柴达木盆地西部红沟子地区中新世构造—气候变化及其相互作用
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摘要
新生代气候变化、青藏高原隆升与风化剥蚀及其产生的气候环境效应是目前国际前沿重大科学问题,同时青藏高原也是研究地球深部过程与浅部过程相互作用的典型代表。概念模型认为青藏高原隆升使陆地硅酸盐风化加速与大量有机碳埋藏,导致大气中二氧化碳浓度降低,造成新生代全球变冷,而全球变冷又通过促进两极冰盖发育、加大高低纬温度梯度、降低海平面等反作用于气候变化。但由于缺乏证据支持以及对青藏高原隆升过程、新生代气候变化、风化剥蚀历史及其控制因素等方面研究存在分歧,制约着人们对新生代气候变化、青藏高原隆升与风化剥蚀及其产生的气候效应的理解。目前解决这些问题的关键是更多获取青藏高原及其周边长序列的构造和气候变化记录来进行验证。
柴达木盆地是青藏高原北部最大的盆地,其西部地区发育良好的新生代地层详细记录了周围山体的变形隆升、源区风化剥蚀历史和气候环境变化过程。本文利用“盆山耦合”原理,选取柴达木盆地西部红沟子剖面,在新近纪沉积物精细磁性地层年代研究基础上,通过沉积物色度、氯离子、碳酸钙、硫酸根离子和总有机碳含量气候代用指标的系统分析,恢复了该区中新世气候变化过程。利用沉积相、古水流及物源分析、不整合面等沉积对构造活动的响应,恢复了该区中新世构造活动历史。然后通过侵蚀速率与构造活动和气候变化序列的对比分析,揭示该区中新世侵蚀控制因素,并通过与青藏高原隆升、构造剥蚀历史以及周边和全球气候记录的对比,探讨业洲气候环境的控制因素和高原北部构造-气候-剥蚀过程相互作用。通过本文研究,主要获得如下结论：
1、通过对柴达木盆地西部红沟子地层剖面高密度和精细的古地磁测量,结合介形虫的宏观年代,建立了该区约17.25Ma以来,晚新生代地层年代序列,确定了柴达木盆地西部下油砂山组、上油砂山组、狮子沟组和七个泉组的地层年代分别为>16.5Ma、16.5-10.0Ma、8.9-5.23Ma和<5.23Ma。
2、通过对柴西地区红沟子剖面中新世沉积物氯离子、硫酸根离子、碳酸钙含量、色度和总有机碳系统测量分析,恢复该区17.25-5.23Ma气候演化经历了17.25-16.7Ma干旱、16.7-11.OMa半干旱-半湿润(在14.8Ma和12.6Ma干旱程度逐渐增加)、11.0-7.8Ma相对干旱(波动明显增大)、7.8-5.6Ma半干旱(干湿波动大,并包含6.8-6.4Ma短暂干旱)和<5.6Ma干旱的五个阶段。
3、通过对地层不整合面、沉积物粒度、沉积相、砾石成分和古水流方向变化等分析,揭示柴达木盆地西部红沟子地区新近纪至少经历了4次构造活动,分别是>17.25、12.6-12.2、10.0-8.9和<5.23Ma。
4、沉积速率表明：17-16.5Ma侵蚀速率最高、16.5-10.0Ma侵蚀速率较低(但在12.6-12.2Ma之间较高)、8.9-6.4Ma侵蚀速率高、5.6Ma以后侵蚀速率升高。该区沉积速率(侵蚀速率)与气候变化无明显关系,而与构造活动具良好的一致性,即构造活动时期对应侵蚀速率高或突然增高的阶段,所以区域构造活动是控制红沟子地区侵蚀速率的主要因素。
5、中中新世以来柴达木盆地红沟子地区气候变化受青藏高原隆升和全球变冷的控制,但全球变冷可能是首要因素。其中17.25-16.7和12.6Ma的干旱事件主要受青藏高原隆升的影响,14.8、11.0和6.8Ma的干旱事件以及16.7-14.8、7.8-6.8和6.4-5.6Ma的相对湿润事件则主要受全球气候变化的影响,5.6Ma干旱事件可能受构造和气候的双重影响。
6、大气二氧化碳浓度和全球温度变化一致,大陆硅酸盐风化和有机碳埋藏是二氧化碳浓度下降的主要因素。通过青藏高原构造活动史、亚洲周缘侵蚀历史、全球侵蚀历史和全球变冷过程的对比,支持高原构造隆升驱动全球变冷学说。
青藏高原隆升和全球变冷是柴西红沟子地区晚新近纪气候变化的控制因素,而全球变冷可能是由构造活动(青藏高原隆升)引起,因此青藏高原隆升可能是亚洲内陆干旱化的主要驱动力。
The change of the Cenozoic climate, the uplift weathering and erosion of the Tibetan Plateau and its effect on climate and environment are the main scientific problems of international front science at present, meanwhile, the Tibetan Plateau is a typical example to explore the interaction between the deep process and the surface process of the earth. The conceptual model holds that the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau can accelerate the weathering of the continental silicate rocks and the burial of the organic carbon, decrease the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, cause the Cenozoic global cooling, while the global cooling reacts to the climate change through forming the bipolar icecaps, enlarging the temperature gradient between low latitude and high latitude, lowering the sea level et al. However, duing to lacking evidence and big differences among the uplift processes of the Tibetan Plateau, the change of the Cenozoic climate, the history of the weathering and erosion and its controlling factors, which is limited our understanding on the change of the Cenozoic climate, the uplift weathering and erosion of the Tibetan Plateau and its effect on climate. At present, getting more long sequences of the tectonic and climatic records in and around the Tibetan Plateau is the key to solve these problems.
