基于遥感与GIS的乌鲁木齐市绿地资源分析
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摘要
植被是覆盖地表的植物群落的总称,是生态系统的重要组成部分。城市植被或城市绿地是指在城市范围内,配合自然环境条件的乔木、灌木和草本植物而形成的一定范围绿化区域。城市的绿地应与城市的发展相匹配。通过完善的绿地系统,可以改善城市的环境质量,为城市居民创造舒适而有益的生活环境,美化城市景观,满足城市居民休闲游憩的需要。应用遥感影像和地理信息系统可以对植被信息进行提取,分析城市植被数量、类型、分布状况,并进行评价和管理,可为优化植物群落结构、规划城市绿地系统、改善环境质量提供依据,为生态城市的建设提供有力的基础数据和决策支持。
采用高分辨率遥感数据提取城区植被信息,可以高效地获得城市植被信息并进行相关的分析和评价。本文采用2007年8月覆盖乌鲁木齐市主城区的Ikonos遥感影像,利用遥感和地理信息系统原理、方法、技术,结合其他相关数据资料和实地调查,对乌鲁木齐市主城区绿地资源的数量和空间分布进行了分析和研究。内容包括:在影像的处理和绿地信息的提取的基础上按照城市绿地的分类方法进行主城区现状绿地的分类、统计、计算以分析主城区各类绿地资源的数量现状。城市绿地进行全面监测不仅包括平面上的城市植被覆盖信息的提取,还包括空间上的城市“绿量”的计算,论文在实地样点数据的采集和植被指数分析的基础上,采用逐步回归法探讨和初步建立了基于影像的绿量遥感估测模型。从景观生态学的角度讲,城市植被的基本构成可以看成是大小不等、形状各异的绿地景观单元,景观生态学的发展为城市绿地的深入研究提供了一个较好的理论基础和方法。按照景观生态学的基本原理和主城区的具体情况,运用景观格局分析方法,采用景观多样性指数等有关分析指标,在绿地信息取得的定量数据基础上,对乌鲁木齐市绿地景观进行分析和研究。最后对乌鲁木齐市绿化现状、植物群落结构优化、城市绿地系统规划、生态园林城区建设等方面提出合理的建议。
Vegetation is an important part of the ecosystem that covers the surface of the plant community collectively. Urban vegetation or urban green space is the certain formation region of the green in urban areas which with the natural environment conditions of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants. The city's green spaces should matched urban development. Through the improvement of the greenland system, can improve the city's environment quality, can bring a comfortable and healthyfull living environment for urban residents and beautify the urban landscape to meet recreational needs.
The application of remote sensing images and geographic information systems can efficiently extract information of vegetation to analysis the number of urban vegetation, and its types, distribution and to evaluation and management can supply the decision for structure for optimization of plant communities、planning urban green space system, improving environmental quality, can supply a powerful basis of data and decision support for the ecology city .
Using high-resolution remote sensing data from urban vegetation, can quickly access to urban vegetation and related information analysis and evaluation. In this paper, basis on the use of IKONOS remote sensing images of August 2007 which cover built area in Urumqi City, use of remote sensing and geographic information systems principles, methods, technology, and other relevant data and field survey, we researched the amount of green space resources and space distribution of Urumqi City. Include: the urban vegetation classification、mapping、statistic、calculate based on the green space information image processing and information extraction to analysis various types of urban vegetation resources of Urumqi; to conduct a comprehensive monitoring urban green space not only including the plane's urban vegetation cover the extraction of information, but also including space "Green quantity", on the basis of samples of field data collection and analysis of vegetation index ,we used the steps return methods to establishment the Green quantity estimation model form remote sensing images. From the landscape ecology, urban vegetation can be seen as a basic component size, shape of the green landscape of different units. The development of landscape ecology provides a better theory and methods for the urban vegetation deep study, this paper used the theory and method spatial structure analysis and evaluation of the landscape ecology, according to the basic principles of landscape ecology and the specific circumstances of Urumqi, using of landscape pattern analysis methods and landscape diversity index and other relevant analysis indicators, green landscape was analysised and researched on the basis quantitative data that extracted information for images; Finally, we propose reasonable proposals on urban vegetation, optimize the structure of plant communities, urban green land planning, urban ecological landscape construction of Urumqi.
