公路隧道火灾通风排烟方式的数值模拟研究
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摘要
近年来，随着高速公路的快速发展，隧道的数量呈现出高速增长，隧道单洞的长度越来越长，随之而来的火灾发生的频率也不断增加，重大、特大火灾事故时有发生。隧道火灾时由于其突发性，火势发展迅速，火灾燃烧时产生大量有毒有害的气体和热量，并形成火风压，风流受火灾动力作用，容易引起其状态紊乱，甚至造成整个通风系统风流状态的混乱，由此造成的损失尤为惨重。鉴于此，本文以诸永高速公路的括苍山隧道为依托背景，采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法，对其火灾排烟方式进行了数值模拟。
论文介绍了隧道火灾的原因、特点、危害及研究现状等；然后根据火灾过程中状态参数变化所遵循的基本守恒定律，建立了隧道火灾烟气流场的湍流模型；通过有限体积法，对该模型的控制微分方程进行离散化处理，采用SIMPLE算法进行求解。本文将模型运用到了括苍山隧道的火灾预测研究当中。对隧道内的火灾状况进行了稳态模拟计算。通过对隧道洞口段不同通风速度下的各种工况进行模拟计算和详细分析，从中总结了隧道烟流浓度、温度和速度场的分布特征及其随通风条件的变化规律；通过对隧道中部发生火灾时比较采用顶部中央排烟口排烟、火灾下游排烟口排烟和火灾上游排烟口排烟三种模式的排烟效果以及在上述三种模式中进行开启不同排烟口数量、不同排烟口大小和不同排烟口间距的通风排烟效果的比较。
通过分析模拟结果，得出了公路隧道内合理的火灾通风排烟方式、排烟效果、火灾烟雾控制及行车组织。其研究结果为括苍山隧道防灾救援应急预案的制定及其运营管理提供参考依据。
In recent years, with the rapid development of the expressway, the amount of tunnel is presented to a high-speed growth, the length of the single tunnel is more and more long, and the frequency of a fire incidents is also on the increas continuously, graveness, especially conflagration trouble have occoured from time to time.Because of the tunnel fire occour abruptly, the fire developed quickly, a great deal of poisonous, harmful air and calories were produced when a fire was on, and formed fire pressure, the wind field is subjected to a fire power, its state could be messed easily, even the whole ventilated system of a tunnel appeared on confusion, so the loss is miserably heavy. Owing to this, based on the Kuocang-San tunnel of the Zhu-Yong expressway, the paper uses Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to simulate the smoke method of the tunnel when it is on fire.
Firstly, the paper introduces the tunnel fire about its characteristics, causes, damages and the state quo of ventilation when the tunnel is on fire; Then, based on the conservation laws, the turbulence model of the smoke movement in tunnel fire was established. And the finite volume method was used to discretize the governing equations and the SIMPLE algorithm was employed to solve the discrete equations. The model was then applied to predict fire cases in Kuocang-San Highway Tunnel. The steady conditions of the fire in this tunnel were simulated. The paper presented a thorough calculation and analysis on fire smoke flows in tunnel port and summarized their characters, which included smoke, temperature and velocity field and the affect of ventilation condition on them.By comparing with the smoke effect under the three models which are the top of the central exhaust vents, fire downstream discharges smoke and fire upstream discharges smoke and the effect of smoke in the three models for opening number of different discharges, discharges of different sizes and different exhaust ventilation mouth spacing when the center of tunnel is on fire.
By analyzing the simulated results, we get the reasonable smoke method and smoke effect, a fire smoke control and traveling crane plan in highway tunnel. The research findings in this thesis provides a reference for the formulation of the scheme concerning the Kuocang-San Highway Tunnel's disaster prevention and disaster relief and its transportation and management.
