高层建筑地下室结构施工的逆作法研究与应用
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摘要
本文结合地下工程中逆作法施工的发展现状，介绍了逆作法施工的优缺点及其施工工艺，并针对逆作法施工中的几项关键环节，进行了详细的分析和研究。
逆作法施工中的地下连续墙不仅在施工时起临时支护作用，承受水平荷载，而且可直接作为地下室的外墙，并承担一定的竖向荷载。本文详细分析研究了地下连续墻在逆作法施工时其荷载、内力、沉降等的计算方法，并提出了相应的施工与结构接头的作法。
中间支承柱又称导柱，在逆作施工中起着双重作用，既要支承逆作法施工中的各种荷载，又要在逆作法完工后，作为主体柱子的一部分，起着将上部荷载传递给基础的作用，因而设计与施工均对其提出了较高的要求。本文详细分析了其设计与施工的方法，并介绍了几种提高其施工质量的关键技术。
地下室主体结构也因采用逆作法施工，使土方工程、砼逆作浇筑、模板工程等变得更为复杂，要求也更加严格，本文对地下室主体结构施工中的有关问题进行了较为详细的研究，提出了相应的解决措施。
地下室施工中的基坑监测也是逆作法施工中的重要问题，本文对相关的监测方法也进行了研究。
文章最后结合具体工程实践，对逆作法施工工艺的具体应用进行了介绍，详细说明了逆作法的效果。文章还总结并提出了逆作法在我国的发展趋势及应努力解决的问题。
Based on the present situation of top down construction for underground engineerings, the author illustrated the advantages, disadvantages and technology of top down construction and analyzed some key problems for top down construction.
The diaphragm wall of top down construction not only supports the horizontal loads at stage of the temporary construction, but also bears vertical loads, as a part of the main structure, the outer wail of the basement. The author gave a detailed study on means to caculating method of loads, internal stress, and sedimentation with the main structure. Appropriate measures had been taken to deal with the joints of construction and structure.
The center brace, also named guide pillar, serves a dual purpose, not only surpporting all the loads at stage of construction, but also transmitting upper loads down to the foundation, as a part of the column after the top down construction, Its designing and construction are more strict. The author analysed the methods of designing and construction for center brace, and proposed several key techniques that can improve the quality of the center brace.
Bing top down construction is carried out, the underground structure construction, including soil engineering, concrete casting and formwork, becomes more complicated and more strict. The paper gives a detailed research on the problems, and brings forward corresponding solutions.
The monitor of the deep pit is also the important problem to the top down construction. The paper also analyzes the monitor method for top down construction.
At last, according to the practice projects, the thesis gives a particular introduction for the application of construction process and the application effect of the top down construction. And the author also put forward several proposals about top down construction in the paper, as well as summarized and advanced the developing trend of top down construction and the problems which should be made gret efflorts to solve.
逆作法施工中的地下连续墙不仅在施工时起临时支护作用，承受水平荷载，而且可直接作为地下室的外墙，并承担一定的竖向荷载。本文详细分析研究了地下连续墻在逆作法施工时其荷载、内力、沉降等的计算方法，并提出了相应的施工与结构接头的作法。
中间支承柱又称导柱，在逆作施工中起着双重作用，既要支承逆作法施工中的各种荷载，又要在逆作法完工后，作为主体柱子的一部分，起着将上部荷载传递给基础的作用，因而设计与施工均对其提出了较高的要求。本文详细分析了其设计与施工的方法，并介绍了几种提高其施工质量的关键技术。
地下室主体结构也因采用逆作法施工，使土方工程、砼逆作浇筑、模板工程等变得更为复杂，要求也更加严格，本文对地下室主体结构施工中的有关问题进行了较为详细的研究，提出了相应的解决措施。
地下室施工中的基坑监测也是逆作法施工中的重要问题，本文对相关的监测方法也进行了研究。
文章最后结合具体工程实践，对逆作法施工工艺的具体应用进行了介绍，详细说明了逆作法的效果。文章还总结并提出了逆作法在我国的发展趋势及应努力解决的问题。
Based on the present situation of top down construction for underground engineerings, the author illustrated the advantages, disadvantages and technology of top down construction and analyzed some key problems for top down construction.
The diaphragm wall of top down construction not only supports the horizontal loads at stage of the temporary construction, but also bears vertical loads, as a part of the main structure, the outer wail of the basement. The author gave a detailed study on means to caculating method of loads, internal stress, and sedimentation with the main structure. Appropriate measures had been taken to deal with the joints of construction and structure.