采用高分辨率遥感数据提取城区植被信息,可以高效地获得城市植被信息并进行相关的分析和评价。本文采用2007年8月覆盖乌鲁木齐市主城区的Ikonos遥感影像,利用遥感和地理信息系统原理、方法、技术,结合其他相关数据资料和实地调查,对乌鲁木齐市主城区绿地资源的数量和空间分布进行了分析和研究。内容包括:在影像的处理和绿地信息的提取的基础上按照城市绿地的分类方法进行主城区现状绿地的分类、统计、计算以分析主城区各类绿地资源的数量现状。城市绿地进行全面监测不仅包括平面上的城市植被覆盖信息的提取,还包括空间上的城市“绿量”的计算,论文在实地样点数据的采集和植被指数分析的基础上,采用逐步回归法探讨和初步建立了基于影像的绿量遥感估测模型。从景观生态学的角度讲,城市植被的基本构成可以看成是大小不等、形状各异的绿地景观单元,景观生态学的发展为城市绿地的深入研究提供了一个较好的理论基础和方法。按照景观生态学的基本原理和主城区的具体情况,运用景观格局分析方法,采用景观多样性指数等有关分析指标,在绿地信息取得的定量数据基础上,对乌鲁木齐市绿地景观进行分析和研究。最后对乌鲁木齐市绿化现状、植物群落结构优化、城市绿地系统规划、生态园林城区建设等方面提出合理的建议。
Vegetation is an important part of the ecosystem that covers the surface of the plant community collectively. Urban vegetation or urban green space is the certain formation region of the green in urban areas which with the natural environment conditions of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants. The city's green spaces should matched urban development. Through the improvement of the greenland system, can improve the city's environment quality, can bring a comfortable and healthyfull living environment for urban residents and beautify the urban landscape to meet recreational needs.
The application of remote sensing images and geographic information systems can efficiently extract information of vegetation to analysis the number of urban vegetation, and its types, distribution and to evaluation and management can supply the decision for structure for optimization of plant communities、planning urban green space system, improving environmental quality, can supply a powerful basis of data and decision support for the ecology city .
Using high-resolution remote sensing data from urban vegetation, can quickly access to urban vegetation and related information analysis and evaluation. In this paper, basis on the use of IKONOS remote sensing images of August 2007 which cover built area in Urumqi City, use of remote sensing and geographic information systems principles, methods, technology, and other relevant data and field survey, we researched the amount of green space resources and space distribution of Urumqi City. Include: the urban vegetation classification、mapping、statistic、calculate based on the green space information image processing and information extraction to analysis various types of urban vegetation resources of Urumqi; to conduct a comprehensive monitoring urban green space not only including the plane's urban vegetation cover the extraction of information, but also including space "Green quantity", on the basis of samples of field data collection and analysis of vegetation index ,we used the steps return methods to establishment the Green quantity estimation model form remote sensing images. From the landscape ecology, urban vegetation can be seen as a basic component size, shape of the green landscape of different units. The development of landscape ecology provides a better theory and methods for the urban vegetation deep study, this paper used the theory and method spatial structure analysis and evaluation of the landscape ecology, according to the basic principles of landscape ecology and the specific circumstances of Urumqi, using of landscape pattern analysis methods and landscape diversity index and other relevant analysis indicators, green landscape was analysised and researched on the basis quantitative data that extracted information for images; Finally, we propose reasonable proposals on urban vegetation, optimize the structure of plant communities, urban green land planning, urban ecological landscape construction of Urumqi.