论文介绍了隧道火灾的原因、特点、危害及研究现状等；然后根据火灾过程中状态参数变化所遵循的基本守恒定律，建立了隧道火灾烟气流场的湍流模型；通过有限体积法，对该模型的控制微分方程进行离散化处理，采用SIMPLE算法进行求解。本文将模型运用到了括苍山隧道的火灾预测研究当中。对隧道内的火灾状况进行了稳态模拟计算。通过对隧道洞口段不同通风速度下的各种工况进行模拟计算和详细分析，从中总结了隧道烟流浓度、温度和速度场的分布特征及其随通风条件的变化规律；通过对隧道中部发生火灾时比较采用顶部中央排烟口排烟、火灾下游排烟口排烟和火灾上游排烟口排烟三种模式的排烟效果以及在上述三种模式中进行开启不同排烟口数量、不同排烟口大小和不同排烟口间距的通风排烟效果的比较。
通过分析模拟结果，得出了公路隧道内合理的火灾通风排烟方式、排烟效果、火灾烟雾控制及行车组织。其研究结果为括苍山隧道防灾救援应急预案的制定及其运营管理提供参考依据。
In recent years, with the rapid development of the expressway, the amount of tunnel is presented to a high-speed growth, the length of the single tunnel is more and more long, and the frequency of a fire incidents is also on the increas continuously, graveness, especially conflagration trouble have occoured from time to time.Because of the tunnel fire occour abruptly, the fire developed quickly, a great deal of poisonous, harmful air and calories were produced when a fire was on, and formed fire pressure, the wind field is subjected to a fire power, its state could be messed easily, even the whole ventilated system of a tunnel appeared on confusion, so the loss is miserably heavy. Owing to this, based on the Kuocang-San tunnel of the Zhu-Yong expressway, the paper uses Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to simulate the smoke method of the tunnel when it is on fire.
Firstly, the paper introduces the tunnel fire about its characteristics, causes, damages and the state quo of ventilation when the tunnel is on fire; Then, based on the conservation laws, the turbulence model of the smoke movement in tunnel fire was established. And the finite volume method was used to discretize the governing equations and the SIMPLE algorithm was employed to solve the discrete equations. The model was then applied to predict fire cases in Kuocang-San Highway Tunnel. The steady conditions of the fire in this tunnel were simulated. The paper presented a thorough calculation and analysis on fire smoke flows in tunnel port and summarized their characters, which included smoke, temperature and velocity field and the affect of ventilation condition on them.By comparing with the smoke effect under the three models which are the top of the central exhaust vents, fire downstream discharges smoke and fire upstream discharges smoke and the effect of smoke in the three models for opening number of different discharges, discharges of different sizes and different exhaust ventilation mouth spacing when the center of tunnel is on fire.
By analyzing the simulated results, we get the reasonable smoke method and smoke effect, a fire smoke control and traveling crane plan in highway tunnel. The research findings in this thesis provides a reference for the formulation of the scheme concerning the Kuocang-San Highway Tunnel's disaster prevention and disaster relief and its transportation and management.
引文
[1] 刘 艺，谢明才．长大公路隧道的火灾研究及消防措施[J]．公路．2004，(1)：149
[2] 彭立敏，刘小兵．交通隧道工程[M]．长沙：中南大学出版社，2003
[3] 肖荣华．高速公路隧道火灾[J]．防灾博览．2005，(6)：38
[4] 王新钢，毛朝军，叶诗茂，等．浅谈公路隧道火灾及其结构防火保护措施[J]．消防技术与产品信息．2005，(3)：65-67
