长大公路隧道火灾烟气数值模拟及逃生研究
|
摘要
火灾是公路隧道运营过程中危害性较大的不可避免的灾害之一。二十多年来国内外许多学者对隧道火灾的发展规律、隧道内的温度场、风流场、烟雾场研究较多,但对火灾过程隧道内人员逃生研究相对较少。人员在公路隧道火灾时的逃生能力,是和每个人的年龄大小、身体状况、心理素质、逃生知识以及烟雾和温度对其损伤的累积程度有关,要全面准确地研究隧道火灾时的人员逃生条件是一个非常困难和复杂的事情。目前已有的隧道火灾逃生条件,有的仅是具体的温度或者CO浓度,或者是能见度的绝对值,有的虽然考虑了温度和时间的影响,但没有考虑烟雾浓度的影响。
本文在已有试验研究的基础上,将公路隧道火灾时的烟雾对人的毒害转化为CO的浓度累积,通过对传统的FED失能模型进行修改,首次给出了在公路隧道中发生火灾时考虑烟雾毒性的人员逃生判别公式。
其次,采用有限元数值模拟方法,详细地研究了不同隧道环境风速、不同火灾规模、不同火源位置以及射流风机、横通道、斜竖井开启时的压力分布、流场分布以及烟气浓度场分布,得出了火灾时隧道内不同区域烟气浓度的传播分布规律。
最后,在数值模拟研究的基础上,以本文提出的修正FED失能模行为判别条件,得出了在不同隧道环境和火灾规模时,隧道纵向风速与火灾上游安全救援的关系、隧道内不同位置人员的最大安全逃生时间、火灾1min后下游人员安全逃生的位置和有可能逃生的区域。
本文的研究结果对制定长大公路隧道火灾时的人员逃生救援预案,提供了重要的技术支持。
The fire is one of the larger disaster and inevitable during the operation of highway tunnel. In the passed more than 20 years, a lot of scholars at home and abroad have done researches on smoke spreading principle, temperature field, and smoke field. While there is relatively few researches on the escaping pedestrian . The ability to exit under limited escape circumstances is concerned with age, Physical condition, Psychological quality and the cumulative level of temperature and smoke damage to Personal. And to comprehensively and accurately study the escape conditions is a very difficult and complicated matter. Current studies of the escaping pedestrian, Some are only the concrete temperature or the CO density, or is the visibility absolute value, some, although has considered the temperature and the time influence, but has not considered the smog density the influence.
Secondly, uses the finite element numerical simulation method, has studied the different tunnel environment wind speed, the different fire scale, the different fire hazard position as well as the jet flow air blower, the horizontal channel, the slanting shaft open when the pressure distribution, the flow field distribution as well as the haze density field distribution in detail, has obtained when the fire in tunnel zones of different haze density dissemination distributed rule.
Finally, in the numerical simulation research's foundation, revision FED which proposed by this article loses ability mold behavior distinction condition, has obtained when the different tunnel environment and the fire scale, after tunnel longitudinal wind speed and in fire upstream safe rescue relations, tunnel different position personnel's biggest security escaping time, 1min after the fire, the downstream personal security escapes the position and has the region which the possibility escapes.
This article findings to formulate grow up time the long highway tunnel fire's personnel to escape the rescue plan, has provided the important technical support.
本文在已有试验研究的基础上,将公路隧道火灾时的烟雾对人的毒害转化为CO的浓度累积,通过对传统的FED失能模型进行修改,首次给出了在公路隧道中发生火灾时考虑烟雾毒性的人员逃生判别公式。
其次,采用有限元数值模拟方法,详细地研究了不同隧道环境风速、不同火灾规模、不同火源位置以及射流风机、横通道、斜竖井开启时的压力分布、流场分布以及烟气浓度场分布,得出了火灾时隧道内不同区域烟气浓度的传播分布规律。
最后,在数值模拟研究的基础上,以本文提出的修正FED失能模行为判别条件,得出了在不同隧道环境和火灾规模时,隧道纵向风速与火灾上游安全救援的关系、隧道内不同位置人员的最大安全逃生时间、火灾1min后下游人员安全逃生的位置和有可能逃生的区域。
本文的研究结果对制定长大公路隧道火灾时的人员逃生救援预案,提供了重要的技术支持。
The fire is one of the larger disaster and inevitable during the operation of highway tunnel. In the passed more than 20 years, a lot of scholars at home and abroad have done researches on smoke spreading principle, temperature field, and smoke field. While there is relatively few researches on the escaping pedestrian . The ability to exit under limited escape circumstances is concerned with age, Physical condition, Psychological quality and the cumulative level of temperature and smoke damage to Personal. And to comprehensively and accurately study the escape conditions is a very difficult and complicated matter. Current studies of the escaping pedestrian, Some are only the concrete temperature or the CO density, or is the visibility absolute value, some, although has considered the temperature and the time influence, but has not considered the smog density the influence.