The center brace, also named guide pillar, serves a dual purpose, not only surpporting all the loads at stage of construction, but also transmitting upper loads down to the foundation, as a part of the column after the top down construction, Its designing and construction are more strict. The author analysed the methods of designing and construction for center brace, and proposed several key techniques that can improve the quality of the center brace.
Bing top down construction is carried out, the underground structure construction, including soil engineering, concrete casting and formwork, becomes more complicated and more strict. The paper gives a detailed research on the problems, and brings forward corresponding solutions.
The monitor of the deep pit is also the important problem to the top down construction. The paper also analyzes the monitor method for top down construction.
At last, according to the practice projects, the thesis gives a particular introduction for the application of construction process and the application effect of the top down construction. And the author also put forward several proposals about top down construction in the paper, as well as summarized and advanced the developing trend of top down construction and the problems which should be made gret efflorts to solve.
引文
[1] 陆震铨，祝国荣编译，地下连续墙的理论与实践[M]，中国铁道出版社1987
[2] 赵志缙，高层建筑施工手册[M]，同济大学出版社，1997．12
[3] 赵志缙，高层建筑基础工程施工[M]，中国建筑工业出版社，1992
[4] 中国深基础技术考察团，出国参观考察报告(西德、奥地利深基础技术)[R]，中国建筑科学研究院建筑情报研究所，1983．12
[5] 徐至钧，赵锡宏，逆作法设计与施工[M]，机械工业出版社，北京，2002
[6] 日本建设机械化协会编，地下连续墙设计与施工手册[M]，中国建筑工业出版社1983．12
[7] X. Y. Tou, Compensated Foundation of Bearing Diaphragm Wall for Highrise Blildings, proc of the 4th Conf on Tall Building, V01. Ⅲ 1988
[8] 胡精发，地下连续墙结构与逆作法施工，结构工程师[J]，1992(3)
[9] Braja M.Das, Theoretical foundation engineering [M], McGraw Hill Book Company, 1989
[10] Holzer TL, Earth fissures and localized differential sub-sidence [J], Water research, 1991,17(1): 223-227
[11] Hodgkinson, Allan, Foundation Design [M], London, the Architectural Press, 1986
[12] Bowles, Joseph E, Foundation analysis and design [M], 3rd, McGraw Hill Book Company, 1982
[13] Zhao Xi Hong. Chen Zhi Ming. Gong Jian, Zhou Guo Ran, Zhang Qi Hui&Li Bei Deep Excavation for Tall Building in Shanghai[C], 2000, Proc. Int. Symposium of Civil Engineering in21" Century, Beijing, China, 12～13 Oct: 517～525
[14] 史佩栋，高大钊，钱力航主编，21世纪高层建筑基础工程[M]，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2000
[15] 赵志缙，应惠清，简明深基坑工程设计施工手册[M]，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2000
[16] Zhao Xihong, Lu Rui Ming, Chen Zhi Ming& Gong Jian, Non-linear space theory & method for excavation engineering & application[C], 2001 Proce, 15th Int, Conf, on SMGE, Istanbul,Turkey, 27-31 Aug, Vol.2, 138-141
[17] Sekiguchi H.&.Ohta H, Constitutive equations considering anisotropy and stress reorientation in clay, in: Wittke W, ed. proc, 3rd .Conf, Numerical Method in Geomechanics[C], Aachen.1979,475-484
[18] 黄强，惠水宁，深基坑支护工程实例集[M]，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1998
[19] 秦惠民，叶政青，深基础施工实例[M]，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1992
