多样性等因素。其次，对居住区居民展开问卷调研，通过调研结果的相关性分析，深入研究居住区公共空间中声音、听者和环境三者的内在关系，对使用者基于声喜好的声环境评价影响机制进行了解读，即交通声、施工声和商业设施声、自然声、人行为声同使用者行为特征和社会特征方面存在的显著相关性。最后，综合实测和模拟结果，依托问卷调研和统计分析结论，挖掘物理环境特征、设计因子与声环境评价的关联性，分析了声环境总体特征和不同影响因素对哈尔滨居住区公共空间声环境评价的影响。对居住区公共空间声环境舒适性的营造进行了针对性的设计。对典型居住区抗噪性能进行评价，从宏观整体上把控，提出针对居住区空间声环境的优化设计方法；并针对受访者特征和物理环境因素影响下的声环境评价分析结果，提出营建符合人们心理需求的舒适居住区声环境设计策略和原则，以最终的成果来指导具体的居住区工程设计实践，从而体现了科研成果的价值转换。
论文取得了下列创造性研究成果：
（1）提出了居住区空间结构声环境的影响因子。
（2）揭示了使用者社会人口特征对居住区声环境评价影响的规律。
（3）探寻了居住区公共空间声环境设计策略。
本研究主要是以哈尔滨居住区公共空间声环境进行展开，由于我国幅员辽阔，各地空间环境各有不同，因此在今后本方向进一步后续研究中，可找南方（如广州）等地设计院进行深入，以适应全国的运用。
Generally, Pattern construction and overall space environment quality of publicarea in urban are important factors which can influence overall suitable living levelof city. Their quality can influent people’s life seriously, such as negative publicarea of residential area leads people reject public life. Of course, there are still someproblems in using process of public area of residential area, including how to buildcomfortable acoustic environment of public area in residential area. Bad acousticenvironment will harm people’s physiology and mentality, including audition,vision, cardiovascular system, which even will harm people’s nervous system sothat make irritable and fractious emotion. Therefore, suitable acoustic environmentof public area in residential area, sound condition, users, physical environment andother factors can meet comfort level needs of living environment, which can remittheir life pressure and relieve their temper.
Taking representative public area of typical Harbin residential area as study ofobject, this thesis combines acoustic environment research and public areaconstruction of residential area to study and analysis public area of typical Harbinresidential area roundly and deeply by methods of field research, computer softwaresimulation, questionnaire and statistic analysis to broaden research vision of itssustainable development for establishing evaluation methodology and designstrategy.
Through researching literature and field study of typical Harbin residentialarea and representative public area, the writer chooses public area of Harbin typicalresidential area to do the field visit by combing computer software simulationanalysis to research influence factors mechanism of sound space distributioncharacteristics and design, which includes district model, construction density,backway, road traffic, space greening, space closure on the level of planning, andbuilding openings, height and variety of spatial organization on the level ofconstruction. Second, through questionnaire survey and analysis about resultcorrelation, the writer studies the relationship among sound, listeners andenvironment in public area of residential area to interpret acoustic environmentvaluation mechanism of users’ sound favor. That is studying the correlation betweensound, including traffic sound, construction sound, commercial design sound,nature sound, human behavior sound, and users’ behavior and socialcharacteristics. Last, combing results of field research and simulation, the writerexplores correlations among physical environment characteristics, design factorsand acoustic environment valuation, and analyzes the influence of general characteristics of acoustic environment and different factors to acousticenvironment valuation of public area in Harbin residential area by the methods ofquestionnaire survey and statistic analysis. In addition, the writer does pointeddesign for constructing comfort acoustic environment in public area of residentialarea. By analyzing anti-noise of typical residential area, the writer puts forwardprioritization plan to acoustic environment of residential space from macroscopicperspective. Moreover, focusing on analysis results of interviewee characteristicsand physical influences factors, the writer puts forward design strategy andprinciple of constructing the acoustic environment which can meet people’spsychological needs. Directing concrete design of residential area, this thesis canembody the value shift of scientific payoffs.
This thesis gets following achievement:
(1) Putting forward the influence factors of acoustic environment in spacestructure of residential area.
(2) Revealing laws of population characteristics of users’ society to acousticenvironment of residential area.
(3) Exploring acoustic environment design strategy of public area in residentialarea.
This research focuses on acoustic environment of public area in Harbinresidential area. We can study some southern cities to study in the further researchto adapt to application of nationwide, because different places have differentcharacteristics of space and environment.
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