Qaidam basin is the largest basin in northern Tibetan Plateau, well-developed Cenozoic stratigraphic in western Qaidam Basin is a detailed record of the deformation and uplift of the surrounding mountain, the weathering and erosion history of the provenance and the processes of the climate change. Based on "basin-mountain coupling" theory and precise Paleomagnetic age, we carried out detailed analyses of color, carbonate, chloride ion, Sulfate radical and TOC contents from the Neocene sediments in Honggouzi area, we reconstructed the Miocene climate change of this area. Through analysis of the sedimentary facies, paleocurrent direction, provenance, unconformity et al, and their responses to the tectonic activities, we reconstructed the Miocene tectonic activities of the area. We compared the erosion rate with the tectonic activities and the climate change, in order to find out the controlling factor of the Miocene erosion in this area. Through comparison with the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, the history of the tectonic activities and erosion, the records of the local and global climate change to explore the controlling factors of the Asian climate change and the interaction among the processes of the tectonic activities, climate and erosion in northern Tibetan Plateau. Through this research, we obtained the following conclusions:
1. Through high-resolution magnetostraitigraphy studies combining with the macroscopically age control of the Ostracode fossils, we established a detailed chronology sequence of the Neocene stratigraphic since17.25Ma. In addition, the widely used stratigraphic units of the Xia Youshashan, Shang Youshashan, Shizigou and Qigequan Formations were formed at>16.5Ma,16.5-10Ma,8.9-5.23Ma and<5.23Ma, respectively.
2. Based on the measurement and analysis of the Carbonate contents, Chloride ion contents, Sulfate radical contents, color and TOC of the Miocene sediments in the Honggouzi section of western Qaidam Basin, the climate changes in this area can be divided into the following five stages:there is a dry climate between17.25and16.7Ma; there is a semiarid-semi humid climate between16.7and11.OMa, but is characterized by Continuous drought (the drought intensified in14.8and12.6Ma respectively); there is a relatively arid climate with fluctuations between11.0and7.8Ma; there is a semiarid climate with large fluctuations between7.8and5.6Ma (6.8-6.4Ma is a dry climate); there is a dry climate between5.6and5.23Ma.
3. Through analyses the changes of the unconformity, sedimentary grain-size, sedimentary facies, the components of the conglomerates,paleocurrent direction et al, there are four intense tectonic uplift events happened in this region since17.25Ma. They happened respectively at>17.25,12.6-12.2,10-8.9and <5.23Ma.
4.17.25-16.5Ma the erosion rate is the high;16.5-10Ma the erosion rate is relatively low (but12.6-12.2Ma the erosion rate is high),8.9-6.4Ma the erosion rate is high and the erosion rate increases after5.6Ma. The erosion rate of this area shows no obvious connection with climate, but is well consistent with tectonic activities, namely, the tectonic active period corresponds with the stages of the high erosion rate or the erosion rate increases dramatically. Thus, in Honggouzi area the regional tectonic activity is the main factor to control the erosion rate.
5. We found the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the global cooling are the factors for the aridity of the Honggouzi region since middle Miocene. However, the global cooling is the main factor for the aridity.The drought events of17.25-16.7Ma and12.6Ma are mainly controlled by the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, while the drought events of14.8,11.0and6.8Ma, and the humid events of16.7-14.8,7.8-6.8and6.4-5.6Ma are mainly controlled by the global climate change.The drought events of5.6Ma maybe controlled by the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the global climate change.
