冬油菜施肥效果及土壤养分丰缺指标研究
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摘要
油菜是我国主要油料作物、饲用蛋白源作物和养地作物,也是理想的生物能源作物。长江流域是我国油菜主要产区,也是世界上规模最大、最具开发潜力的冬油菜生产区域,其播种面积约占全国油菜面积的80%、全球的20%。过去的50年间,长江流域油菜籽单产水平增加了3倍以上,施肥对油菜籽产量增加起着不可忽视的作用。明确油菜施肥产量、品质及经济效应对于保障科学施肥技术的推广应用和油菜产业的健康发展具有重要的意义。
随着测土配方施肥项目的开展,大量的农田土壤被送进化验室测试分析,可根据土壤养分的测试结果来进行测土施肥,而土壤养分丰缺指标的确定是测土施肥技术的核心。由于作物产量水平的提高及土壤测试方法的改进,当前迫切需要通过多年多点的试验解决的问题是：建立和更新土壤养分丰缺指标。
本研究通过多年多点的田间试验,从产量、品质和经济效益3个方面全面揭示了氮磷钾硼肥施用对长江流域冬油菜的影响；分析评价了肥料利用率及土壤养分平衡现状；初步建立和更新了油菜养分需求规律及土壤养分丰缺指标的数据库。主要研究结果如下：
(1)分别用常规法、ASI法及M3法测定长江流域10个油菜主产省(市)的272个土壤样品,分析比较了不同方法测试值之间的关系,并结合相应的土壤养分分级指标对土壤养分丰缺状况进行了评价。结果表明,长江流域油菜种植土壤养分不平衡,不同区域养分含量的变异较大。对3种方法土壤养分测定值的两两比较分析结果显示,pH、有效P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn的常规法测定值与ASI法测定值达到极显著正相关；有效P、K、Ca、Mg、S和Fe的常规法与M3法测定值呈极显著正相关关系；有效P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Fe、Cu和Zn的ASI法与M3法测定值呈极显著正相关关系；综合常规法、ASI法及M3法的测定结果及相应分级指标,表明长江流域油菜种植区土壤有机质、N、P、K及B含量大部分处于缺乏或中等水平,而Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu含量则相对丰富,S和Zn可能成为油菜生产中土壤养分潜在缺乏因子。
(2)长江流域冬油菜施用氮磷钾硼肥增产增收效果明显。氮磷钾硼肥配合处理(NPKB)平均产量为2654 kg/hm2,与PKB (-N)、NKB (-P)、NPB (-K)及NPK (-B)处理相比,平均每公顷增收油菜籽1133、568、307和324 kg；施用磷、钾及硼肥的增产幅度随土壤有效磷、钾及硼含量的升高呈现下降趋势；扣除肥料成本后,施用NPKB效益达到7439元/hm2,与—N、—P、—K和—B处理相比,每公顷经济效益分别增加3067、1589、620和1028元,其中施用氮、磷、钾肥产投比>2.0的试验点分别占总数的89%、78%和57%,结果表明氮磷钾硼配合施用技术可以进行大面积推广应用。
(3)合理施肥能改善油菜籽品质。氮、磷、钾和硼肥施用对油菜籽的品质效应在不同试验点表现不尽相同,其总体趋势是：施用氮肥提高籽粒蛋白质含量而降低油分含量；施磷、钾或硼肥有提高油菜籽含油量而降低蛋白质含量的趋势；施肥对油菜籽硫甙含量和脂肪酸组成的影响不明显。油菜籽含油量与收获指数、千粒重显著正相关,与蛋白质含量呈负相关。研究结果显示在施氮的基础上配合施用磷、钾和硼肥能减少因施氮引起的油分损失。
(4)油菜地上部N、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn养分含量随生育期推进总体呈现降低趋势,P、S和B含量呈“M”型变化趋势；籽粒是N、P2O5、MgO、Mn、Cu和Zn的累积中心,而茎秆和角壳则是K2O、CaO、S、Fe及B的累积中心。籽粒中养分含量受施肥的影响相对较小,而茎秆和角壳养分含量受施肥的影响较大；当油菜植株缺乏某一营养元素时,相应养分优先分配于籽粒中；冬油菜养分吸收和产量关系的土壤肥力评价模型QUEFTS的系数aN=13.3,dN=28.5,aP=30.7,dP=85.1,aK=8.7,dK=28.3。每生产100kg油菜籽养分的需求量平均为N 4.7～5.5 kg、P2O51.9～2.7 kg、K2O6.8～8.7kg、CaO 6.2～6.4 kg、MgO 1.4～2.0 kg、S1.8～1.9 kg, Fe31.8～47.0 g、Mn 7.2～8.3g、Cu 0.9～1.0g、Zn 6.4～7.7g和B 4.4～5.4g,N：P205：K20=1：0.5～0.6：1.6～1.8。不同品种、不同施肥措施、不同产量水平时百千克籽粒氮磷钾需求量有差异,优质高产油菜对磷、钾的吸收量较大。