[5] 张兴凯．地下工程火灾原理及应用[M]．北京：首都经济贸易大学出版社，1997
[6] 李亚峰，马学文，张恒等．建筑消防技术与设计[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2005
[7] 李刚．公路隧道各种通风方式适用长度的研讨[J]．公路．2000，(5)
[8] 李引擎．建筑防火性能化设计[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2005
[9] 冯 江．浅谈公路和列车隧道火灾的原因及预防措施[J]．消防技术与产品信息．2004，(8)：7
[10] 覃文清，李风．隧道火灾与防范[J]．建筑防火设计．2004，(1)：54
[11] 王泽宇．带竖井特长公路隧道的火灾通风数值模拟．西南交通大学硕士研究生学位论文．2006：3-4，13-14，21-22，33-34
[12] 交通部．公路隧道通风照明设计规范[S]．北京：人民交通出版社，2000
[13] 张祉道．公路隧道火灾事故通风．现代隧道技术．2003，40(1)：35，38
[14] 安永林，杨高尚，彭立敏．隧道火灾浅谈[J]。采矿技术．2006，6(1)：39
[15] 王婉娣．长大公路隧道火灾通风三维数值模拟研究．西南交通大学硕士研究生学位论文．2004：2-3
[16] 夏永旭．我国长大公路隧道通风中的几个问题．公路．2003(5)：146-149
[17] 张发勇．双洞长大公路隧道火灾事故通风数值模拟研究．西南交通大学硕士研究生学位论文．2005：4-6
[18] 谢旭阳，周心权，谢续程等．高层建筑火灾人员疏散和人员伤亡的模拟．中国安全科学学报，2002，第3期
[19] 陈智明，霍然，王浩波等．某教学楼火灾中人员安全疏散时间的预测．火灾科学，2003，第1期
[20] 古晋．地铁隧道火灾的疏散与救援．劳动保护，2004，第11期
[21] 龙庆杰，权高峰，邵力．火灾事故中人的心理及行为分析．合肥工业大学学报(社会科学版)，2004，第3期
[22] 贺大伟，陈志显．火灾中烟雾对人的危害及防范．河南消防，1999，第9期
[23] 周勇狄．长大公路隧道火灾数值模拟及逃生研究．长安大学硕士研究生学位论文．2006：29
[24] 阎治国．长大公路隧道火灾研究．西南交通大学硕士研究生学位论文．2002：70
[25] 孙金香，高伟译．建筑物综合防火设计(日本)．天津科技翻译出版公司．1994，8
[26] A.Haack. Fire Protection in Traffic Tunnels-Initial Findings from Large-scale Tests. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology.1992,7(4):363-375
[27] Ricky Carvel. The history and future of fire tests. Tunnels&Tunnelling International.11(2002):34-35
[28] A.G.Bendelius. The memorial tunnel fire ventilation test program-past,present and future9th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics&Venti--lation of Vehicle Tunnels, 1997
[29] 里查德·卡维尔，阿兰·比尔德，保尔·乔威特．隧道突发火灾时的明智通风控制．消防技术与产品信息．2001(9)：46-50
[30] Brandeis.J., Bergmann.D.J.. A numerical study of tunnel fires.Combustion Science and Technology.1983(35):133-155
[31] G.Cox, R.Chitty, S.Kumar. Fire model and the King's Cross fire investingation. Fire safty Junnel. 1989(6):103-106
[32] S.Kumar, G.Cox. Radiant Heat and Surface Roughness Effects in the Numerical Modeling of Tunnel Fires. 6th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics&Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels. 1988
[33] S.Kurnar, G..Cox. A Numerical Model Fire in Road Tunnels. Tunlel & Tunnelling, 1987(3):55-60
[34] Fletcher.D.F., Kent.J.H.,Apte.V.B,, Green.A.R.. Numerical simulations of smoke movement from a pool fire in a ventilated tunnel. Fire Safety. 1994, 23(3):305-325
[35] Apte.V.B., Green.A.R.& Kent.J.H.. Pool fire plume flow in a large-scale wind tunnel. Fire Safety Science-Proceedings of the Third lnternational Symposium. 1991
[36] A.N.Beard, D.D.Drysdale, S.R.Bishop. A Non-linear Model of Major Fire Spread in a Tunnel. Fire Safety Journal. 1995(24):333-357
[37] M.Dobashi, T.Imai, H. Yanagi, A. Mizuno. Numerical simulation of the emergency tunnel ventilation for a tunnel with longitudinal and transverse systems combined.10th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics & Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels,2000
[38] F.Demouge, D.Lacroix. CFD simulation of fire smoke behaviour with transverse ventilation-comparison with model tests.