Secondly, uses the finite element numerical simulation method, has studied the different tunnel environment wind speed, the different fire scale, the different fire hazard position as well as the jet flow air blower, the horizontal channel, the slanting shaft open when the pressure distribution, the flow field distribution as well as the haze density field distribution in detail, has obtained when the fire in tunnel zones of different haze density dissemination distributed rule.
Finally, in the numerical simulation research's foundation, revision FED which proposed by this article loses ability mold behavior distinction condition, has obtained when the different tunnel environment and the fire scale, after tunnel longitudinal wind speed and in fire upstream safe rescue relations, tunnel different position personnel's biggest security escaping time, 1min after the fire, the downstream personal security escapes the position and has the region which the possibility escapes.
This article findings to formulate grow up time the long highway tunnel fire's personnel to escape the rescue plan, has provided the important technical support.
引文
[1]夏永旭,戴国平,现代公路隧道的发展,2001年全国公路隧道学术会议,P140.P143
[2]付修华、杨其新、刘化冰,秦岭特长公路隧道防火安全体系的探讨,广西交通科技,2003年03期
[3]仲健、成雄,城市地下隧道灭火救援的几点思考,消防技术与产品信息,2002年06期
[4]张伟、姜韡、张卫国,城市地下交通隧道火灾的防护,地下空间,2002年03期
[5]张祉道,公路隧道的火灾事故通风,现代隧道技术,2003/01
[6]杨瑞新、陈雪峰,高等级公路长隧道火灾特点及消防设计初探,消防科学与技术,2002/05
[7]邓念兵,公路隧道防火救灾对策研究,长安大学硕士学位论文,2003.6
[8]胡维撷,道路隧道防火要求,地下工程与隧道,1994.2
[9] Alfred Haack,交通隧道中的火灾安全概念,2001’中瑞公路隧道技术交流,2001
[10] PIARC COMMITTEE ON ROAD TUNNELS,Report to the XVIIIth World Road Congress,Marrakesh(Morocco),September 1991(ref.19.05.B)/COMITE AIPCR DES TUNNELS ROUTIES,rapport au XIXE Congres mondial de la Route,Bruxelles(Belgique),September 1987(ref.18.05.F)
[11] STUDIENGELLSCHAFT STAHLANWENDUNG E.V,“EUREKA.Project EU 499 Firetun:Fire in transport tunnels;Report on full.sale tests”,Verlag and Vertriebsgesellsvhaft,Diuisseldorf,November 1995
[12] Levin B C , et al. Futher Development of the N.Gas Mathematical Model [M] . Baithersburg , MD 20899 :National Institute of Standards and Technology.Chapter 20
[13]丁聪.论火灾逃生器防一氧化碳的重要性[J].消防技术与产品信息,1998,(7):24～25.
[14]赵杰,朱明学,陆一呜.火灾烟雾中的有毒气体及中毒机制.中华急诊医学杂志,2004年7月第13卷第7期Chin J Emerg Med,July 2004,Vo1.13,No.
[15]国内外隧道火灾及消防技术现状综述.公安部,城市交通隧道和地铁消防安全.