(5)试验条件下,油菜氮磷钾肥农学效率分别为6.2 kg/kg N、6.3 kg/kg P2O5和2.6kg/kg K2O,表观利用率为N 34.2%、P2O517.2%和K2O36.9%,生理利用率为18.5kg/kg N、35.5 kg/kg P2O5和9.2 kg/kg K2O,氮磷钾肥对油菜籽产量的贡献率分别为41.8%、21.0%和11.4%。与氮磷钾硼配施处理相比,农民习惯施肥处理油菜籽产量及肥料利用率明显偏低,氮素农学效率、表观利用率和生理利用率分别为4.1kg/kg、23.1%和17.6%,说明氮磷钾硼配合施用技术能同时提高油菜籽产量和肥料利用率。
(6)长江流域油菜田养分收支平衡的整体状况是,氮、磷盈余,钾亏缺。当肥料用量分别为180kgN/hm2,90kgP2O5/hm2,120kgK2O/hm2和7.5 kg/hm2硼砂时,施肥处理土壤养分平衡状况表现为氮、磷素有不同程度的盈余,氮、磷、钾及硼配合施用有利于降低氮、磷过量带来的环境风险；钾素处于亏缺状态,需通过增加无机、有机钾源来调节土壤钾素平衡,以实现油菜优质、高产和稳产。
(7)根据土壤有效养分含量与相应不施肥区相对产量的关系,建立基于常规法、ASI法及M3的土壤养分丰缺指标。以相对产量<60%,60～75%,75～90%,90-95%和>95%为标准,分别将土壤有效磷、钾和硼分成“严重缺乏”、“缺乏”、“轻度缺乏”、“适宜”和“丰富”5级。土壤有效磷的5级指标分别为,常规法：<6.0、6.0～12.0、12.0～25.0、25.0～30.0和>30.0mg P/kg; ASI法：<5.5、5.5～12.5、12.5～28.5、28.5～38.0和>38.0mg P/L;M3法：<8.0、8.0～23.5、23.5～70.0、70.0～100.0和>100.0mgP/kg。土壤有效钾“缺乏”、“轻度缺乏”、“适宜”和“丰富”的指标分别为,常规法：<60、60～135、135～180和>180mg K/kg; ASI法：<30、30～75、75～100和>100 mg K/L；M3法：<50、50～135、135～185和>185mgk/kg.土壤有效硼“缺乏”、“轻度缺乏”、“适宜”和“丰富”的指标分别为,常规法：<0.2、0.2～0.6、0.6～0.8和>0.8 mg B/kg；ASI法：<0.25、0.25～1.0、1.0～1.5和>1.5 mg B/L。本研究结果显示—N处理籽粒相对产量与土壤氮素测定值关系不明显,而—P、—K和—B处理相对产量与土壤有效磷、有效钾和有效硼含量呈显著正相关关系,据此建立的基于常规法、ASI法和M3法的土壤有效磷、钾及硼丰缺指标可以用来指导长江流域油菜的测土配方施肥工作。
Besides its use as an important edible oil and feed crop, rapeseed is also a promising bio-diesel crop. China has been the largest producer of rapeseed with an annual production of more than 10 million tons since 1999. Yangtze River Basin (YRB) is the major rapeseed-growing area in China, and is also the most potential development area of winter rapeseed production in the world. This area contains nearly 6 million hectares of winter rapeseed area, accounting for about 80% of the total areas in China and 20% in the world. Rapeseed yield per unit area in YRB in 2000s increased more than three times compared to that in 1960s. The yield increase during the last decades is not only due to breeding of high-potential cultivars but also to higher nutrient supply. It has an important significance that finds out the yield, quality and economic return of fertilization on rapeseed to popularize and applied the technique of balanced fertilization and ensure a healthy rapeseed industry.