[20] 黄熙龄主编，高层建筑地下结构及基坑支护[M]，北京：宇航出版社，1994
[21] 第五层地基处理学术讨论会论文集[C]，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1997
[22] Fang H. Y, Foundation Engineering Handbook[M], 2nd edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1991
[23] Hunt R. E., Geotechnical Engineering Analysis and Evaluation[M]. McGraw Hill Book Cor, 1986
[24] Clayton C. R. J. et al, Earth Pressure and Earth Retaining Structures[M], 2nd edition. Blackie Academic & Professional Pub, 1991
[25] Xanthakos P. P., Excavation Support Methods[M], Ground Control and Improvement, John Wiely & Sons Pub, 1994
[26] 龚晓南，高有潮，深基坑工程设计施工手册[M]，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1998
[27] Tomlison, Michael John, Foundation design and construction [M], 3rd ed., London, Pitman,1988
[28] 徐至钧，不用地下连续墙的深基础逆筑法施工，建筑施工[J]，1993(3)
[29] 徐至钧，高层建筑深基础新逆筑法的工程设计与施工，建筑结构[J]，1994(8)
[30] 董树恩，杜峰，逆作法施工工艺在北京王府井大厦工程中的应用，建筑技术[J]，2000(5)
[31] 天津一建建筑工程有限公司，银丰花园深基础工程逆支施工工艺，天津建工[J]，1999(3)
[32] 郝俊岭，吴明辉，九州大厦地下连续墙的设计[M]，见：天津市建工设计院论文集，1996
[33] Zhao Xi Hong, Gong Jian. Chen Zhi Ming. Design&Practice on Engineering Projects of Specially Deep Big Excavation in Shanghai[C], Proc. X Ⅱ. European. Conf. on SMGE. 2000, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 7-10 June, 239-244
[34] 钟显奇，唐杰康，谢沃林，广州市新中国大厦地下室“逆作法”施工技术[P]，建筑技术专利，1998
[35] A.V.Vera and so on. Twenty-Five Years of Subway Construction in Mexico City Tunneling and Underground Space, Soiling Technology [J],Volume 10, No.1 1995(1)
[36] 张维正，逆作法在深基坑开挖工程中的应用[M]，北京：宇航出版社，1994
[37] 孔莉莉，逆作法施工条件下土压力的分布及其对地下连续墙的影响，建筑施工[J]，1998(4)
[38] 刘建国，百汇广场深基坑地下室盖挖逆作法施工技术，施工技术[J]，1997(7)
[39] Warner G S, Nieber J L, Moore I D, Geise R A, Characterizing macrospores in soil by computed topography [J], Geoderma, 1990,46:13-29
[40] 戟腊元，庐山大厦半逆作法施工技术，施工技术[J]，1998(1)
[41] 夏继君，一德路中心市场地下室半逆作法施工技术，施工技术[J]，2000(1)
[42] 蒲生孝，李淑香等，厦门九州大厦地下室逆作法施工，施工技术[J]，1998(8)
[43] 施祖元，刘兴旺，益德清，杭州凯悦大酒店逆作法设计与分析，建筑结构[J]，2001(4)
[44] 徐至钧，200幢高层建筑基础底板厚度的调查和分析，地基基础工程[J]，2000(3)
[45] 黄力平，深圳赛格广场大夏地下室“全逆作法”设计与施工，岩土工程技术[J]，2000(2)
[46] 陈伯龄，深圳温莎广场深基坑支护施工技术．施工技术[J]，2001(9)
[47] 赵锡宏，陈志明，胡中雄等编著，高层建筑深基坑围护工程实践与分析[M]，上海：同济大学出版社，1996
[48] 汤永净，逆作法施工时结构共同作用性状分析，上海铁道大学学报[J]，1998，19(8)：20～25
[49] 汤永净，高层建筑逆作法施工的测试与分析，工程力学[J]，1998增刊：755～759
[2] 赵志缙，高层建筑施工手册[M]，同济大学出版社，1997．12
[3] 赵志缙，高层建筑基础工程施工[M]，中国建筑工业出版社，1992
[4] 中国深基础技术考察团，出国参观考察报告(西德、奥地利深基础技术)[R]，中国建筑科学研究院建筑情报研究所，1983．12
[5] 徐至钧，赵锡宏，逆作法设计与施工[M]，机械工业出版社，北京，2002
[6] 日本建设机械化协会编，地下连续墙设计与施工手册[M]，中国建筑工业出版社1983．12
[7] X. Y. Tou, Compensated Foundation of Bearing Diaphragm Wall for Highrise Blildings, proc of the 4th Conf on Tall Building, V01. Ⅲ 1988
[8] 胡精发，地下连续墙结构与逆作法施工，结构工程师[J]，1992(3)
[9] Braja M.Das, Theoretical foundation engineering [M], McGraw Hill Book Company, 1989
[10] Holzer TL, Earth fissures and localized differential sub-sidence [J], Water research, 1991,17(1): 223-227
[11] Hodgkinson, Allan, Foundation Design [M], London, the Architectural Press, 1986
[12] Bowles, Joseph E, Foundation analysis and design [M], 3rd, McGraw Hill Book Company, 1982