引文
[1]王保忠.国外城市绿地研究的理论与方法.生态学杂志[J].2006,25(7):857～862
[2]吴人伟.培育生物多样化一城市绿地系统规划专题研究[J].中国园林,1998(4):4～8
[3]李锋,王如松.城市绿色空间生态服务功能研究进展[J].应用生态学报,15(3):527～531
[4] Rowntree R.A. The structure and management of the urban forest in Prague. Crowing space in metropolitan Prague, 1993(17):1～31
[5]吴桂萍.关于城市绿地生态评价不同指标的比较[J].园林与景观生态.2004(4):12～16
[6]俞孔坚.自然风景质量评价研究-BIB-LCJ审美测量评判法[J].北京林业大学学报,1988,10(2):1～11
[7]王保忠,安树青,王彩霞.美国绿色空间思想的分析与思考[J].建筑学报,(8):50～52
[8]Wilson WH.1989.The City BeautifulMovement[M].Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press
[9]刘滨谊.论风景园林规划设计学科专业的重大转变与对策[J].中国园林, 2001.(1):7～10
[10]袁烽.都市景观的评价方法研究[J].城市规划汇刊.1999(6):46～57
[11] GodefroidS,KoedanN.Distribution pattern of the flor in a peri-urban forest:An effect of the city-forest landscape mamagement [J].Landscape UrbanPlan.,65:169~185
[12] Jim CY,Sophia C.Comprehensive greenspace planning Based on landscapeecology principles in compact NanjingCity, China[J]. Landsca pe .UrbanPlan.,65:95~116
[13]范常忠,姚奕生.Fuzzy综合多级评价模型在城市生态环境质量评价中的应用[J].城市环境与城市生态,1995,8(2):37～43
[14] Abdollahi KK,Ning ZH,Appeaning A.Global Climate Change&Urban Forest[M].Baton Rouge:Franklin Press
[15]吴国清等.城市绿地监测遥感应用[J].中国园林,2000(5):41～44
[16]刘滨谊,姜允芳.中国城市绿地系统规划评价指标体系的研究[J].城市规划汇刊,2002(2):27～29
[17]张庆费.伦敦的城市绿化经验及其对上海的启示[J].上海建设科技,2000(3):31～32
[18]车生泉,宋永昌.城市绿地景观卫星遥感信息解译[J].城市环境与城市生态,2001(20):10～12
[19]石雪冬,李敏等.遥感技术在广州市城市绿地系统总体规划中的应用[J].测绘科学,2001.12):42～44
[20]李满春,周丽彬等.基于RS、GIS的城市绿地生态效益评价与预测模型[J].中国环境监测,2003 (6):48～51
[21]黄浩.基于高分辨率卫星影像的城市植被信息提取与分析研究[J].硕士论文
[22]昝少平.乌鲁木齐市已建园林绿地系统现状及其特点分析[J].干旱区研究. 2006(3):178～179
[23]王雪.基于遥感和GIS的城市绿地景观格局分析[J].林业资源管理.2006年8月(4):67～69
[24]方懿.QuickBird遥感影像在绿地调查中的应用[J].四川林勘设计.2006年3月(1).48～51
[25]葛伟强,周红妹等.基于遥感和GIS的城市绿地缓解热岛效应作用研究[J].遥感技术与应用.2006年10月(5):432～434
[26]康伟锋.基于遥感数据的厦门市生态绿地多样性分析[J].石河子大学学报.2006年10月(5):606～607
[27]周坚华.三维绿色生物量的遥感模式研究与绿化环境效益估算[J].遥感学报,1995(3):162～174
[28]周廷刚,罗红霞.基于遥感影像的城市空间三维绿量(绿化三维量)定量研究[J].生态学报.2005年3月(3):89～92
[29]刘常富,何兴元等沈阳城市森林三维绿量测算[J].北京林业大学学报.2006年5月(3):88～93
[30]《乌鲁木齐市城市总体规划》.乌鲁木齐市城市规划局.2002
[31]Tames H.Home. A Tasseled Cap Transformation for IKONOS Images. ASPRS 2003 Annual Conference Proccedings.May 2003