With implementation of Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendations Action, more and more soil samples were analyzed in laboratories. Fertilizer recommendation can be carried out according to results of soil analyses. Establishment of the critical soil levels was a necessary precondition for fertilizer recommendations from a soil test result. Due to increasing in crop yield levels and soil test laboratory methodology, it is widely recognized that information about soil test critical levels and fertilization recommendation requires updating and revaluation.
In this study,74 field experiments were carried out in ten major winter rapeseed-growing provinces of YRB from 2005 to 2007. The aims were:1) to find out the yield, quality and economic return of N, P, K and B fertilization on winter rapeseed; 2) to get to know the situation of nutrient efficiencies and nutrient balance in the agroecosystem of rapeseed production regions; 3) to establish and improve the soil nutrient abundant & deficient indices (based on General test, ASI and M3 methods) and nutrient required characteristic for high-efficient rapeseed production. The main results are summarized below.
(1) In this research the soil nutrients content of 272 samples, which were collected from ten main rapeseed planting provinces in Yangtze River Basin, were measured by general test method (GT), a systematic approach (ASI) and Mehlich 3 (M3). The purpose of the study was to find out soil nutrients status and main limiting factors in main rapeseed planting regions. The results showed that soil nutrient for rapeseed-growing in YRB was out of balance, and the great difference existed in soil nutrient content among sample sites. The results of correlation analysis showed that pH and available P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn by GT method had significantly positive correlation with those by ASI method at P<0.01 level, while available N and B by GT had no any relationship with those by ASI. Soil avaialbe P, K, Ca, Mg, S and Fe by M3 had significantly positive correlation with those by GT method and avaialbe P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu and Zn by ASI had significantly positive correlation with those by M3 method at P<0.01 level, respectively. The determination results of GT, ASI and M3 method showed that available N, P, K and B concentration of most of soil samples were at deficient or middle level, available S and Zn were at middle level, and available Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Cu were at rich level.The results indicated that soil N, P, K and B were the main limiting factors in Yangtze River Basin for rapeseed planting.
(2) The combination of N, P, K and B fertilizers significantly increased both rapeseed yield and profits in YRB. The average yield of NPKB treatment was 2654 kg/hm2. Compared with—N,—P,—K and—B, the yield of NPKB was higher by 1133,568,307 and 324 kg/hm2,respectively. The seed yield increment reduced in treatments of P, K, and B application when there were more available P, K, and B in soil. The average profit of NPKB treatment was 7439 RMB Yuan per hectare, which were higher than—N,—P,—K, and—B treatments by 3067,1589,620, and 1028 RMB Yuan per hectare. The effects of N, P, K, and B fertilizer on yield and profit of rapeseed were not identical in all experiments. Based on current facts in agricultural production in China, significant profit was regarded as value to cost ratio (VCR) above 2.0. Among the 74 experiments,89%,78%, and 57% showed significant profit from inputs of N, P, and K fertilizers, respectively. Thus, the technique of combination of N, P, K, and B fertilizers can be popularized and applied in winter rapeseed production in YRB.
(3) Balanced fertilization could improve the quality of rapeseed. The effect of N, P, K and B fertilizer on quality of rapeseed were not the same in different experimental sites. N fertilizer had significant influence on oil and protein content, which decreased the content of oil and increased the content of protein in seed. In comparison with N fertilizer, the seed oil content was enhanced due to the application of P, K and B fertilizer. The glucosinolate content and fatty acid composition also had influence on fertilization, but the effect was not significant. The results also indicated that oil content was positively correlated with harvest index and 1000-seed weight, negatively with seed protein content. It was concluded that the combination of P, K and B fertilizer with N could reduced the loss of oil content caused by N fertilizer application.
