宽阔水国家级自然保护区黑叶猴生境利用的初步观察
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摘要
宽阔水国家级自然保护区地处贵州省绥阳县境北部,地理坐标为东经107°02′42″—107°13′26″,北纬28°08′23″—28°19′10″,东西横延约19km,南北纵深约20km,总面积26 231 h m~2。本研究地为喀斯特峰丛峡谷,两岸高峰可达1400m以上,谷底海拔700-1000m。经过长达一年的观察研究,我们研究的这一群猴子主要活动在烟灯岩与对面山坡及之间的独峰,姚家湾以西峡谷两侧及大石板一带,从谷底(850m)到上方(＞1450m)高度差600m以上。我们记录每天的天气情况。除雾天外,我们几乎每天都在研究区观察黑叶猴群的活动并记录。观察时使用望远镜跟踪猴群,在收集数据时,每隔30min记录猴群所在的山体部位(包括山体上部、山体中上部、山体中部、山体中下部和谷底),和坡度(分为5个组别:0°、0°-30°、30°-60°、60°-90°、90°)并将猴群的位置标在1:10,000地图上的相应位置。在条件允许的情况下,肉眼估计所观察到的个体离地面的垂直高度(分为4个组别:0m、0.1-5m、5.1-10m、10.1-15m),还有猴群所在的植物群落结构(分为4个组别:乔木、灌丛、高灌、裸岩)。得到的数据进行分析:
1.黑叶猴对山体各部分选择是不同的,山体中上部和山体中部是黑叶猴首选的部位;4、5月对山体中上部利用率最高,10月逐渐向下移动。
2.90°这个幅度是使用得最频繁的。10月到3月这段时间,黑叶猴在各种坡度均有利用。
3.乔灌丛是黑叶猴栖息的首选,黑叶猴也时常在裸露的岩石上玩耍。4月到9月,黑叶猴对各种植被类型的利用比较均匀,相对而言裸岩占比例最大。而十月之后乔灌丛比例最大,裸岩越来越少。
4.黑叶猴所栖息5.1-10m高度多为高灌层,0m也是黑叶猴栖息的常见高度。黑叶猴对各种栖息高度的利用比较均匀,相对而言0m占比例最大。而十月之后5.1-10m最大,0m越来越少。
本文比较了高海拔与低海拔石山黑叶猴对栖息地的利用差异,发现黑叶猴对空间位置选择利用相似,而坡度和群落空间有差异。差异的原因为相对海拔高差不同、石山基质差异、环境水热条件差异、植被类型的差异。
另外,本文还草订了宽阔水自然保护区核心区黑叶猴主要分布带生态恢复与重建工程计划。
Kuankuoshui National Nature Reserve was located in the north of Suiyang county,Guizhou province.Its coordinates are 28°08′23″-28°19′10″N,107°02′42″-107°13′26″E,the horizontal extension of east to west was about 19km,the length from north to south was about 20km,the area of the nature reserve was 26231 hm~2.The landforms of the studied area were the Karst cliffs and peaks,the altitude of the peaks were up to 1400m,and the elevation of the valley floors to the peaks were from 700 to 1000m.During one year field observation,we collected and recorded the data of everyday's weather,and also observed and recorded all useful dates of the Francois'langurs' activities except the foggy days in studied areas.The studied group ofFrancois 'langurs always moved in Yandengyan flat and the opposite mountain slopes areas,the Dufeng hill located at the middle of Yandengyan flat and the opposite slopes areas, both sides of valley located in the west of Yaojiawan and Dashiban areas. The height difference is more than 600m from the bottom(850m) to the peak(> 1450m).We tracked and observed the Francois' langurs by telescope,and recorded the location and slope utilized by the studied group of Francois'langurs at intervals of 30min,the utilized location included:the upper part of the mountain,the upper and middle part of mountain,the middle part of mountain,the lower part of middle of mountain,and the bottom of mountain and the gradient was divided into five groups,included 0~0,0~0-30~0,30~0-60~0,60~0-90~0,90~0.We marked the real and exactly location of monkeys on the map with the scale of 1:10,000, meanwhile,we estimated the vertical height of each monkey by the direct observation,and the vertical height was divided into four groups, included:0m,0.1-5m,5.1-10m,and 10.1-15m.At the same time,we also surveyed and recorded the vegetation types and plant communities in the habitat;they could be divided into four groups,included:arbor,high shrub,shrub,bare rock.By analyzing the data,it showed that:
1.It seemed that the Francois'langurs liked to select different parts of mountain body in the different months,but the upper and middle part and the middle part of mountain were the first choice,there was the highest utilizing rate for the utilize on the upper and middle part in the April and May and they would move toward the lower of the mountain in the October gradually.
2.The Francois' langurs always used the gradient of 90°and could use the different gradients from October to March.
3.The high shrubs of habitats were preferred by the Francois' langurs, and they also often played on the bare rocks.The frequencies of the utilizing on the varied plant communities structure were observed from April to September,but the largest proportion was the bare rock utilize compared to the other community structures,and since then the proportion of utilize on the shrubs increased more and more,and the utilize on the bare rock decreased fewer gradually after October.
4.The plant community of the height from 5.1 to 10m was the arbor and high shrub layer,0m also was the common height of Francois 'langurs habit,and it was the most part among the all vertical heights used by Francois'langurs.After October,the largest proportion of the height was 5.1-10m compared to the other heights,meanwhile,the utilize on 0m decreased fewer and fewer.
In addition,this paper also draft on the project of the ecological restoration and reconstruction of the Francois'langurs' habitat in the core area of Kuankuoshui National Nature Reserve.
