连续波光学参量振荡器及受激拉曼散射现象的研究
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摘要
尽管激光已经出现了50多年，但获得从紫外和可见光波段到近红外和中红外波段宽光谱范围的连续波激光输出仍然是一大难题。光学参量振荡器（OPO）作为一种可调谐相干光源，拓宽了激光输出波长范围，已成为非线性光学频率变换与激光调谐技术领域的重要组成部分。将在高分辨率光谱、军事和激光医疗领域有重要的应用价值。
论文在理论分析的基础上，研制光束质量好、效率高、结构紧凑的Nd:YVO4激光器作为泵浦源，采用周期极化掺氧化镁铌酸锂（PPMgLN）晶体作为非线性晶体，实现了准相位匹配连续波光学参量振荡器，获得了近红外波段和中红外波段低阈值、宽连续调谐范围、高功率、高效率的稳定输出。
理论方面：从非线性光学的基本原理出发，推导了介质中的三波相互作用的耦合波方程；介绍了基于周期极化晶体的准相位匹配理论和PPMgLN晶体的特性；根据光学参量振荡器的基本原理，分析了单谐振连续波光学参量振荡器的增益，讨论了平面波近似和高斯光束近似下光学参量振荡器的阈值和转换效率；基于PPMgLN晶体，对光学参量振荡器的泵浦波长调谐、周期调谐、温度调谐和角度调谐的调谐特性进行了模拟计算，并结合实验对周期和温度调谐进行了深入分析；对常规Nd:YVO4晶体和键合Nd:YVO4晶体的热透镜效应进行了对比分析；对伴随产生的受激拉曼散射的阈值及耦合波方程进行了推导和分析。
实验方面：首先对连续波光学参量振荡器的泵浦源进行研究。实验采用激光二极管阵列（LDA）端面泵浦方式和两镜直线腔结构，通过选择单端键合Nd:YVO4晶体降低由晶体端面形变引起的热透镜效应，实现了转换效率高、光束质量好、最大输出功率达到11.79W的1064nm连续波激光输出，满足了连续波光学参量振荡器对泵浦源的要求。
然后，在理论分析的基础上，采用连续波1064nm激光器和两镜线性腔结构，对基于周期间隔为0.5μm的PPMgLN晶体的连续波光学参量振荡器进行了实验研究。通过优化模式匹配，提高了光学参量振荡器的输出功率和转换效率。连续波光学参量振荡器的工作阈值仅为0.3W；通过周期调谐，实现了连续波光学参量振荡器在近红外1.43~1.67μm和中红外2.93~4.12μm宽波段可调谐输出；当泵浦功率为11.79W时，在30.5μm周期处，总输出功率达到4.29W，光-光转换效率为36.4%，信号光1.55μm和闲频光3.40μm输出功率分别为3.14W和1.15W。
其次，对高功率连续波光学参量振荡器中伴随输出的受激拉曼散射现象进行了研究和分析。研究发现，受激拉曼散射的产生对闲频光的输出存在重要影响。通过调整光学参量振荡器的输出镜，增加受激拉曼散射的振荡阈值，可有效抑制高阶受激拉曼散射的出现，同时将闲频光3.40μm的输出功率由1.15W提高到1.98W，光-光转换效率达到16.8%；由于受到低光子能量和非谐振等因素的影响，在闲频光波段没有发现受激拉曼散射。
最后，对连续光学参量振荡器的连续调谐输出特性进行了实验研究。泵浦源为连续波Nd:YVO4激光器，基于0.2μm间隔的PPMgLN晶体的29.8~31.4μm极化周期，在周期调谐的基础上进行温度调谐，实现了信号光1.49~1.68μm和闲频光2.88~3.68μm连续无分离可调谐输出。采用小周期间隔的非线性晶体，大大降低了组合调谐所需的温度范围，有效提高了组合调谐的调谐速度和效率。该套装置的最大特点是调谐范围宽，速度快，可实现宽波段范围连续无分离的激光输出。
While lasers have been in use for more than50years, it is still difficult todevelop laser output wavelength that can cover the regions of the optical spectrum,from the ultraviolet and visible to the near-infrared and mid-infrared wavelengthrange. As the broadly tunable coherent laser source, continuous wave (CW) opticalparametric oscillators (OPO) have become an important part of the nonlinear opticalfrequency conversion and laser tuning technology fields by virtue of its many merits.Especially, CW OPO will have more important applications in many fields such ashigh resolution spectroscopy analysis, military, laser medicine, and so on.
