印染废水与辽河典型区域河水的毒性特征研究
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摘要
工业生产与人类的日常生活导致了大量的工业、农业和生活污水排入水中,使水环境受到严重污染。水是一种重要的自然资源,生物生存的首要因素,其污染必然会对人类和其他生物产生不利的影响。因此,国家制定了一系列的污水排放标准并建立了诸多综合污水处理厂,但我国环境标准中水质安全评价仍以理化指标为主,污水成分非常复杂,现有的水质污染指标尚不能很好地分析污水中复杂的有毒化合物的协同或拮抗作用,以及污水对水生物的毒害作用,对水环境生态平衡的影响和对人类的健康产生的潜在危害。采用水生生物毒性测试方法可以较好地反映水环境中已知和未知污染物对生物的实际毒性,有助于对污染水体的生物毒性作用进行综合评价。
印染废水是有毒物质排放的主要来源,然而却很少关注其毒性排放标准。本研究以斑马鱼为受试生物,采用急性毒性、遗传毒性和脂质过氧化损伤作用首先对印染厂典型工艺出水以及印染废水处理各工段出水进行分析评价。结果表明煮漂、水洗和皂洗段的污水对斑马鱼产生了较高的急性毒性和遗传毒性,这可能与其中投加的助剂或氧化剂有关。经过污水处理厂处理后,印染废水的色度和化学需氧量(COD)分别下降40%和84%,达到了国家污水排放标准。但在厌氧池水样中急性毒性和遗传毒性的升高,表明具有更高毒性的中间产物生成。污水处理厂的最终报出水与入水相比没有显著下降。废水中含有促氧化剂,谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)含量及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)升高,此外超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)活性降低表明废水中的污染物导致机体内活性氧(ROS)升高。印染废水经处理后污水的毒性并没有完全去除。
本研究对辽河水系5个典型地区的水样进行综合毒性评价。结果表明,采样点水样均未对斑马鱼产生致死效应,且浑河上游大伙房水库及下游入海口辽河公园对斑马鱼肝细胞无显著遗传毒性和氧化损伤作用,水质较好。浑河沈阳段下游、辽河铁岭段下游和盘锦段水体对斑马鱼肝细胞引起的DNA损伤分别高于对照100%,30%,70%,呈现显著性差异,表明三地水体对斑马鱼肝细胞有明显的遗传毒性作用。同时水质造成斑马鱼体内MDA含量、T-AOC及GST和GSH活性与对照比分别升高47%,24%,21%和50%以上。SOD受到抑制活性降低,抑制率均达20%以上。这表明污染较严重的水体使得斑马鱼体内氧化胁迫加重,导致体内脂质过氧化程度升高。污染水体导致鱼肝脏氧化损伤是引发其遗传毒性的重要原因之一。
Aquatic environments are often contaminated by wastewater from industrial, domestic, and agricultural sources. Water is a kind of important natural resources, and the first element of biological survival, the pollution will inevitably have a negative impact on humans and other organisms. While, the state enacted a series of sewage discharge standards and set up many sewage treatment plants, the physical and chemical indexes of water quality are expected to be predominantly in environmental standards of China. Sewage composition was very complex, the existing water pollution indicators cannot analysis the synergistic or antagonistic effect of complicated toxic compounds existed in sewage, as well as toxic effects on the aquatic organisms and environment, the influence of ecological balance and potential hazards to human health. The aquatic organism toxicity tests can better reflect the toxic effects of the known and unknown pollutants in aquatic environment, and contribute to a comprehensive evaluation of the biological toxic effects of contaminated wastewater.
Textile industries are important sources of toxic discharges, while little attention was paid to the toxicity of textile effluents for discharge regulation. Zebrafish as a bioindicator was chosen to assess the detrimental effects of the wastewater samples collected from different stages of the textile industry and sewage treatment plants (STPs), including acute toxicity, DNA damage and lipid per-oxidation. The results show as follows:The wastewater samples from bleaching, rinsing and soaping of the textile industry exhibited high acute toxicity and genotoxicity. The coexisting components of dye compounds, as assistants and oxidants, seemed to cause some effect on the toxic response. After the treatment employing anoxic-oxic (A/O) process in STPs, the color and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) were reduced by40%and84%, respectively, falling within the criteria of Chinese Sewage Discharge Standard. In contrast, increases in acute toxicity and genotoxicity were observed in the anaerobic tank, indicating the formation of toxic intermediates. The genotoxicity of the effluent of the STP was not significantly different from that of the influent, suggesting the wastewater treatment processes were not effective to remove the genotoxicity of the dye wastewater. Results indicate that the effluent contains pro-oxidants since the activities of the glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total anti-oxidation capacity (T-AOC) were all elevated. Besides, decreases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S transferase (GST) activities observed can be interpreted as a cytotoxicity sign due to an over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results of the present study suggest that the STPs were not capable of reducing the toxicity of wastewater sufficiently. Further treatment is needed to remove the potential risks posed by textile effluent to the ecosystems and human health, and employing toxicity index is necessary for discharge regulation.
The comprehensive toxicity of water from five typical areas in the Liao River Basin was assessed. The results showed that all the water had no acute toxicity against zerafish, and the water quality of upper reaches of the Hun River in Dahuofang Reservoir and downstream estuary in Liaohe Park was well, which induced no significant genetic toxicity to liver cells of zebrafish. The water in lower reaches from Hun River of Shenyang, Liao River of Tieing and Panjin caused DNA damage of zebrafish liver cells respectively100%,30%,70%higher than the control, showed significant difference, and the water from the three places induced apparent genotoxicity to liver cells of zebrafish. The content of MDA, T-AOC and the activities of GST and GSH in zebrafish increased by47%,24%,21%and50%, respectively, the activity of SOD was restrain, and the inhibition ratio was more than20%, meanwhile. It was suggested that the more serious water pollution induced oxidative stress and increase of lipid peroxidation. The water pollution induced the oxidative damage in liver of fish is one of the important reasons for the genotoxicity.