[39] S.S.Levy, J.R.Sandzimier. Smoke contral for the Ted Williams Tunnel-a comparative of extraction rate.10th International symposium on the Aerodynamics & Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, 2000
[40] C.Rudin. Fires in long railway tunnels-the ventilation concepts adopted in the AlpTransit projects.10th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics & Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, 2000
[41] 倪照鹏，陈海云．国内外隧道防火技术现状及发展趋势．“国际隧道研讨会暨公路建设技术交流大会”论文集(下集)．北京：人民交通出版社．2000
[42] 洪丽娟，刘传聚．隧道火灾研究现状综述．地下空间与工程学报，2005，1(1)：150-153
[43] 刘伟．我国公路隧道火灾防救研究．“国际隧道研讨会暨公路建设技术交流大会”论文集(下集)．北京：人民交通出版社．2002
[44] 王明年，杨其新．公路隧道火灾温度场分布的模型试验研究．“国际隧道研讨会暨公路建设技术交流大会”论文集(下集)．北京：人民交通出版 社．2002
[45] 王婉娣，冯炼．公路隧道火灾三维数值模拟．制冷与空调，2004，第1期
[46] RICHARD BETTIS. Controlling smoke in tunnel fire[J].Fire Prevention June1995,280:19-23
[47] Vauquelin O, Megret O. Smoke extraction experimentsin case of fire in a tunnel[J].Fire Salty Journal, 2002,37(5):525～533
[48] 王福军．计算流体动力学分析—CFD 软件原理与应用[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2004：7-11，113-116，118-124，128-130，144-158，24-27，74-78
[49] 邹金杰．竖井对长大公路隧道火灾影响的三维数值模拟研究．西南交通大学硕士研究生学位论文．2006：19-21
[50] 王日升．美菰林纵向通风公路隧道数值模拟与研究．北京工业大学硕士研究生学位论文．2003：55-57
[2] 彭立敏，刘小兵．交通隧道工程[M]．长沙：中南大学出版社，2003
[3] 肖荣华．高速公路隧道火灾[J]．防灾博览．2005，(6)：38
[4] 王新钢，毛朝军，叶诗茂，等．浅谈公路隧道火灾及其结构防火保护措施[J]．消防技术与产品信息．2005，(3)：65-67
[5] 张兴凯．地下工程火灾原理及应用[M]．北京：首都经济贸易大学出版社，1997
[6] 李亚峰，马学文，张恒等．建筑消防技术与设计[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2005
[7] 李刚．公路隧道各种通风方式适用长度的研讨[J]．公路．2000，(5)
[8] 李引擎．建筑防火性能化设计[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2005
[9] 冯 江．浅谈公路和列车隧道火灾的原因及预防措施[J]．消防技术与产品信息．2004，(8)：7
[10] 覃文清，李风．隧道火灾与防范[J]．建筑防火设计．2004，(1)：54
[11] 王泽宇．带竖井特长公路隧道的火灾通风数值模拟．西南交通大学硕士研究生学位论文．2006：3-4，13-14，21-22，33-34
[12] 交通部．公路隧道通风照明设计规范[S]．北京：人民交通出版社，2000
[13] 张祉道．公路隧道火灾事故通风．现代隧道技术．2003，40(1)：35，38
[14] 安永林，杨高尚，彭立敏．隧道火灾浅谈[J]。采矿技术．2006，6(1)：39
[15] 王婉娣．长大公路隧道火灾通风三维数值模拟研究．西南交通大学硕士研究生学位论文．2004：2-3
[16] 夏永旭．我国长大公路隧道通风中的几个问题．公路．2003(5)：146-149
[17] 张发勇．双洞长大公路隧道火灾事故通风数值模拟研究．西南交通大学硕士研究生学位论文．2005：4-6
[18] 谢旭阳，周心权，谢续程等．高层建筑火灾人员疏散和人员伤亡的模拟．中国安全科学学报，2002，第3期
[19] 陈智明，霍然，王浩波等．某教学楼火灾中人员安全疏散时间的预测．火灾科学，2003，第1期
[20] 古晋．地铁隧道火灾的疏散与救援．劳动保护，2004，第11期
[21] 龙庆杰，权高峰，邵力．火灾事故中人的心理及行为分析．合肥工业大学学报(社会科学版)，2004，第3期
[22] 贺大伟，陈志显．火灾中烟雾对人的危害及防范．河南消防，1999，第9期
[23] 周勇狄．长大公路隧道火灾数值模拟及逃生研究．长安大学硕士研究生学位论文．2006：29
[24] 阎治国．长大公路隧道火灾研究．西南交通大学硕士研究生学位论文．2002：70
[25] 孙金香，高伟译．建筑物综合防火设计(日本)．天津科技翻译出版公司．1994，8
[26] A.Haack. Fire Protection in Traffic Tunnels-Initial Findings from Large-scale Tests. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology.1992,7(4):363-375