In this thesis, CW OPO based on quasi-phase-matched (QPM) periodicallypoled MgO-doped lithium niobate crystal (PPMgLN) is studied on the basis oftheoretical analysis and experiments. Using the PPMgLN crystal as the nonlinearconverter, we have accomplished low threshold, high power and highly efficient CWOPO, driven by high beam quality, efficient and compact diode-end-pumped CWNd:YVO4laser.
Theoretically, the coupled wave equations of three-wave interaction are deducedfrom the basic principles of nonlinear optical. The fundamental theory of QPMtechnique based on periodically poled crystal and properties of PPMgLN crystal areintroduced. The gain of single resonant continuous wave OPO (SRO) is analyzed, and the threshold and conversion efficiency in the plane wave approximation andGaussian beam approximation are discussed according to the fundamental theory onOPO system. The tuning characters of four tuning modes of thequasi-phase-matching OPO, namely, pump wavelength tuning, grating period tuning,temperature tuning and angle tuning, are numerical calculated and analyzed based onPPMgLN crystal, and a thorough analysis on period tuning and temperature tuning isgiven according to the experiments. A contrastive analysis of the thermal lens effectbetween conventional Nd:YVO4crystal and bonding Nd:YVO4crystal is made atcertain pump power. The threshold and coupled wave equations of the coexistentstimulated Raman scattering (SRS) are derivated.
Experimentally, a CW Nd:YVO4laser end-pumped by laser diode array (LDA)is investigated as the pump source of CW OPO. A two-mirror linear cavity isdesigned, and by choosing a single-ended bonding Nd:YVO4crystal to reduce thethermal lens effect caused by end deformation, a CW1064nm laser with highconversion efficiency, good quality of light beam and maximum output power of11.79W is realized, which is suitable for pumping CW PPMgLN OPO.
The output characteristics of high power CW OPO is studied in the dissertation.An experiment using CW1064nm laser and two-mirror linear cavity is carried outbased on the PPMgLN crystal with0.5μm cycle interval. In the experiments, theOPO cavity is resonant for the signal frequency. Optimized pattern matching forpump beam is taken into account to improve the output power and conversionefficiency of CW OPO. Experimental results indicate that the OPO’s threshold is justonly0.3W, and the OPO is able to yield laser spectrum from1.43μm to1.67μmand mid-infrared spectrum from2.93μm to4.12μm. The maximum total signal andidler output power at30.5μm poling period is4.29W by pumping power11.79W,which corresponds to an optical-optical efficiency of36.4%.1.55μm signal and3.40μm idler output powers are3.14W and1.15W, respectively.
The coexistent stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in CW OPO is researched.The study finds that there is an important impact on the generation of idler. The higher order SRS can be inhibited by enhancing the threshold of SRS with adjustingthe output mirror. With the loss of SRS increasing,1.98W of the maximum idleroutput power at3.40μm is obtained, corresponding to an optical-optical efficiencyof16.8%. Due to the impact of factors such as low photon energy and non-resonant,SRS phenomenon is not found in the idler wavelength.
Finally, the output characteristics of a multi-wavelength tunable CW OPO areinvestigated experimentally. The pump source is a CW Nd:YVO4laser emitting1064nm. The PPMgLN crystal with0.2μm cycle interval is adopted for the OPO. Awidely and continuously without separation tunable near-infrared spectrum from1.49μm to1.68μm and mid-infrared spectrum from2.88μm to3.68μm areobtained by changing crystal grating periods from29.8μm to31.4μm and thecrystal temperature from30℃to100℃. By using nonlinear crystal with smallperiodic intervals, the needed temperature range can be greatly reduced, and thespeed and efficiency of the combined tuning are improved effectively. The mostimportant features of the CW OPO are widely tunable range, high speed, and widelyspectrum range without separation.