(4) The results of study on nutrient uptake showed that N, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn content in the above-ground were decreased gradually with growing time. And the dynamic changes of P, S and B concentration showed an "M" curve. Seed was the distribution center of N, P2O5, MgO, Mn, Cu and Zn, and stem and pod were the distribution center of K2O, CaO, S, Fe and B. The effect of fertilization on N, P, K and B content in pod and stem was stronger than those in seed. The parameters for the QUEFTS (Quantitative Evaluation of the Fertility of Tropical Soils) model in winter rapeseed were aN=13.3, dN=28.5, aP=30.7, dP=85.1, aK=8.7 and dK=28.3. Nutrients required for producing every 100 kg seeds were N 4.7～5.5 kg, P2O51.9～2.7 kg, K2O 6.8～8.7 kg, CaO 6.2～6.4 kg, MgO 1.4-2.0 kg, S 1.8-1.9 kg, Fe 31.8～47.0 g, Mn 7.2～8.3g, Cu 0.9～1.0 g, Zn 6.4～7.7 g and B 4.4～5.4g, and the ratio of N:P2O5:K2O was 1: 0.5～0.6:1.6～1.8. Nutrient requirement of rapeseed was influenced by rapeseed varieties, yield level and nutrient supply. More P and K was required by rapeseed at high yielding level.
(5) The results of study on nutrient efficiencies indicated that the average agronomic efficiency (AE) was 6.2 kg/kg N,6.3 kg/kg P2O5 and 2.6 kg/kg K2O, under the experiment condition. Partial factor productivity (PFP) was 14.7 kg/kg N,29.5 kg/kg P2O5 and 22.1 kg/kg K2O. Recovery efficiency (RE) of N, P and K fertilizer were 34.2%, 17.2% and 36.9%, respectively. Physiological efficiency was 20.4 kg/kg N,35.5 kg/kg P2O5 and 9.2 kg/kg K2O. The contribution of N, P and K fertilizer to rapeseed yield were 41.8%,21.0% and 11.4%, respectively. Compared with NPKB, rapeseed yield and fertilizer efficiencies in FFP (farmers'fertilization practice) were lower. AE, RE and PE of N in FFP were 4.1 kg/kg,23.1% and 17.6%, respectively. It was concluded that the combination of N, P, K and B fertilizers significantly increased both rapeseed yield and fertilizer efficiencies.
(6) The results of field experiment also indicated N balances in the plots received N fertilizer (NPKB, NKB, NPB and NPK) and P balances in the plots received P fertilizer (NPKB, PKB, NKB and NPK) were both positive when 180 kg N/hm2,90 kg P2O5/hm2,120 kg K2O/hm2 and 7.5 kgborax/hm2 were applied. The combination of N, P, K and B was benefit to reduce N losses and the environmental risk of the pollution. K balances were always negative except in PKB plots, and it is necessary to improve soil K balance by increasing application of inorganic and organic K fertilizer resources.
(7) The abundance and deficiency indices for general test method (GT), a systematic approach (ASI) and Mehlich 3 (M3) were determined based on the relationship between crop relative yield and corresponding available soil nutrient values. Compared to the complete treatment, the relative yields of 60%,75%,90% and 95% obtained from the -P,-K and -B treatments were selected to establish the abundance and deficiency indices of soil available P, K and B for winter rapeseed. The extremely deficiency, deficiency, slight deficiency, optimum and abundance indices for soil available P were<6.0,6.0～12.0,12.0～25.0,25.0～30.0 and>30.0 mg P/kg for GT; <5.5,5.5-12.5,12.5～28.5,28.5～38.0 and>38.0 mg P/L for ASI;<8.0,8.0～23.5, 23.5～70.0,70.0～100.0 and>100.0 mg P/kg for M3, respectively. The deficiency, slight deficiency, optimum and abundance indices for soil available K were<60,60～135, 135～180 and>180 mg K/kg for GT;<30,30～75,75～100 and>100 mg K/L for ASI; <50,50～135,135～185 and>185 mg K/kg for M3, respectively. The deficiency, slight deficiency, optimum and abundance indices for soil available B were<0.2,0.2～0.6, 0.6～0.8 and>0.8 mg B/kg for GT; 0.25,0.25～1.0,1.0～1.5 and>1.5 mg B/L for ASI, respectively. The results also showed that the relationship between relative yield in—N plot and soil N test values was not clear. However, the relative yields in—P,—K and—B plots had significantly positive with soil available P, K and B contents. It was concluded that the soil available P, K and B critical indices established using GT, ASI and M3 methods and field experiments can be used as guidance for soil testing and fertilizer recommendation for winter rapeseed production in YRB.