[16]里查德·卡维尔、阿兰·比尔德、保尔·乔威特、王晔,隧道突发火灾时的明智通风控制,消防技术与产品信息,2001年09期
[17]冯炼,地铁网络系统环境控制数值模拟研究,西南交通大学博士学位论文,2001.3.1
[18] Alfred Haack,交通隧道中的火灾安全概念,2001’中瑞公路隧道技术交流,2001
[19]涂文轩,铁路隧道火灾的试验研究,消防技术与产品信息, 1997年10期
[20]王明年、杨其新、袁雪戡、杨忠,公路隧道火灾温度场的分布规律研究,地下空间, 2003年03期
[21]覃文清、李风,隧道火灾与防范,消防科学与技术, 2004年01期
[22]郑晋丽,隧道火灾模拟和烟气控制,地下工程与隧道,1999年02期
[23] J.A.Gonzalel and N.H.Danziger, Tunnel ventilation design for fire safety, 6th International symposium on the aerodynamics and ventilation of vehicle tunnels, England, Sept 1988, P575.P592
[24]郭光玲,地铁通风系统与火灾研究,北京工业大学硕士学位论文,2004.5.1
[25]谭国运,矿井通风网络分析及电算方法,煤炭同业出版社
[26]王日升,美菰林纵向通风公路隧道数值模拟与研究,北京工业大学硕士学位论文,2003.5.1
[27]王福军,计算流体动力学分析..CFD软件原理与应用,北京:清华大学出版社,2004
[28]舒宁,公路隧道纵向式全射流通风理论的研究与仿真,华南理工大学硕士学位论文,2002.2.21
[29]张辉、范维澄,火灾问题中湍流模型和数值方法的研究,中国科学技术大学学报,1988.18(4).459.46
[30]张辉、范维澄,单室火灾中浮力修正的雷诺应力模型,中国科学技术大学学报,1990.20(1).67.7
[31]刘方,中庭火灾烟气流动与烟气控制研究,重庆大学博士学位论文,2002.12.8
[32]张发勇,双洞长大公路隧道火灾事故通风数值模拟研究,西南交通大学硕士学位论文,2005.4
[33]王婉娣,长大公路隧道火灾通风三维数值模拟研究,西南交通大学硕士学位论文,2004.5.1
[34]钟英杰、都晋燕、张雪梅,CFD技术及在现代工业中的应用,浙江工业大学学报,2003/03
[35]肖泽南、谢大勇、孙旋,CFD技术在大空间烟气运动模拟中的应用,消防科学与技术,2005年3月第24卷第2期
[36]李志印、熊小辉、吴家鸣,计算流体力学常用数值方法简介,广东造船,2004/03
[37]翟建华,计算流体力学CFD的通用软件,河北科技大学学报,2005年6月第26卷第2期
[38] Oud, Ir H. J. C.; SAFETY MEASURES REDUCE RISK IN DUTCH ROAD TUNNELS, Tunnels and Tunnelling, v 20, n 6, Jun, 1988, p 64.66
[39] http://www.phoenics.cn/
[40]张兴凯,地下工程火灾原理及应用,北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,1997
[41]叶欢(译),公路隧道防火通风设计,隧道译丛,1994(2)
[42] lbkio Mofikawa aid Eiji Ymmi Xbxic g;ke.s;rod sJ Jtte evolutkm from RⅦpla.tic building nmlerlals bumkg lit fi re etwiP.xltlerlts J J j H re ience,J 989,7:13l_～L4I .