[27] Ricky Carvel. The history and future of fire tests. Tunnels&Tunnelling International.11(2002):34-35
[28] A.G.Bendelius. The memorial tunnel fire ventilation test program-past,present and future9th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics&Venti--lation of Vehicle Tunnels, 1997
[29] 里查德·卡维尔，阿兰·比尔德，保尔·乔威特．隧道突发火灾时的明智通风控制．消防技术与产品信息．2001(9)：46-50
[30] Brandeis.J., Bergmann.D.J.. A numerical study of tunnel fires.Combustion Science and Technology.1983(35):133-155
[31] G.Cox, R.Chitty, S.Kumar. Fire model and the King's Cross fire investingation. Fire safty Junnel. 1989(6):103-106
[32] S.Kumar, G.Cox. Radiant Heat and Surface Roughness Effects in the Numerical Modeling of Tunnel Fires. 6th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics&Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels. 1988
[33] S.Kurnar, G..Cox. A Numerical Model Fire in Road Tunnels. Tunlel & Tunnelling, 1987(3):55-60
[34] Fletcher.D.F., Kent.J.H.,Apte.V.B,, Green.A.R.. Numerical simulations of smoke movement from a pool fire in a ventilated tunnel. Fire Safety. 1994, 23(3):305-325
[35] Apte.V.B., Green.A.R.& Kent.J.H.. Pool fire plume flow in a large-scale wind tunnel. Fire Safety Science-Proceedings of the Third lnternational Symposium. 1991
[36] A.N.Beard, D.D.Drysdale, S.R.Bishop. A Non-linear Model of Major Fire Spread in a Tunnel. Fire Safety Journal. 1995(24):333-357
[37] M.Dobashi, T.Imai, H. Yanagi, A. Mizuno. Numerical simulation of the emergency tunnel ventilation for a tunnel with longitudinal and transverse systems combined.10th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics & Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels,2000
[38] F.Demouge, D.Lacroix. CFD simulation of fire smoke behaviour with transverse ventilation-comparison with model tests.
[39] S.S.Levy, J.R.Sandzimier. Smoke contral for the Ted Williams Tunnel-a comparative of extraction rate.10th International symposium on the Aerodynamics & Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, 2000
[40] C.Rudin. Fires in long railway tunnels-the ventilation concepts adopted in the AlpTransit projects.10th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics & Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, 2000
[41] 倪照鹏，陈海云．国内外隧道防火技术现状及发展趋势．“国际隧道研讨会暨公路建设技术交流大会”论文集(下集)．北京：人民交通出版社．2000
[42] 洪丽娟，刘传聚．隧道火灾研究现状综述．地下空间与工程学报，2005，1(1)：150-153
[43] 刘伟．我国公路隧道火灾防救研究．“国际隧道研讨会暨公路建设技术交流大会”论文集(下集)．北京：人民交通出版社．2002
[44] 王明年，杨其新．公路隧道火灾温度场分布的模型试验研究．“国际隧道研讨会暨公路建设技术交流大会”论文集(下集)．北京：人民交通出版 社．2002
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