随着测土配方施肥项目的开展,大量的农田土壤被送进化验室测试分析,可根据土壤养分的测试结果来进行测土施肥,而土壤养分丰缺指标的确定是测土施肥技术的核心。由于作物产量水平的提高及土壤测试方法的改进,当前迫切需要通过多年多点的试验解决的问题是：建立和更新土壤养分丰缺指标。
本研究通过多年多点的田间试验,从产量、品质和经济效益3个方面全面揭示了氮磷钾硼肥施用对长江流域冬油菜的影响；分析评价了肥料利用率及土壤养分平衡现状；初步建立和更新了油菜养分需求规律及土壤养分丰缺指标的数据库。主要研究结果如下：
(1)分别用常规法、ASI法及M3法测定长江流域10个油菜主产省(市)的272个土壤样品,分析比较了不同方法测试值之间的关系,并结合相应的土壤养分分级指标对土壤养分丰缺状况进行了评价。结果表明,长江流域油菜种植土壤养分不平衡,不同区域养分含量的变异较大。对3种方法土壤养分测定值的两两比较分析结果显示,pH、有效P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn的常规法测定值与ASI法测定值达到极显著正相关；有效P、K、Ca、Mg、S和Fe的常规法与M3法测定值呈极显著正相关关系；有效P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Fe、Cu和Zn的ASI法与M3法测定值呈极显著正相关关系；综合常规法、ASI法及M3法的测定结果及相应分级指标,表明长江流域油菜种植区土壤有机质、N、P、K及B含量大部分处于缺乏或中等水平,而Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu含量则相对丰富,S和Zn可能成为油菜生产中土壤养分潜在缺乏因子。
(2)长江流域冬油菜施用氮磷钾硼肥增产增收效果明显。氮磷钾硼肥配合处理(NPKB)平均产量为2654 kg/hm2,与PKB (-N)、NKB (-P)、NPB (-K)及NPK (-B)处理相比,平均每公顷增收油菜籽1133、568、307和324 kg；施用磷、钾及硼肥的增产幅度随土壤有效磷、钾及硼含量的升高呈现下降趋势；扣除肥料成本后,施用NPKB效益达到7439元/hm2,与—N、—P、—K和—B处理相比,每公顷经济效益分别增加3067、1589、620和1028元,其中施用氮、磷、钾肥产投比>2.0的试验点分别占总数的89%、78%和57%,结果表明氮磷钾硼配合施用技术可以进行大面积推广应用。
(3)合理施肥能改善油菜籽品质。氮、磷、钾和硼肥施用对油菜籽的品质效应在不同试验点表现不尽相同,其总体趋势是：施用氮肥提高籽粒蛋白质含量而降低油分含量；施磷、钾或硼肥有提高油菜籽含油量而降低蛋白质含量的趋势；施肥对油菜籽硫甙含量和脂肪酸组成的影响不明显。油菜籽含油量与收获指数、千粒重显著正相关,与蛋白质含量呈负相关。研究结果显示在施氮的基础上配合施用磷、钾和硼肥能减少因施氮引起的油分损失。
(4)油菜地上部N、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn养分含量随生育期推进总体呈现降低趋势,P、S和B含量呈“M”型变化趋势；籽粒是N、P2O5、MgO、Mn、Cu和Zn的累积中心,而茎秆和角壳则是K2O、CaO、S、Fe及B的累积中心。籽粒中养分含量受施肥的影响相对较小,而茎秆和角壳养分含量受施肥的影响较大；当油菜植株缺乏某一营养元素时,相应养分优先分配于籽粒中；冬油菜养分吸收和产量关系的土壤肥力评价模型QUEFTS的系数aN=13.3,dN=28.5,aP=30.7,dP=85.1,aK=8.7,dK=28.3。每生产100kg油菜籽养分的需求量平均为N 4.7～5.5 kg、P2O51.9～2.7 kg、K2O6.8～8.7kg、CaO 6.2～6.4 kg、MgO 1.4～2.0 kg、S1.8～1.9 kg, Fe31.8～47.0 g、Mn 7.2～8.3g、Cu 0.9～1.0g、Zn 6.4～7.7g和B 4.4～5.4g,N：P205：K20=1：0.5～0.6：1.6～1.8。不同品种、不同施肥措施、不同产量水平时百千克籽粒氮磷钾需求量有差异,优质高产油菜对磷、钾的吸收量较大。
(5)试验条件下,油菜氮磷钾肥农学效率分别为6.2 kg/kg N、6.3 kg/kg P2O5和2.6kg/kg K2O,表观利用率为N 34.2%、P2O517.2%和K2O36.9%,生理利用率为18.5kg/kg N、35.5 kg/kg P2O5和9.2 kg/kg K2O,氮磷钾肥对油菜籽产量的贡献率分别为41.8%、21.0%和11.4%。与氮磷钾硼配施处理相比,农民习惯施肥处理油菜籽产量及肥料利用率明显偏低,氮素农学效率、表观利用率和生理利用率分别为4.1kg/kg、23.1%和17.6%,说明氮磷钾硼配合施用技术能同时提高油菜籽产量和肥料利用率。