[43] gaitimer,B Y ,Vmxlsburger、U ,Roby, J Calditions pet TIlittillg the transbxrl of high Lxoncentraiions of carbon tncmoxide in bure National tu of Standards and rechk,m,mual kmleren of Fi Rmearch:Gaithersburg 1996:l21～122
[44]杨小玉(译),CFD在隧道安全中的应用,海基报告,2001
[45] Jamie Vistnes, Validation of Phoenics 3.5 for Modelling Tunnel Ventilation Systems Under Fire Conditions; 10th International PHOENICS Conference; Melbourne, Australia; March, 2004
[46] Dr. Qian Wang, Kenneth Ma & Micael Lundqvist; CFD Applications of PHOENICS on Building Environment and Fire Safety Design; 10th International PHOENICS Conference; Melbourne, Australia; March, 2004
[47]徐耘,陈建忠.控制火灾和烟雾的通风与防灾能力思考.公路隧道营运与安全,2006,10(1)
[48]国外道路标准规范编译组.公路隧道火灾及烟气控制.人民交通出版社。2006.10(1)
[49]周庆.隧道内运行旅客列车车厢火灾烟气蔓延规律的模拟研究[D].长沙:中南大学,2003
[50]安永林,杨高尚,彭立敏.隧道火灾中CO对人员危害机理的调研.采矿技术第6卷第3期.2006.9
[51] Hartzell G E.Engineering analysis of hazards to life safety in fires:the fire efluent toxicity componentl Jj Safety"Science,2001.38:147.155
[52]童朝阳,阴忆烽,黄启斌,林福生.火灾烟气毒性的定量评价方法评述.安全与环境学报.2005.8,5(4)
[53]刘军军,李风,兰彬,张智强.火灾烟气毒性研究的进展.消防科学与技术.2005.11,24(6)
[54] Richard G. Gann, Jason D. Averill, Kathryn M. Butler, Walter W. Jones,George W. Mulholland, Julie L. Neviaser, Thomas J. Ohlemiller,Richard D. Peacock, Paul A. Reneke, John R. Hall, Jr. International Study of the Sublethal Effects of Fire Smoke on Survivability and Health (SEFS):Phase I Final Report。2001
[55]中华人民共和国行业标准.公路隧道通风照明设计规范. JTJ 026.1.1999.人民交通出版社。2000
[56]古晋,地铁隧道火灾的疏散与救援,劳动保护, 2004年11期
[57]周勇狄,长大公路隧道火灾数值模拟及逃生研究,长安大学硕士学位论文,2006.6
[58] Jamie Vistnes, Validation of Phoenics 3.5 for Modelling Tunnel Ventilation Systems Under Fire Conditions; 10th International PHOENICS Conference; Melbourne, Australia; March, 2004
[59]田娟荣,地铁火灾人员疏散的行为研究及危险性分析,广州大学硕士学位论文,2006.5
[60]周银,地铁站台火灾烟气扩散的数值模拟与人员疏散研究,西安科技大学硕士学位论文,2006.4
[61] K.T.Yang Role Of Fire Field Models As A Design Tool For Performance.Based Fire.Code Implementations International Journal On Engineering Performanee.Based Fire Codes 1999.l(1).11.17
[62] Yang K.T.Role Of Fire Field Models As A Design Tool For performance.Based Fire Code Implementation International Joumal On Engineering Performanee.Based Fire Codes1999.l(l).11.17
[63] William A.W.Development Of Smoke Management Systems.ASHRAE Transaetion 1995.Partl(101).995.999.
[64] FUJINMARA ET AL,practical test of emergency ventilation combined with bus firing at the Kan.Estu tunnel.6th international symposium on the aerodynamics and venhicle tunnels,September 1998
[65]公路隧道设计规范,JTG D70.2004
[66] Chaturvedi A K,Smith D R and Canfield D V.Blood carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide concentrations in the fatalities of fire and non.fire associated civil aviation accidents,1991.1998[J].Forensic Sciint,2001,121(3):183.188
[67] Morris J B.Uptake of acralein in the upper respiratory tract of the F344rat[J].Inhal Toxicol,1996,6:387.36
[2]付修华、杨其新、刘化冰,秦岭特长公路隧道防火安全体系的探讨,广西交通科技,2003年03期
[3]仲健、成雄,城市地下隧道灭火救援的几点思考,消防技术与产品信息,2002年06期
[4]张伟、姜韡、张卫国,城市地下交通隧道火灾的防护,地下空间,2002年03期
[5]张祉道,公路隧道的火灾事故通风,现代隧道技术,2003/01
[6]杨瑞新、陈雪峰,高等级公路长隧道火灾特点及消防设计初探,消防科学与技术,2002/05
[7]邓念兵,公路隧道防火救灾对策研究,长安大学硕士学位论文,2003.6
[8]胡维撷,道路隧道防火要求,地下工程与隧道,1994.2
[9] Alfred Haack,交通隧道中的火灾安全概念,2001’中瑞公路隧道技术交流,2001
[10] PIARC COMMITTEE ON ROAD TUNNELS,Report to the XVIIIth World Road Congress,Marrakesh(Morocco),September 1991(ref.19.05.B)/COMITE AIPCR DES TUNNELS ROUTIES,rapport au XIXE Congres mondial de la Route,Bruxelles(Belgique),September 1987(ref.18.05.F)
[11] STUDIENGELLSCHAFT STAHLANWENDUNG E.V,“EUREKA.Project EU 499 Firetun:Fire in transport tunnels;Report on full.sale tests”,Verlag and Vertriebsgesellsvhaft,Diuisseldorf,November 1995
[12] Levin B C , et al. Futher Development of the N.Gas Mathematical Model [M] . Baithersburg , MD 20899 :National Institute of Standards and Technology.Chapter 20
[13]丁聪.论火灾逃生器防一氧化碳的重要性[J].消防技术与产品信息,1998,(7):24～25.