6. The global cooling is caused by the decreasing of the carbon dioxide concentration, while the decrease of carbon dioxide concentration is caused by the silicate weathering and organic carbon burial. Through comparison with the history of the Tibetan Plateau uplift, the history of erosion around Asia, the history of the global erosion and the processes of the global cooling, we support the theory that the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau drives the global cooling.
The uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the global cooling are the factors for the late Neocene climate changes in the Honggouzi region of the western Qaidam Basin, however, the global cooling is caused by the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Thus, the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau is likely to be the controlling factor of the Asian inland drought.
柴达木盆地是青藏高原北部最大的盆地,其西部地区发育良好的新生代地层详细记录了周围山体的变形隆升、源区风化剥蚀历史和气候环境变化过程。本文利用“盆山耦合”原理,选取柴达木盆地西部红沟子剖面,在新近纪沉积物精细磁性地层年代研究基础上,通过沉积物色度、氯离子、碳酸钙、硫酸根离子和总有机碳含量气候代用指标的系统分析,恢复了该区中新世气候变化过程。利用沉积相、古水流及物源分析、不整合面等沉积对构造活动的响应,恢复了该区中新世构造活动历史。然后通过侵蚀速率与构造活动和气候变化序列的对比分析,揭示该区中新世侵蚀控制因素,并通过与青藏高原隆升、构造剥蚀历史以及周边和全球气候记录的对比,探讨业洲气候环境的控制因素和高原北部构造-气候-剥蚀过程相互作用。通过本文研究,主要获得如下结论：
1、通过对柴达木盆地西部红沟子地层剖面高密度和精细的古地磁测量,结合介形虫的宏观年代,建立了该区约17.25Ma以来,晚新生代地层年代序列,确定了柴达木盆地西部下油砂山组、上油砂山组、狮子沟组和七个泉组的地层年代分别为>16.5Ma、16.5-10.0Ma、8.9-5.23Ma和<5.23Ma。
2、通过对柴西地区红沟子剖面中新世沉积物氯离子、硫酸根离子、碳酸钙含量、色度和总有机碳系统测量分析,恢复该区17.25-5.23Ma气候演化经历了17.25-16.7Ma干旱、16.7-11.OMa半干旱-半湿润(在14.8Ma和12.6Ma干旱程度逐渐增加)、11.0-7.8Ma相对干旱(波动明显增大)、7.8-5.6Ma半干旱(干湿波动大,并包含6.8-6.4Ma短暂干旱)和<5.6Ma干旱的五个阶段。
3、通过对地层不整合面、沉积物粒度、沉积相、砾石成分和古水流方向变化等分析,揭示柴达木盆地西部红沟子地区新近纪至少经历了4次构造活动,分别是>17.25、12.6-12.2、10.0-8.9和<5.23Ma。
4、沉积速率表明：17-16.5Ma侵蚀速率最高、16.5-10.0Ma侵蚀速率较低(但在12.6-12.2Ma之间较高)、8.9-6.4Ma侵蚀速率高、5.6Ma以后侵蚀速率升高。该区沉积速率(侵蚀速率)与气候变化无明显关系,而与构造活动具良好的一致性,即构造活动时期对应侵蚀速率高或突然增高的阶段,所以区域构造活动是控制红沟子地区侵蚀速率的主要因素。
5、中中新世以来柴达木盆地红沟子地区气候变化受青藏高原隆升和全球变冷的控制,但全球变冷可能是首要因素。其中17.25-16.7和12.6Ma的干旱事件主要受青藏高原隆升的影响,14.8、11.0和6.8Ma的干旱事件以及16.7-14.8、7.8-6.8和6.4-5.6Ma的相对湿润事件则主要受全球气候变化的影响,5.6Ma干旱事件可能受构造和气候的双重影响。
6、大气二氧化碳浓度和全球温度变化一致,大陆硅酸盐风化和有机碳埋藏是二氧化碳浓度下降的主要因素。通过青藏高原构造活动史、亚洲周缘侵蚀历史、全球侵蚀历史和全球变冷过程的对比,支持高原构造隆升驱动全球变冷学说。
青藏高原隆升和全球变冷是柴西红沟子地区晚新近纪气候变化的控制因素,而全球变冷可能是由构造活动(青藏高原隆升)引起,因此青藏高原隆升可能是亚洲内陆干旱化的主要驱动力。
The change of the Cenozoic climate, the uplift weathering and erosion of the Tibetan Plateau and its effect on climate and environment are the main scientific problems of international front science at present, meanwhile, the Tibetan Plateau is a typical example to explore the interaction between the deep process and the surface process of the earth. The conceptual model holds that the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau can accelerate the weathering of the continental silicate rocks and the burial of the organic carbon, decrease the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, cause the Cenozoic global cooling, while the global cooling reacts to the climate change through forming the bipolar icecaps, enlarging the temperature gradient between low latitude and high latitude, lowering the sea level et al. However, duing to lacking evidence and big differences among the uplift processes of the Tibetan Plateau, the change of the Cenozoic climate, the history of the weathering and erosion and its controlling factors, which is limited our understanding on the change of the Cenozoic climate, the uplift weathering and erosion of the Tibetan Plateau and its effect on climate. At present, getting more long sequences of the tectonic and climatic records in and around the Tibetan Plateau is the key to solve these problems.