[32]周家香,朱建等.IKONOS图像的缨帽变换方法[J].矿山测量.2006.3:13～15
[33]党安荣.Erdas遥感图像处理方法.清华大学出版社:212～213
[34]刘立民,刘明.绿量—城市绿化评估的新概念[J].中国园林,2000 (5),103～106
[35]周坚华,黄顺忠.上海市绿化三维量调查及其对策研究.中国园林.1997年3月(3),43～48
[36]Broge N.H.& E.Leblanc.Comparing Predication and Stability of Broadband Hyperspetral Vegetation Indices for Estimation of Green Leaf Area Index and Canopy Chloropyll Desity,Remote Sensing of Environ.,2001(2):156～172
[37]郭铌.植被指数及其研究进展[J].干旱气象.2003年12月(4),73
[38]HueteAR.Asoiladjustedvegetationindex(SAVI)[J].RemoteSense.Environ.1988, (25):295～309
[39]QiJ.Amodifiedsoiladjustedvegetationindex[J].Remote Sense Environ, 1994, (48) :119～126
[40]壬天明,王晓春等.哈尔滨绿地景观格局与过程的连通性和完整性[J].应用与环境生物学报,2004,10(4):402～407
[41]方晓玉.城市绿地评价研究现状及问题分析[J].山西建筑.2007年(4):56～61
[42]傅伯杰,陈利顶.景观多样性的类型及其生态意义[J]地理学报,1996,51(5):454～461
[43]高峻,杨名静,陶康华.上海城市绿地景观格局的分析研究[J].中国园林,2000,16(1):53～56
[44]王保忠,安树青,王彩霞.2005.美国绿色空间思想的分析与思考[J].建筑学报,(8):50～52
[45]陈自新,苏雪痕等.北京城市园林绿化生态效益的研究[J].中国园林.1998.2:1～6
[46]Adam Kotarba.Landscape ecology,human impact and extreme erosional events in the Tatra Mountain Poland[J].Ambio Vo1.27No.4,June 1998:354～357
[2]吴人伟.培育生物多样化一城市绿地系统规划专题研究[J].中国园林,1998(4):4～8
[3]李锋,王如松.城市绿色空间生态服务功能研究进展[J].应用生态学报,15(3):527～531
[4] Rowntree R.A. The structure and management of the urban forest in Prague. Crowing space in metropolitan Prague, 1993(17):1～31
[5]吴桂萍.关于城市绿地生态评价不同指标的比较[J].园林与景观生态.2004(4):12～16
[6]俞孔坚.自然风景质量评价研究-BIB-LCJ审美测量评判法[J].北京林业大学学报,1988,10(2):1～11
[7]王保忠,安树青,王彩霞.美国绿色空间思想的分析与思考[J].建筑学报,(8):50～52
[8]Wilson WH.1989.The City BeautifulMovement[M].Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press
[9]刘滨谊.论风景园林规划设计学科专业的重大转变与对策[J].中国园林, 2001.(1):7～10
[10]袁烽.都市景观的评价方法研究[J].城市规划汇刊.1999(6):46～57
[11] GodefroidS,KoedanN.Distribution pattern of the flor in a peri-urban forest:An effect of the city-forest landscape mamagement [J].Landscape UrbanPlan.,65:169~185
[12] Jim CY,Sophia C.Comprehensive greenspace planning Based on landscapeecology principles in compact NanjingCity, China[J]. Landsca pe .UrbanPlan.,65:95~116
[13]范常忠,姚奕生.Fuzzy综合多级评价模型在城市生态环境质量评价中的应用[J].城市环境与城市生态,1995,8(2):37～43
[14] Abdollahi KK,Ning ZH,Appeaning A.Global Climate Change&Urban Forest[M].Baton Rouge:Franklin Press