(6)长江流域油菜田养分收支平衡的整体状况是,氮、磷盈余,钾亏缺。当肥料用量分别为180kgN/hm2,90kgP2O5/hm2,120kgK2O/hm2和7.5 kg/hm2硼砂时,施肥处理土壤养分平衡状况表现为氮、磷素有不同程度的盈余,氮、磷、钾及硼配合施用有利于降低氮、磷过量带来的环境风险；钾素处于亏缺状态,需通过增加无机、有机钾源来调节土壤钾素平衡,以实现油菜优质、高产和稳产。
(7)根据土壤有效养分含量与相应不施肥区相对产量的关系,建立基于常规法、ASI法及M3的土壤养分丰缺指标。以相对产量<60%,60～75%,75～90%,90-95%和>95%为标准,分别将土壤有效磷、钾和硼分成“严重缺乏”、“缺乏”、“轻度缺乏”、“适宜”和“丰富”5级。土壤有效磷的5级指标分别为,常规法：<6.0、6.0～12.0、12.0～25.0、25.0～30.0和>30.0mg P/kg; ASI法：<5.5、5.5～12.5、12.5～28.5、28.5～38.0和>38.0mg P/L;M3法：<8.0、8.0～23.5、23.5～70.0、70.0～100.0和>100.0mgP/kg。土壤有效钾“缺乏”、“轻度缺乏”、“适宜”和“丰富”的指标分别为,常规法：<60、60～135、135～180和>180mg K/kg; ASI法：<30、30～75、75～100和>100 mg K/L；M3法：<50、50～135、135～185和>185mgk/kg.土壤有效硼“缺乏”、“轻度缺乏”、“适宜”和“丰富”的指标分别为,常规法：<0.2、0.2～0.6、0.6～0.8和>0.8 mg B/kg；ASI法：<0.25、0.25～1.0、1.0～1.5和>1.5 mg B/L。本研究结果显示—N处理籽粒相对产量与土壤氮素测定值关系不明显,而—P、—K和—B处理相对产量与土壤有效磷、有效钾和有效硼含量呈显著正相关关系,据此建立的基于常规法、ASI法和M3法的土壤有效磷、钾及硼丰缺指标可以用来指导长江流域油菜的测土配方施肥工作。
Besides its use as an important edible oil and feed crop, rapeseed is also a promising bio-diesel crop. China has been the largest producer of rapeseed with an annual production of more than 10 million tons since 1999. Yangtze River Basin (YRB) is the major rapeseed-growing area in China, and is also the most potential development area of winter rapeseed production in the world. This area contains nearly 6 million hectares of winter rapeseed area, accounting for about 80% of the total areas in China and 20% in the world. Rapeseed yield per unit area in YRB in 2000s increased more than three times compared to that in 1960s. The yield increase during the last decades is not only due to breeding of high-potential cultivars but also to higher nutrient supply. It has an important significance that finds out the yield, quality and economic return of fertilization on rapeseed to popularize and applied the technique of balanced fertilization and ensure a healthy rapeseed industry.