论文在理论分析的基础上，研制光束质量好、效率高、结构紧凑的Nd:YVO4激光器作为泵浦源，采用周期极化掺氧化镁铌酸锂（PPMgLN）晶体作为非线性晶体，实现了准相位匹配连续波光学参量振荡器，获得了近红外波段和中红外波段低阈值、宽连续调谐范围、高功率、高效率的稳定输出。
理论方面：从非线性光学的基本原理出发，推导了介质中的三波相互作用的耦合波方程；介绍了基于周期极化晶体的准相位匹配理论和PPMgLN晶体的特性；根据光学参量振荡器的基本原理，分析了单谐振连续波光学参量振荡器的增益，讨论了平面波近似和高斯光束近似下光学参量振荡器的阈值和转换效率；基于PPMgLN晶体，对光学参量振荡器的泵浦波长调谐、周期调谐、温度调谐和角度调谐的调谐特性进行了模拟计算，并结合实验对周期和温度调谐进行了深入分析；对常规Nd:YVO4晶体和键合Nd:YVO4晶体的热透镜效应进行了对比分析；对伴随产生的受激拉曼散射的阈值及耦合波方程进行了推导和分析。
实验方面：首先对连续波光学参量振荡器的泵浦源进行研究。实验采用激光二极管阵列（LDA）端面泵浦方式和两镜直线腔结构，通过选择单端键合Nd:YVO4晶体降低由晶体端面形变引起的热透镜效应，实现了转换效率高、光束质量好、最大输出功率达到11.79W的1064nm连续波激光输出，满足了连续波光学参量振荡器对泵浦源的要求。
然后，在理论分析的基础上，采用连续波1064nm激光器和两镜线性腔结构，对基于周期间隔为0.5μm的PPMgLN晶体的连续波光学参量振荡器进行了实验研究。通过优化模式匹配，提高了光学参量振荡器的输出功率和转换效率。连续波光学参量振荡器的工作阈值仅为0.3W；通过周期调谐，实现了连续波光学参量振荡器在近红外1.43~1.67μm和中红外2.93~4.12μm宽波段可调谐输出；当泵浦功率为11.79W时，在30.5μm周期处，总输出功率达到4.29W，光-光转换效率为36.4%，信号光1.55μm和闲频光3.40μm输出功率分别为3.14W和1.15W。
其次，对高功率连续波光学参量振荡器中伴随输出的受激拉曼散射现象进行了研究和分析。研究发现，受激拉曼散射的产生对闲频光的输出存在重要影响。通过调整光学参量振荡器的输出镜，增加受激拉曼散射的振荡阈值，可有效抑制高阶受激拉曼散射的出现，同时将闲频光3.40μm的输出功率由1.15W提高到1.98W，光-光转换效率达到16.8%；由于受到低光子能量和非谐振等因素的影响，在闲频光波段没有发现受激拉曼散射。
最后，对连续光学参量振荡器的连续调谐输出特性进行了实验研究。泵浦源为连续波Nd:YVO4激光器，基于0.2μm间隔的PPMgLN晶体的29.8~31.4μm极化周期，在周期调谐的基础上进行温度调谐，实现了信号光1.49~1.68μm和闲频光2.88~3.68μm连续无分离可调谐输出。采用小周期间隔的非线性晶体，大大降低了组合调谐所需的温度范围，有效提高了组合调谐的调谐速度和效率。该套装置的最大特点是调谐范围宽，速度快，可实现宽波段范围连续无分离的激光输出。
While lasers have been in use for more than50years, it is still difficult todevelop laser output wavelength that can cover the regions of the optical spectrum,from the ultraviolet and visible to the near-infrared and mid-infrared wavelengthrange. As the broadly tunable coherent laser source, continuous wave (CW) opticalparametric oscillators (OPO) have become an important part of the nonlinear opticalfrequency conversion and laser tuning technology fields by virtue of its many merits.Especially, CW OPO will have more important applications in many fields such ashigh resolution spectroscopy analysis, military, laser medicine, and so on.