[15]吴国清等.城市绿地监测遥感应用[J].中国园林,2000(5):41～44
[16]刘滨谊,姜允芳.中国城市绿地系统规划评价指标体系的研究[J].城市规划汇刊,2002(2):27～29
[17]张庆费.伦敦的城市绿化经验及其对上海的启示[J].上海建设科技,2000(3):31～32
[18]车生泉,宋永昌.城市绿地景观卫星遥感信息解译[J].城市环境与城市生态,2001(20):10～12
[19]石雪冬,李敏等.遥感技术在广州市城市绿地系统总体规划中的应用[J].测绘科学,2001.12):42～44
[20]李满春,周丽彬等.基于RS、GIS的城市绿地生态效益评价与预测模型[J].中国环境监测,2003 (6):48～51
[21]黄浩.基于高分辨率卫星影像的城市植被信息提取与分析研究[J].硕士论文
[22]昝少平.乌鲁木齐市已建园林绿地系统现状及其特点分析[J].干旱区研究. 2006(3):178～179
[23]王雪.基于遥感和GIS的城市绿地景观格局分析[J].林业资源管理.2006年8月(4):67～69
[24]方懿.QuickBird遥感影像在绿地调查中的应用[J].四川林勘设计.2006年3月(1).48～51
[25]葛伟强,周红妹等.基于遥感和GIS的城市绿地缓解热岛效应作用研究[J].遥感技术与应用.2006年10月(5):432～434
[26]康伟锋.基于遥感数据的厦门市生态绿地多样性分析[J].石河子大学学报.2006年10月(5):606～607
[27]周坚华.三维绿色生物量的遥感模式研究与绿化环境效益估算[J].遥感学报,1995(3):162～174
[28]周廷刚,罗红霞.基于遥感影像的城市空间三维绿量(绿化三维量)定量研究[J].生态学报.2005年3月(3):89～92
[29]刘常富,何兴元等沈阳城市森林三维绿量测算[J].北京林业大学学报.2006年5月(3):88～93
[30]《乌鲁木齐市城市总体规划》.乌鲁木齐市城市规划局.2002
[31]Tames H.Home. A Tasseled Cap Transformation for IKONOS Images. ASPRS 2003 Annual Conference Proccedings.May 2003
[32]周家香,朱建等.IKONOS图像的缨帽变换方法[J].矿山测量.2006.3:13～15
[33]党安荣.Erdas遥感图像处理方法.清华大学出版社:212～213
[34]刘立民,刘明.绿量—城市绿化评估的新概念[J].中国园林,2000 (5),103～106
[35]周坚华,黄顺忠.上海市绿化三维量调查及其对策研究.中国园林.1997年3月(3),43～48
[36]Broge N.H.& E.Leblanc.Comparing Predication and Stability of Broadband Hyperspetral Vegetation Indices for Estimation of Green Leaf Area Index and Canopy Chloropyll Desity,Remote Sensing of Environ.,2001(2):156～172
[37]郭铌.植被指数及其研究进展[J].干旱气象.2003年12月(4),73
[38]HueteAR.Asoiladjustedvegetationindex(SAVI)[J].RemoteSense.Environ.1988, (25):295～309
[39]QiJ.Amodifiedsoiladjustedvegetationindex[J].Remote Sense Environ, 1994, (48) :119～126
[40]壬天明,王晓春等.哈尔滨绿地景观格局与过程的连通性和完整性[J].应用与环境生物学报,2004,10(4):402～407
[41]方晓玉.城市绿地评价研究现状及问题分析[J].山西建筑.2007年(4):56～61
[42]傅伯杰,陈利顶.景观多样性的类型及其生态意义[J]地理学报,1996,51(5):454～461
[43]高峻,杨名静,陶康华.上海城市绿地景观格局的分析研究[J].中国园林,2000,16(1):53～56
[44]王保忠,安树青,王彩霞.2005.美国绿色空间思想的分析与思考[J].建筑学报,(8):50～52
[45]陈自新,苏雪痕等.北京城市园林绿化生态效益的研究[J].中国园林.1998.2:1～6
[46]Adam Kotarba.Landscape ecology,human impact and extreme erosional events in the Tatra Mountain Poland[J].Ambio Vo1.27No.4,June 1998:354～357