With implementation of Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendations Action, more and more soil samples were analyzed in laboratories. Fertilizer recommendation can be carried out according to results of soil analyses. Establishment of the critical soil levels was a necessary precondition for fertilizer recommendations from a soil test result. Due to increasing in crop yield levels and soil test laboratory methodology, it is widely recognized that information about soil test critical levels and fertilization recommendation requires updating and revaluation.
In this study,74 field experiments were carried out in ten major winter rapeseed-growing provinces of YRB from 2005 to 2007. The aims were:1) to find out the yield, quality and economic return of N, P, K and B fertilization on winter rapeseed; 2) to get to know the situation of nutrient efficiencies and nutrient balance in the agroecosystem of rapeseed production regions; 3) to establish and improve the soil nutrient abundant & deficient indices (based on General test, ASI and M3 methods) and nutrient required characteristic for high-efficient rapeseed production. The main results are summarized below.
(1) In this research the soil nutrients content of 272 samples, which were collected from ten main rapeseed planting provinces in Yangtze River Basin, were measured by general test method (GT), a systematic approach (ASI) and Mehlich 3 (M3). The purpose of the study was to find out soil nutrients status and main limiting factors in main rapeseed planting regions. The results showed that soil nutrient for rapeseed-growing in YRB was out of balance, and the great difference existed in soil nutrient content among sample sites. The results of correlation analysis showed that pH and available P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn by GT method had significantly positive correlation with those by ASI method at P<0.01 level, while available N and B by GT had no any relationship with those by ASI. Soil avaialbe P, K, Ca, Mg, S and Fe by M3 had significantly positive correlation with those by GT method and avaialbe P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu and Zn by ASI had significantly positive correlation with those by M3 method at P<0.01 level, respectively. The determination results of GT, ASI and M3 method showed that available N, P, K and B concentration of most of soil samples were at deficient or middle level, available S and Zn were at middle level, and available Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Cu were at rich level.The results indicated that soil N, P, K and B were the main limiting factors in Yangtze River Basin for rapeseed planting.
(2) The combination of N, P, K and B fertilizers significantly increased both rapeseed yield and profits in YRB. The average yield of NPKB treatment was 2654 kg/hm2. Compared with—N,—P,—K and—B, the yield of NPKB was higher by 1133,568,307 and 324 kg/hm2,respectively. The seed yield increment reduced in treatments of P, K, and B application when there were more available P, K, and B in soil. The average profit of NPKB treatment was 7439 RMB Yuan per hectare, which were higher than—N,—P,—K, and—B treatments by 3067,1589,620, and 1028 RMB Yuan per hectare. The effects of N, P, K, and B fertilizer on yield and profit of rapeseed were not identical in all experiments. Based on current facts in agricultural production in China, significant profit was regarded as value to cost ratio (VCR) above 2.0. Among the 74 experiments,89%,78%, and 57% showed significant profit from inputs of N, P, and K fertilizers, respectively. Thus, the technique of combination of N, P, K, and B fertilizers can be popularized and applied in winter rapeseed production in YRB.
(3) Balanced fertilization could improve the quality of rapeseed. The effect of N, P, K and B fertilizer on quality of rapeseed were not the same in different experimental sites. N fertilizer had significant influence on oil and protein content, which decreased the content of oil and increased the content of protein in seed. In comparison with N fertilizer, the seed oil content was enhanced due to the application of P, K and B fertilizer. The glucosinolate content and fatty acid composition also had influence on fertilization, but the effect was not significant. The results also indicated that oil content was positively correlated with harvest index and 1000-seed weight, negatively with seed protein content. It was concluded that the combination of P, K and B fertilizer with N could reduced the loss of oil content caused by N fertilizer application.