[14]赵杰,朱明学,陆一呜.火灾烟雾中的有毒气体及中毒机制.中华急诊医学杂志,2004年7月第13卷第7期Chin J Emerg Med,July 2004,Vo1.13,No.
[15]国内外隧道火灾及消防技术现状综述.公安部,城市交通隧道和地铁消防安全.
[16]里查德·卡维尔、阿兰·比尔德、保尔·乔威特、王晔,隧道突发火灾时的明智通风控制,消防技术与产品信息,2001年09期
[17]冯炼,地铁网络系统环境控制数值模拟研究,西南交通大学博士学位论文,2001.3.1
[18] Alfred Haack,交通隧道中的火灾安全概念,2001’中瑞公路隧道技术交流,2001
[19]涂文轩,铁路隧道火灾的试验研究,消防技术与产品信息, 1997年10期
[20]王明年、杨其新、袁雪戡、杨忠,公路隧道火灾温度场的分布规律研究,地下空间, 2003年03期
[21]覃文清、李风,隧道火灾与防范,消防科学与技术, 2004年01期
[22]郑晋丽,隧道火灾模拟和烟气控制,地下工程与隧道,1999年02期
[23] J.A.Gonzalel and N.H.Danziger, Tunnel ventilation design for fire safety, 6th International symposium on the aerodynamics and ventilation of vehicle tunnels, England, Sept 1988, P575.P592
[24]郭光玲,地铁通风系统与火灾研究,北京工业大学硕士学位论文,2004.5.1
[25]谭国运,矿井通风网络分析及电算方法,煤炭同业出版社
[26]王日升,美菰林纵向通风公路隧道数值模拟与研究,北京工业大学硕士学位论文,2003.5.1
[27]王福军,计算流体动力学分析..CFD软件原理与应用,北京:清华大学出版社,2004
[28]舒宁,公路隧道纵向式全射流通风理论的研究与仿真,华南理工大学硕士学位论文,2002.2.21
[29]张辉、范维澄,火灾问题中湍流模型和数值方法的研究,中国科学技术大学学报,1988.18(4).459.46
[30]张辉、范维澄,单室火灾中浮力修正的雷诺应力模型,中国科学技术大学学报,1990.20(1).67.7
[31]刘方,中庭火灾烟气流动与烟气控制研究,重庆大学博士学位论文,2002.12.8
[32]张发勇,双洞长大公路隧道火灾事故通风数值模拟研究,西南交通大学硕士学位论文,2005.4
[33]王婉娣,长大公路隧道火灾通风三维数值模拟研究,西南交通大学硕士学位论文,2004.5.1
[34]钟英杰、都晋燕、张雪梅,CFD技术及在现代工业中的应用,浙江工业大学学报,2003/03
[35]肖泽南、谢大勇、孙旋,CFD技术在大空间烟气运动模拟中的应用,消防科学与技术,2005年3月第24卷第2期
[36]李志印、熊小辉、吴家鸣,计算流体力学常用数值方法简介,广东造船,2004/03
[37]翟建华,计算流体力学CFD的通用软件,河北科技大学学报,2005年6月第26卷第2期
[38] Oud, Ir H. J. C.; SAFETY MEASURES REDUCE RISK IN DUTCH ROAD TUNNELS, Tunnels and Tunnelling, v 20, n 6, Jun, 1988, p 64.66
[39] http://www.phoenics.cn/
[40]张兴凯,地下工程火灾原理及应用,北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,1997
[41]叶欢(译),公路隧道防火通风设计,隧道译丛,1994(2)
[42] lbkio Mofikawa aid Eiji Ymmi Xbxic g;ke.s;rod sJ Jtte evolutkm from RⅦpla.tic building nmlerlals bumkg lit fi re etwiP.xltlerlts J J j H re ience,J 989,7:13l_～L4I .