[13] Zhao Xi Hong. Chen Zhi Ming. Gong Jian, Zhou Guo Ran, Zhang Qi Hui&Li Bei Deep Excavation for Tall Building in Shanghai[C], 2000, Proc. Int. Symposium of Civil Engineering in21" Century, Beijing, China, 12～13 Oct: 517～525
[14] 史佩栋，高大钊，钱力航主编，21世纪高层建筑基础工程[M]，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2000
[15] 赵志缙，应惠清，简明深基坑工程设计施工手册[M]，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2000
[16] Zhao Xihong, Lu Rui Ming, Chen Zhi Ming& Gong Jian, Non-linear space theory & method for excavation engineering & application[C], 2001 Proce, 15th Int, Conf, on SMGE, Istanbul,Turkey, 27-31 Aug, Vol.2, 138-141
[17] Sekiguchi H.&.Ohta H, Constitutive equations considering anisotropy and stress reorientation in clay, in: Wittke W, ed. proc, 3rd .Conf, Numerical Method in Geomechanics[C], Aachen.1979,475-484
[18] 黄强，惠水宁，深基坑支护工程实例集[M]，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1998
[19] 秦惠民，叶政青，深基础施工实例[M]，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1992
[20] 黄熙龄主编，高层建筑地下结构及基坑支护[M]，北京：宇航出版社，1994
[21] 第五层地基处理学术讨论会论文集[C]，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1997
[22] Fang H. Y, Foundation Engineering Handbook[M], 2nd edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1991
[23] Hunt R. E., Geotechnical Engineering Analysis and Evaluation[M]. McGraw Hill Book Cor, 1986
[24] Clayton C. R. J. et al, Earth Pressure and Earth Retaining Structures[M], 2nd edition. Blackie Academic & Professional Pub, 1991
[25] Xanthakos P. P., Excavation Support Methods[M], Ground Control and Improvement, John Wiely & Sons Pub, 1994
[26] 龚晓南，高有潮，深基坑工程设计施工手册[M]，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1998
[27] Tomlison, Michael John, Foundation design and construction [M], 3rd ed., London, Pitman,1988
[28] 徐至钧，不用地下连续墙的深基础逆筑法施工，建筑施工[J]，1993(3)
[29] 徐至钧，高层建筑深基础新逆筑法的工程设计与施工，建筑结构[J]，1994(8)
[30] 董树恩，杜峰，逆作法施工工艺在北京王府井大厦工程中的应用，建筑技术[J]，2000(5)
[31] 天津一建建筑工程有限公司，银丰花园深基础工程逆支施工工艺，天津建工[J]，1999(3)
[32] 郝俊岭，吴明辉，九州大厦地下连续墙的设计[M]，见：天津市建工设计院论文集，1996
[33] Zhao Xi Hong, Gong Jian. Chen Zhi Ming. Design&Practice on Engineering Projects of Specially Deep Big Excavation in Shanghai[C], Proc. X Ⅱ. European. Conf. on SMGE. 2000, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 7-10 June, 239-244
[34] 钟显奇，唐杰康，谢沃林，广州市新中国大厦地下室“逆作法”施工技术[P]，建筑技术专利，1998
[35] A.V.Vera and so on. Twenty-Five Years of Subway Construction in Mexico City Tunneling and Underground Space, Soiling Technology [J],Volume 10, No.1 1995(1)
[36] 张维正，逆作法在深基坑开挖工程中的应用[M]，北京：宇航出版社，1994
[37] 孔莉莉，逆作法施工条件下土压力的分布及其对地下连续墙的影响，建筑施工[J]，1998(4)
[38] 刘建国，百汇广场深基坑地下室盖挖逆作法施工技术，施工技术[J]，1997(7)
[39] Warner G S, Nieber J L, Moore I D, Geise R A, Characterizing macrospores in soil by computed topography [J], Geoderma, 1990,46:13-29
[40] 戟腊元，庐山大厦半逆作法施工技术，施工技术[J]，1998(1)
[41] 夏继君，一德路中心市场地下室半逆作法施工技术，施工技术[J]，2000(1)
[42] 蒲生孝，李淑香等，厦门九州大厦地下室逆作法施工，施工技术[J]，1998(8)
[43] 施祖元，刘兴旺，益德清，杭州凯悦大酒店逆作法设计与分析，建筑结构[J]，2001(4)
[44] 徐至钧，200幢高层建筑基础底板厚度的调查和分析，地基基础工程[J]，2000(3)
[45] 黄力平，深圳赛格广场大夏地下室“全逆作法”设计与施工，岩土工程技术[J]，2000(2)
[46] 陈伯龄，深圳温莎广场深基坑支护施工技术．施工技术[J]，2001(9)
[47] 赵锡宏，陈志明，胡中雄等编著，高层建筑深基坑围护工程实践与分析[M]，上海：同济大学出版社，1996
[48] 汤永净，逆作法施工时结构共同作用性状分析，上海铁道大学学报[J]，1998，19(8)：20～25
[49] 汤永净，高层建筑逆作法施工的测试与分析，工程力学[J]，1998增刊：755～759