(4) The results of study on nutrient uptake showed that N, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn content in the above-ground were decreased gradually with growing time. And the dynamic changes of P, S and B concentration showed an "M" curve. Seed was the distribution center of N, P2O5, MgO, Mn, Cu and Zn, and stem and pod were the distribution center of K2O, CaO, S, Fe and B. The effect of fertilization on N, P, K and B content in pod and stem was stronger than those in seed. The parameters for the QUEFTS (Quantitative Evaluation of the Fertility of Tropical Soils) model in winter rapeseed were aN=13.3, dN=28.5, aP=30.7, dP=85.1, aK=8.7 and dK=28.3. Nutrients required for producing every 100 kg seeds were N 4.7～5.5 kg, P2O51.9～2.7 kg, K2O 6.8～8.7 kg, CaO 6.2～6.4 kg, MgO 1.4-2.0 kg, S 1.8-1.9 kg, Fe 31.8～47.0 g, Mn 7.2～8.3g, Cu 0.9～1.0 g, Zn 6.4～7.7 g and B 4.4～5.4g, and the ratio of N:P2O5:K2O was 1: 0.5～0.6:1.6～1.8. Nutrient requirement of rapeseed was influenced by rapeseed varieties, yield level and nutrient supply. More P and K was required by rapeseed at high yielding level.
(5) The results of study on nutrient efficiencies indicated that the average agronomic efficiency (AE) was 6.2 kg/kg N,6.3 kg/kg P2O5 and 2.6 kg/kg K2O, under the experiment condition. Partial factor productivity (PFP) was 14.7 kg/kg N,29.5 kg/kg P2O5 and 22.1 kg/kg K2O. Recovery efficiency (RE) of N, P and K fertilizer were 34.2%, 17.2% and 36.9%, respectively. Physiological efficiency was 20.4 kg/kg N,35.5 kg/kg P2O5 and 9.2 kg/kg K2O. The contribution of N, P and K fertilizer to rapeseed yield were 41.8%,21.0% and 11.4%, respectively. Compared with NPKB, rapeseed yield and fertilizer efficiencies in FFP (farmers'fertilization practice) were lower. AE, RE and PE of N in FFP were 4.1 kg/kg,23.1% and 17.6%, respectively. It was concluded that the combination of N, P, K and B fertilizers significantly increased both rapeseed yield and fertilizer efficiencies.
(6) The results of field experiment also indicated N balances in the plots received N fertilizer (NPKB, NKB, NPB and NPK) and P balances in the plots received P fertilizer (NPKB, PKB, NKB and NPK) were both positive when 180 kg N/hm2,90 kg P2O5/hm2,120 kg K2O/hm2 and 7.5 kgborax/hm2 were applied. The combination of N, P, K and B was benefit to reduce N losses and the environmental risk of the pollution. K balances were always negative except in PKB plots, and it is necessary to improve soil K balance by increasing application of inorganic and organic K fertilizer resources.
(7) The abundance and deficiency indices for general test method (GT), a systematic approach (ASI) and Mehlich 3 (M3) were determined based on the relationship between crop relative yield and corresponding available soil nutrient values. Compared to the complete treatment, the relative yields of 60%,75%,90% and 95% obtained from the -P,-K and -B treatments were selected to establish the abundance and deficiency indices of soil available P, K and B for winter rapeseed. The extremely deficiency, deficiency, slight deficiency, optimum and abundance indices for soil available P were<6.0,6.0～12.0,12.0～25.0,25.0～30.0 and>30.0 mg P/kg for GT; <5.5,5.5-12.5,12.5～28.5,28.5～38.0 and>38.0 mg P/L for ASI;<8.0,8.0～23.5, 23.5～70.0,70.0～100.0 and>100.0 mg P/kg for M3, respectively. The deficiency, slight deficiency, optimum and abundance indices for soil available K were<60,60～135, 135～180 and>180 mg K/kg for GT;<30,30～75,75～100 and>100 mg K/L for ASI; <50,50～135,135～185 and>185 mg K/kg for M3, respectively. The deficiency, slight deficiency, optimum and abundance indices for soil available B were<0.2,0.2～0.6, 0.6～0.8 and>0.8 mg B/kg for GT; 0.25,0.25～1.0,1.0～1.5 and>1.5 mg B/L for ASI, respectively. The results also showed that the relationship between relative yield in—N plot and soil N test values was not clear. However, the relative yields in—P,—K and—B plots had significantly positive with soil available P, K and B contents. It was concluded that the soil available P, K and B critical indices established using GT, ASI and M3 methods and field experiments can be used as guidance for soil testing and fertilizer recommendation for winter rapeseed production in YRB.
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