In this thesis, CW OPO based on quasi-phase-matched (QPM) periodicallypoled MgO-doped lithium niobate crystal (PPMgLN) is studied on the basis oftheoretical analysis and experiments. Using the PPMgLN crystal as the nonlinearconverter, we have accomplished low threshold, high power and highly efficient CWOPO, driven by high beam quality, efficient and compact diode-end-pumped CWNd:YVO4laser.
Theoretically, the coupled wave equations of three-wave interaction are deducedfrom the basic principles of nonlinear optical. The fundamental theory of QPMtechnique based on periodically poled crystal and properties of PPMgLN crystal areintroduced. The gain of single resonant continuous wave OPO (SRO) is analyzed, and the threshold and conversion efficiency in the plane wave approximation andGaussian beam approximation are discussed according to the fundamental theory onOPO system. The tuning characters of four tuning modes of thequasi-phase-matching OPO, namely, pump wavelength tuning, grating period tuning,temperature tuning and angle tuning, are numerical calculated and analyzed based onPPMgLN crystal, and a thorough analysis on period tuning and temperature tuning isgiven according to the experiments. A contrastive analysis of the thermal lens effectbetween conventional Nd:YVO4crystal and bonding Nd:YVO4crystal is made atcertain pump power. The threshold and coupled wave equations of the coexistentstimulated Raman scattering (SRS) are derivated.
Experimentally, a CW Nd:YVO4laser end-pumped by laser diode array (LDA)is investigated as the pump source of CW OPO. A two-mirror linear cavity isdesigned, and by choosing a single-ended bonding Nd:YVO4crystal to reduce thethermal lens effect caused by end deformation, a CW1064nm laser with highconversion efficiency, good quality of light beam and maximum output power of11.79W is realized, which is suitable for pumping CW PPMgLN OPO.
The output characteristics of high power CW OPO is studied in the dissertation.An experiment using CW1064nm laser and two-mirror linear cavity is carried outbased on the PPMgLN crystal with0.5μm cycle interval. In the experiments, theOPO cavity is resonant for the signal frequency. Optimized pattern matching forpump beam is taken into account to improve the output power and conversionefficiency of CW OPO. Experimental results indicate that the OPO’s threshold is justonly0.3W, and the OPO is able to yield laser spectrum from1.43μm to1.67μmand mid-infrared spectrum from2.93μm to4.12μm. The maximum total signal andidler output power at30.5μm poling period is4.29W by pumping power11.79W,which corresponds to an optical-optical efficiency of36.4%.1.55μm signal and3.40μm idler output powers are3.14W and1.15W, respectively.
The coexistent stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in CW OPO is researched.The study finds that there is an important impact on the generation of idler. The higher order SRS can be inhibited by enhancing the threshold of SRS with adjustingthe output mirror. With the loss of SRS increasing,1.98W of the maximum idleroutput power at3.40μm is obtained, corresponding to an optical-optical efficiencyof16.8%. Due to the impact of factors such as low photon energy and non-resonant,SRS phenomenon is not found in the idler wavelength.
Finally, the output characteristics of a multi-wavelength tunable CW OPO areinvestigated experimentally. The pump source is a CW Nd:YVO4laser emitting1064nm. The PPMgLN crystal with0.2μm cycle interval is adopted for the OPO. Awidely and continuously without separation tunable near-infrared spectrum from1.49μm to1.68μm and mid-infrared spectrum from2.88μm to3.68μm areobtained by changing crystal grating periods from29.8μm to31.4μm and thecrystal temperature from30℃to100℃. By using nonlinear crystal with smallperiodic intervals, the needed temperature range can be greatly reduced, and thespeed and efficiency of the combined tuning are improved effectively. The mostimportant features of the CW OPO are widely tunable range, high speed, and widelyspectrum range without separation.
引文
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