1.黑叶猴对山体各部分选择是不同的,山体中上部和山体中部是黑叶猴首选的部位;4、5月对山体中上部利用率最高,10月逐渐向下移动。
2.90°这个幅度是使用得最频繁的。10月到3月这段时间,黑叶猴在各种坡度均有利用。
3.乔灌丛是黑叶猴栖息的首选,黑叶猴也时常在裸露的岩石上玩耍。4月到9月,黑叶猴对各种植被类型的利用比较均匀,相对而言裸岩占比例最大。而十月之后乔灌丛比例最大,裸岩越来越少。
4.黑叶猴所栖息5.1-10m高度多为高灌层,0m也是黑叶猴栖息的常见高度。黑叶猴对各种栖息高度的利用比较均匀,相对而言0m占比例最大。而十月之后5.1-10m最大,0m越来越少。
本文比较了高海拔与低海拔石山黑叶猴对栖息地的利用差异,发现黑叶猴对空间位置选择利用相似,而坡度和群落空间有差异。差异的原因为相对海拔高差不同、石山基质差异、环境水热条件差异、植被类型的差异。
另外,本文还草订了宽阔水自然保护区核心区黑叶猴主要分布带生态恢复与重建工程计划。
Kuankuoshui National Nature Reserve was located in the north of Suiyang county,Guizhou province.Its coordinates are 28°08′23″-28°19′10″N,107°02′42″-107°13′26″E,the horizontal extension of east to west was about 19km,the length from north to south was about 20km,the area of the nature reserve was 26231 hm~2.The landforms of the studied area were the Karst cliffs and peaks,the altitude of the peaks were up to 1400m,and the elevation of the valley floors to the peaks were from 700 to 1000m.During one year field observation,we collected and recorded the data of everyday's weather,and also observed and recorded all useful dates of the Francois'langurs' activities except the foggy days in studied areas.The studied group ofFrancois 'langurs always moved in Yandengyan flat and the opposite mountain slopes areas,the Dufeng hill located at the middle of Yandengyan flat and the opposite slopes areas, both sides of valley located in the west of Yaojiawan and Dashiban areas. The height difference is more than 600m from the bottom(850m) to the peak(> 1450m).We tracked and observed the Francois' langurs by telescope,and recorded the location and slope utilized by the studied group of Francois'langurs at intervals of 30min,the utilized location included:the upper part of the mountain,the upper and middle part of mountain,the middle part of mountain,the lower part of middle of mountain,and the bottom of mountain and the gradient was divided into five groups,included 0~0,0~0-30~0,30~0-60~0,60~0-90~0,90~0.We marked the real and exactly location of monkeys on the map with the scale of 1:10,000, meanwhile,we estimated the vertical height of each monkey by the direct observation,and the vertical height was divided into four groups, included:0m,0.1-5m,5.1-10m,and 10.1-15m.At the same time,we also surveyed and recorded the vegetation types and plant communities in the habitat;they could be divided into four groups,included:arbor,high shrub,shrub,bare rock.By analyzing the data,it showed that:
1.It seemed that the Francois'langurs liked to select different parts of mountain body in the different months,but the upper and middle part and the middle part of mountain were the first choice,there was the highest utilizing rate for the utilize on the upper and middle part in the April and May and they would move toward the lower of the mountain in the October gradually.
2.The Francois' langurs always used the gradient of 90°and could use the different gradients from October to March.
3.The high shrubs of habitats were preferred by the Francois' langurs, and they also often played on the bare rocks.The frequencies of the utilizing on the varied plant communities structure were observed from April to September,but the largest proportion was the bare rock utilize compared to the other community structures,and since then the proportion of utilize on the shrubs increased more and more,and the utilize on the bare rock decreased fewer gradually after October.
4.The plant community of the height from 5.1 to 10m was the arbor and high shrub layer,0m also was the common height of Francois 'langurs habit,and it was the most part among the all vertical heights used by Francois'langurs.After October,the largest proportion of the height was 5.1-10m compared to the other heights,meanwhile,the utilize on 0m decreased fewer and fewer.
In addition,this paper also draft on the project of the ecological restoration and reconstruction of the Francois'langurs' habitat in the core area of Kuankuoshui National Nature Reserve.
引文
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2.蔡湘文.黑叶猴的觅食生物学和营养分析[D].广西师范大学,2004.
3.蔡晓明,尚玉昌.普通生态学(下册)[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1995,11,1:21-32.
4.陈正仁,罗杨,汪双喜.贵州麻阳河黑叶猴家域及影响因素初探[J].贵州林业科技,2001,29(2):34-37.
5.丁波,张亚平,刘自明,等.RAPD分析与白头叶猴分类地位探讨动[J].物学研究,1999,20(01):1-6.
6.胡艳玲.笼养黑叶猴的社会关系和食量的研究[D].广西师范大学,2003.04.15
7.黄乘明.中国的白头叶猴[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2002.
8.黄进同,黄丽碧,郭玉容.黑叶猴的生态[J],野生动物,1983,(4):11-13.
9.黄中豪等.弄岗黑叶猴的日活动类型和活动时间分配[J],动物学报,2007,53(4):589-599.
10.蒋志刚.动物行为原理与物种保护方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
11.赖月梅.驯养繁殖黑叶猴[J].动物园年刊,1983,(6):18-20.
12.李明晶,马建章.麻阳河自然保护区黑叶猴生态及其数量的初步调查[J].野生动物,1989,(4),13-15a.
13.李致祥,马世莱.白头叶猴的分类订正[J].动物分类学报,1980,5(4):440-442.
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