印染废水是有毒物质排放的主要来源,然而却很少关注其毒性排放标准。本研究以斑马鱼为受试生物,采用急性毒性、遗传毒性和脂质过氧化损伤作用首先对印染厂典型工艺出水以及印染废水处理各工段出水进行分析评价。结果表明煮漂、水洗和皂洗段的污水对斑马鱼产生了较高的急性毒性和遗传毒性,这可能与其中投加的助剂或氧化剂有关。经过污水处理厂处理后,印染废水的色度和化学需氧量(COD)分别下降40%和84%,达到了国家污水排放标准。但在厌氧池水样中急性毒性和遗传毒性的升高,表明具有更高毒性的中间产物生成。污水处理厂的最终报出水与入水相比没有显著下降。废水中含有促氧化剂,谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)含量及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)升高,此外超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)活性降低表明废水中的污染物导致机体内活性氧(ROS)升高。印染废水经处理后污水的毒性并没有完全去除。
本研究对辽河水系5个典型地区的水样进行综合毒性评价。结果表明,采样点水样均未对斑马鱼产生致死效应,且浑河上游大伙房水库及下游入海口辽河公园对斑马鱼肝细胞无显著遗传毒性和氧化损伤作用,水质较好。浑河沈阳段下游、辽河铁岭段下游和盘锦段水体对斑马鱼肝细胞引起的DNA损伤分别高于对照100%,30%,70%,呈现显著性差异,表明三地水体对斑马鱼肝细胞有明显的遗传毒性作用。同时水质造成斑马鱼体内MDA含量、T-AOC及GST和GSH活性与对照比分别升高47%,24%,21%和50%以上。SOD受到抑制活性降低,抑制率均达20%以上。这表明污染较严重的水体使得斑马鱼体内氧化胁迫加重,导致体内脂质过氧化程度升高。污染水体导致鱼肝脏氧化损伤是引发其遗传毒性的重要原因之一。
Aquatic environments are often contaminated by wastewater from industrial, domestic, and agricultural sources. Water is a kind of important natural resources, and the first element of biological survival, the pollution will inevitably have a negative impact on humans and other organisms. While, the state enacted a series of sewage discharge standards and set up many sewage treatment plants, the physical and chemical indexes of water quality are expected to be predominantly in environmental standards of China. Sewage composition was very complex, the existing water pollution indicators cannot analysis the synergistic or antagonistic effect of complicated toxic compounds existed in sewage, as well as toxic effects on the aquatic organisms and environment, the influence of ecological balance and potential hazards to human health. The aquatic organism toxicity tests can better reflect the toxic effects of the known and unknown pollutants in aquatic environment, and contribute to a comprehensive evaluation of the biological toxic effects of contaminated wastewater.
Textile industries are important sources of toxic discharges, while little attention was paid to the toxicity of textile effluents for discharge regulation. Zebrafish as a bioindicator was chosen to assess the detrimental effects of the wastewater samples collected from different stages of the textile industry and sewage treatment plants (STPs), including acute toxicity, DNA damage and lipid per-oxidation. The results show as follows:The wastewater samples from bleaching, rinsing and soaping of the textile industry exhibited high acute toxicity and genotoxicity. The coexisting components of dye compounds, as assistants and oxidants, seemed to cause some effect on the toxic response. After the treatment employing anoxic-oxic (A/O) process in STPs, the color and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) were reduced by40%and84%, respectively, falling within the criteria of Chinese Sewage Discharge Standard. In contrast, increases in acute toxicity and genotoxicity were observed in the anaerobic tank, indicating the formation of toxic intermediates. The genotoxicity of the effluent of the STP was not significantly different from that of the influent, suggesting the wastewater treatment processes were not effective to remove the genotoxicity of the dye wastewater. Results indicate that the effluent contains pro-oxidants since the activities of the glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total anti-oxidation capacity (T-AOC) were all elevated. Besides, decreases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S transferase (GST) activities observed can be interpreted as a cytotoxicity sign due to an over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results of the present study suggest that the STPs were not capable of reducing the toxicity of wastewater sufficiently. Further treatment is needed to remove the potential risks posed by textile effluent to the ecosystems and human health, and employing toxicity index is necessary for discharge regulation.
The comprehensive toxicity of water from five typical areas in the Liao River Basin was assessed. The results showed that all the water had no acute toxicity against zerafish, and the water quality of upper reaches of the Hun River in Dahuofang Reservoir and downstream estuary in Liaohe Park was well, which induced no significant genetic toxicity to liver cells of zebrafish. The water in lower reaches from Hun River of Shenyang, Liao River of Tieing and Panjin caused DNA damage of zebrafish liver cells respectively100%,30%,70%higher than the control, showed significant difference, and the water from the three places induced apparent genotoxicity to liver cells of zebrafish. The content of MDA, T-AOC and the activities of GST and GSH in zebrafish increased by47%,24%,21%and50%, respectively, the activity of SOD was restrain, and the inhibition ratio was more than20%, meanwhile. It was suggested that the more serious water pollution induced oxidative stress and increase of lipid peroxidation. The water pollution induced the oxidative damage in liver of fish is one of the important reasons for the genotoxicity.
引文
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