Qaidam basin is the largest basin in northern Tibetan Plateau, well-developed Cenozoic stratigraphic in western Qaidam Basin is a detailed record of the deformation and uplift of the surrounding mountain, the weathering and erosion history of the provenance and the processes of the climate change. Based on "basin-mountain coupling" theory and precise Paleomagnetic age, we carried out detailed analyses of color, carbonate, chloride ion, Sulfate radical and TOC contents from the Neocene sediments in Honggouzi area, we reconstructed the Miocene climate change of this area. Through analysis of the sedimentary facies, paleocurrent direction, provenance, unconformity et al, and their responses to the tectonic activities, we reconstructed the Miocene tectonic activities of the area. We compared the erosion rate with the tectonic activities and the climate change, in order to find out the controlling factor of the Miocene erosion in this area. Through comparison with the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, the history of the tectonic activities and erosion, the records of the local and global climate change to explore the controlling factors of the Asian climate change and the interaction among the processes of the tectonic activities, climate and erosion in northern Tibetan Plateau. Through this research, we obtained the following conclusions:
1. Through high-resolution magnetostraitigraphy studies combining with the macroscopically age control of the Ostracode fossils, we established a detailed chronology sequence of the Neocene stratigraphic since17.25Ma. In addition, the widely used stratigraphic units of the Xia Youshashan, Shang Youshashan, Shizigou and Qigequan Formations were formed at>16.5Ma,16.5-10Ma,8.9-5.23Ma and<5.23Ma, respectively.
2. Based on the measurement and analysis of the Carbonate contents, Chloride ion contents, Sulfate radical contents, color and TOC of the Miocene sediments in the Honggouzi section of western Qaidam Basin, the climate changes in this area can be divided into the following five stages:there is a dry climate between17.25and16.7Ma; there is a semiarid-semi humid climate between16.7and11.OMa, but is characterized by Continuous drought (the drought intensified in14.8and12.6Ma respectively); there is a relatively arid climate with fluctuations between11.0and7.8Ma; there is a semiarid climate with large fluctuations between7.8and5.6Ma (6.8-6.4Ma is a dry climate); there is a dry climate between5.6and5.23Ma.
3. Through analyses the changes of the unconformity, sedimentary grain-size, sedimentary facies, the components of the conglomerates,paleocurrent direction et al, there are four intense tectonic uplift events happened in this region since17.25Ma. They happened respectively at>17.25,12.6-12.2,10-8.9and <5.23Ma.
4.17.25-16.5Ma the erosion rate is the high;16.5-10Ma the erosion rate is relatively low (but12.6-12.2Ma the erosion rate is high),8.9-6.4Ma the erosion rate is high and the erosion rate increases after5.6Ma. The erosion rate of this area shows no obvious connection with climate, but is well consistent with tectonic activities, namely, the tectonic active period corresponds with the stages of the high erosion rate or the erosion rate increases dramatically. Thus, in Honggouzi area the regional tectonic activity is the main factor to control the erosion rate.
5. We found the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the global cooling are the factors for the aridity of the Honggouzi region since middle Miocene. However, the global cooling is the main factor for the aridity.The drought events of17.25-16.7Ma and12.6Ma are mainly controlled by the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, while the drought events of14.8,11.0and6.8Ma, and the humid events of16.7-14.8,7.8-6.8and6.4-5.6Ma are mainly controlled by the global climate change.The drought events of5.6Ma maybe controlled by the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the global climate change.
6. The global cooling is caused by the decreasing of the carbon dioxide concentration, while the decrease of carbon dioxide concentration is caused by the silicate weathering and organic carbon burial. Through comparison with the history of the Tibetan Plateau uplift, the history of erosion around Asia, the history of the global erosion and the processes of the global cooling, we support the theory that the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau drives the global cooling.
The uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the global cooling are the factors for the late Neocene climate changes in the Honggouzi region of the western Qaidam Basin, however, the global cooling is caused by the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Thus, the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau is likely to be the controlling factor of the Asian inland drought.
引文
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