[43] gaitimer,B Y ,Vmxlsburger、U ,Roby, J Calditions pet TIlittillg the transbxrl of high Lxoncentraiions of carbon tncmoxide in bure National tu of Standards and rechk,m,mual kmleren of Fi Rmearch:Gaithersburg 1996:l21～122
[44]杨小玉(译),CFD在隧道安全中的应用,海基报告,2001
[45] Jamie Vistnes, Validation of Phoenics 3.5 for Modelling Tunnel Ventilation Systems Under Fire Conditions; 10th International PHOENICS Conference; Melbourne, Australia; March, 2004
[46] Dr. Qian Wang, Kenneth Ma & Micael Lundqvist; CFD Applications of PHOENICS on Building Environment and Fire Safety Design; 10th International PHOENICS Conference; Melbourne, Australia; March, 2004
[47]徐耘,陈建忠.控制火灾和烟雾的通风与防灾能力思考.公路隧道营运与安全,2006,10(1)
[48]国外道路标准规范编译组.公路隧道火灾及烟气控制.人民交通出版社。2006.10(1)
[49]周庆.隧道内运行旅客列车车厢火灾烟气蔓延规律的模拟研究[D].长沙:中南大学,2003
[50]安永林,杨高尚,彭立敏.隧道火灾中CO对人员危害机理的调研.采矿技术第6卷第3期.2006.9
[51] Hartzell G E.Engineering analysis of hazards to life safety in fires:the fire efluent toxicity componentl Jj Safety"Science,2001.38:147.155
[52]童朝阳,阴忆烽,黄启斌,林福生.火灾烟气毒性的定量评价方法评述.安全与环境学报.2005.8,5(4)
[53]刘军军,李风,兰彬,张智强.火灾烟气毒性研究的进展.消防科学与技术.2005.11,24(6)
[54] Richard G. Gann, Jason D. Averill, Kathryn M. Butler, Walter W. Jones,George W. Mulholland, Julie L. Neviaser, Thomas J. Ohlemiller,Richard D. Peacock, Paul A. Reneke, John R. Hall, Jr. International Study of the Sublethal Effects of Fire Smoke on Survivability and Health (SEFS):Phase I Final Report。2001
[55]中华人民共和国行业标准.公路隧道通风照明设计规范. JTJ 026.1.1999.人民交通出版社。2000
[56]古晋,地铁隧道火灾的疏散与救援,劳动保护, 2004年11期
[57]周勇狄,长大公路隧道火灾数值模拟及逃生研究,长安大学硕士学位论文,2006.6
[58] Jamie Vistnes, Validation of Phoenics 3.5 for Modelling Tunnel Ventilation Systems Under Fire Conditions; 10th International PHOENICS Conference; Melbourne, Australia; March, 2004
[59]田娟荣,地铁火灾人员疏散的行为研究及危险性分析,广州大学硕士学位论文,2006.5
[60]周银,地铁站台火灾烟气扩散的数值模拟与人员疏散研究,西安科技大学硕士学位论文,2006.4
[61] K.T.Yang Role Of Fire Field Models As A Design Tool For Performance.Based Fire.Code Implementations International Journal On Engineering Performanee.Based Fire Codes 1999.l(1).11.17
[62] Yang K.T.Role Of Fire Field Models As A Design Tool For performance.Based Fire Code Implementation International Joumal On Engineering Performanee.Based Fire Codes1999.l(l).11.17
[63] William A.W.Development Of Smoke Management Systems.ASHRAE Transaetion 1995.Partl(101).995.999.
[64] FUJINMARA ET AL,practical test of emergency ventilation combined with bus firing at the Kan.Estu tunnel.6th international symposium on the aerodynamics and venhicle tunnels,September 1998
[65]公路隧道设计规范,JTG D70.2004
[66] Chaturvedi A K,Smith D R and Canfield D V.Blood carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide concentrations in the fatalities of fire and non.fire associated civil aviation accidents,1991.1998[J].Forensic Sciint,2001,121(3):183.188
[67] Morris J B.Uptake of acralein in the upper respiratory tract of the F344rat[J].Inhal Toxicol,1996,6:387.36