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冰雪旅游目的地引力模式的理论与实证研究
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摘要
近些年来,冰雪旅游已经成为我国大力发展的一项新兴旅游活动,在取得较快发展的同时彰显了独特的旅游魅力。目前来看,国外冰雪旅游开发主要集中在北美和欧洲地区;而我国的冰雪旅游发展则主要集中于东北三省等地。受市场经济利益驱动,近些年来我国华北、西北、西南等地也陆续开发冰雪旅游资源,包括建立室内冰雪旅游场地等,进一步拓展了冰雪旅游的外延与内涵。
     本文致力于冰雪旅游目的地引力模式的理论与实证研究,针对当前冰雪旅游目的地引力模式理论研究中的不足,将研究重点集中在冰雪旅游目的地引力模型的建立、各引力因素与旅游目的地引力关系的定量分析、冰雪旅游目的地引力强度的计量分析上,以地理学基本理论为基础,结合旅游经济学、旅游规划学、旅游产业经济学、市场营销学等相关学科的理论研究成果,从实证的角度研究冰雪旅游目的地的引力机制问题。通过冰雪旅游目的地引力因素的层次分析,构建冰雪旅游目的地引力因素概念模型;通过各引力因素与冰雪旅游目的地引力强度的相关性分析,构建引力模型,并应用于不同类型的冰雪旅游目的地中,予以实践检验,以期对冰雪旅游的发展做出预测,从而对冰雪旅游的发展提供理论依据与决策参考。
     本文研究中将冰雪旅游目的地分为资源指向型、市场指向型和中间型三种进行分类研究;将影响冰雪旅游目的地引力发展模式的因素分为体验类、支持类和限制类三个大类别,并包含冰雪资源、冰雪活动项目丰裕度、基础设施建设、区位条件、政府行为、气候差异和距离因素等七个子类别。目标样本的选择上,在冰雪旅游目的地三种分类的基础上,每一类中各选择两个城市冰雪旅游目的地进行比较研究,特殊区域如市场指向型冰雪旅游目的地则选择一个样本。客源地选择时,以国内一级客源地为主要研究对比对象。当计算某一目的地对多个客源地引力时,取平均数值数据进行计算,以避免出现部分目的地因距离客源地较近而使其引力强度计算出现干扰。
     全文总体上包括四个部分:第一部为第一章至第三章,从理论上建立冰雪旅游目的地引力因素的概念模型,将此模型作为本论文研究的理论出发点,并对国内外冰雪旅游发展情况分为三类进行综述。第二部分以冰雪旅游目的地引力因素的概念模型作为指导,对目的地引力模式的各影响因素依次进行分析,研究内容从第四章至第七章,将引力因素划分为体验类、支持类和限制类三种情况,而后从产业经济学角度依次分析了三大类因素对目的地引力的影响机理,并对这些因素进行了现状分析与评价,初步分析了体验类、支持类、限制类因素发展水平的测量指标及与目的地引力的相关关系等。分析测量指标是进行引力因素定量分析的前提,相关分析则是探究了所选择的指标与目的地引力的相关性,从而增强了对两者关系的主观认识。第三部分包括第八章,即对冰雪旅游目的地引力模式发展的影响因素进行定量分析,在构建冰雪旅游目的地引力变量指标体系的基础上,运用主成分分析等统计模型,对变量的时序效应和截面效应进行估计。第四部分为案例分析,以吉林市冰雪旅游目的地为例,对吉林市冰雪旅游引力模式发展进行分析,探究了吉林市冰雪旅游引力强度与引力因素发展的相关关系,对吉林市冰雪旅游的发展提出了相应的建议。
In recent years, ice and snow tourism has become a new vigorously developed tourist activity in our country. It has made rapid development and demonstrated the unique charm. At present, ice and snow tourism in foreign countries mainly concentrates in the North American and European regions; China's ice and snow tourism development mainly concentrate in three Northeastern provinces in China. Driven by market profit in recent years, ice and snow tourism resources are continually developed in North China, northwest, southwest and other places. Indoor ice and snow tourism was even built in some places, which develops the denotation and connotation of the ice and snow tourism.
     This paper is devoted to the patella frontal tourism destination theory and empirical study of gravity model. In view of the study deficiency of the current tourism destination gravity model theory, this thesis focuses on the ice and snow destination gravitational mode, the quantitative analysis of the relationship between the attraction factors and the tourism destination attraction and the measurement analysis of ice and snow destination attraction strength. Based on the basic theories in geography, combined with the theory research of tourism economics, tourism planning, tourism industry economics and marketing, the thesis researches the ice and snow tourist destination attraction mechanism from the empirical aspect. Through the hierarchical analysis to the factors of ice and snow tourism destination attraction, the thesis constructs the attraction factors' conceptual model of the ice and snow tourism destination. Through the correlation analysis between the attraction factors and ice snow tourism destination attraction strength, the thesis constructs the gravity mode and applies it to different types of ice snow tourism destination to check its feasibility in practice, so as to predict the development of ice and snow tourism, and to provide theory basis and reference on the ice snow tourism development.
     Ice snow tourism destination was classified into three types in this research, that is, resource oriented, market oriented and middle oriented. The factors which affect ice snow tourism destination attraction development mode are classified into experience factors, support factors and restrict factors, including seven sub-categories, that is, ice snow resources, activities richness, infrastructure construction, geographic conditions, government behavior, climate difference and distance factors. In the target sample selection, based on the three classifications in ice and snow tourism destination, the thesis selects two city tourism destinations for comparative studies in each category, and selects one sample in special area such as the market oriented tourism destination. The domestic first-level sources are selected as the major research subjects. When calculating the gravity of one destination for multiple sources, the thesis takes the average numerical calculation so as to avoid the gravity strength disturbance when parts of the destinations are closer to its source.
     This thesis includes four parts. The first part establishes the theoretic conceptual model of the ice snow tourism destination attraction, and classifies the domestic and international ice snow tourism development into three types on the basis of this model. In the second part, from Chapter Four to Chapter Seven, the thesis analyzes the influence factors of gravity model, under the guidance of the conceptual model of the ice snow tourism destination attraction factors. This part classifies the attraction factors into three types, the experience, the support and the restricted; analyzes the influence mechanism of the three factors on the destination's gravitation from the angle of industrial economics; analyzes and evaluates the present situation of the three types of factors; analyzes the relation between the experience, the support and the restricted factors in the development of level measurement index and destination gravity. Analysis of measuring indexes is the premise of the quantitative gravitational factors analysis. Correlation analysis studies the correlation between the chosen indicators and the destination gravity, thus enhancing the relationship between subjective cognition. The third part, including Chapter Eight, quantitatively studies the ice snow tourism destination attraction, and, based on the variable's indicator system, assesses the variable's timing effects and section effects with the principal component analysis models. The fourth part is case analysis. Taking Jilin City as the example, this part analyzes the mechanism of Jilin ice snow tourism attraction, researches the relationship between the ice snow tourism's intensity and gravity factors, and proposes corresponding suggestions to improve the ice snow tourism destination attraction strength of Jilin City.
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