南水北调梯级泵站调节方式与系统优化运行研究
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摘要
本文得到全国优秀博士学位论文作者专项基金(编号：2007B41)和江苏省水利科技重点项目(编号：2008048)的资助。
南水北调东线工程为大型复杂梯级泵站系统。由于装机容量大,运行时间长,工程的优化运行对降低调水成本至关重要。目前,泵站优化运行研究考虑的因素和优化的范围不够全面,优化效果还有提高的空间。我国大部分泵站未实现优化运行,运行费用高,能源浪费严重。本文通过分析大型泵站系统的组成与能量损失,研究大型泵站工况调节方式的定量优化选择方法,对考虑多因素的南水北调东线单座泵站系统、并联泵站系统以及首段梯级泵站系统分别进行优化计算,确定最优运行方案,节省运行费用。主要研究工作和创造性成果有：
(1)提出了泵站系统的概念,泵站系统由输变电设施、泵站以及输水设施组成。分析了梯级泵站系统各部分能量损失,对典型泵站系统的能量损失与系统效率进行了计算,首次揭示了泵站系统效率特性。结果表明,泵站系统效率符合随泵装置扬程的升高先升高后下降的规律。泵装置扬程一定情况下,随着开机台数的增加,宝应站和江都四站系统效率先升高后下降,江都二站和大套三站系统效率持续升高,所有机组全部开启时系统效率达到最高。
(2)在大型泵站工况调节方式技术分析的基础上,综合考虑泵站运行扬程变化、运行时间、设备投资和运行费用等因素,首次提出了水泵机组工况调节方式定量优化选择方法。对6种典型泵型采用不同工况调节方式优化运行进行分析计算。结果表明,当泵站平均扬程位于高效区内且扬程变幅较小时,在保证正常起动的前提下,泵站最优工况调节方式为半调节。当泵站平均扬程偏离高效区较多或扬程变幅较大时,泵站需要采用变角或变频变速调节运行工况。由于变频装置本身耗费功率、设备费用高等原因,其适用的范围很小。泵站年运行扬程时间密度分布情况对工况调节方式的选择稍有影响。随着设备费用的降低,泵站系统变工况优化运行的效果愈加显著。
(3)应用本文提出的工况调节方式定量优化选择方法,对已建的南水北调蔺家坝站、淮阴三站泵装置的工况调节方式进行了选择。结果表明,两座泵站的最优工况调节方式均为变频变速调节,这是由于这两座泵站的扬程相对变幅较大。针对待建的金湖站,筛选出3种可行泵型,进行应用不同工况调节方式优化运行计算分析,结果表明,金湖站采用变角调节较为合适。
(4)分别采用遗传算法(GA)、基本粒子群算法(PSO)、模拟退火粒子群算法(SA-PSO)对南水北调江都站系统进行运行优化计算。结果表明,泵站实施变角优化运行,运行费用较在常规设计角度的运行费用节省0.99%-4.22%。三种算法中,SA-PSO算法更适合于泵站运行优化问题求解。
(5)在源头江都四站日抽水量一定的情况下,考虑泵装置扬程随时间连续变化、分时电价和变角调节频度等因素,以系统日运行费用最少为目标,求解确定系统最优运行方案,首次研究优化运行的变角调节频度对运行费用的影响。结果表明,变角调节频度越高,每天划分的时段数越多,则优化效果越好,泵站系统运行费用越低,并趋向一恒定值。考虑到频繁调节对调节机构可靠性的影响,泵站每天变角以6-8次为宜。与不变角相比,优化运行一天变角8次可节省运行费用5.76%-17.63%。考虑分时电价泵站系统变角优化运行方案较不考虑分时电价的泵站系统设计角度运行方案节省运行费用5.64%-12.13%。
(6)在源头邻近并联泵站——江都一至四站系统日抽水量一定的情况下,考虑泵装置扬程随时间连续变化、分时电价和变角调节,以系统日运行费用最少为目标,求解确定系统最优运行方案。该优化运行方案与不考虑分时电价的泵站系统设计角度优化运行方案相比,节省运行费用5.79%～18.64%。
(7)首次研究了从长江三江营引水经江都站至淮安站下的包括输水河道和输变电设施在内的单线输水的泵站系统运行优化。在调水目的地淮安站下水位及流量一定的情况下,与在设计角度下运行相比,三江营最大潮差、平均潮差、最小潮差三种典型日分别实施变角优化运行,泵站系统运行费用分别减少0.62%-2.26%、0.33%-3.26%和0.22%-0.83%。
(8)研究了从长江三江营引水经江都站、宝应站两条线路至淮安站下的双线输水的泵站系统优化运行。首次建立模型,分别采用逐次逼近法和两层直接迭代法求解两条线路的流量最优分配比及其系统优化运行方案。结果表明,最优流量分配方案系统输入功率较设计流量分配方案节省0.2%-2%。
(9)首次研究了南水北调东线长江至洪泽湖段首段3级复杂梯级泵站系统运行优化,建立优化模型,通过四层迭代计算,求解在长江三江营水源水位2.19 m,洪泽湖水位13.5 m,入湖流量分别为450 m3/s、300 m3/s的情况下,首段梯级泵站系统的优化运行方案(包括梯级之间的最优扬程分配、并联输水线路最优流量分配、各泵站抽水流量、开机台数及运行工况)。结果表明：入湖流量分别为450 m3/s、300 m3/s时,系统最优运行方案输入功率较原设计方案可分别节省6.83%和2.27%。
Eastern Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project is a large and complex step pumping station system. Because of large installed capacity and long operation time, optimal operation of the project is significant to reducing the cost of diverting water. At present, the factors and the optimal range have not been considered comprehensively in pumping station optimal operation, and the optimizing effect could be advanced. Optimal operation has not realized in most of the pumping stations. The operation cost is high and the energy is extravagant seriously. The constitutions of large pumping station system and energy losses were analyzed in the paper. Quantitative optimal selection methods of operation duty adjusting modes were researched for large pumping stations. Single pumping station system, parallel pumping station system and step pumping station system of the Eastern Route in South-to-North Water Transfer Project were calculated respectively based on multi-factors. Optimum operation schemes were obtained, and the operation cost was saved. The main works and the achievements are as follows:
(1) The concept of pumping station system was put forward. Pumping station system is constituted by power transmission and transformation engineering, pumping stations and water transmission engineering. Energy losses of each part of step pumping station system were analyzed. Also, energy losses and system efficient of typical pumping station systems were calculated. The characteristics of pumping station system efficiency were revealed for the first time. The results indicated that the efficiency of pumping station system is according with the law of increasing at first and then decreasing with the pump assembly head increasing. Under the circumstances of certain pump assembly head, with the number of running pump units increasing, system efficiency of Baoying pumping station and Jiangdu 4th pumping station is increased at first, and then decreased. System efficiency of Jiangdu 2nd pumping station and Datao 3rd pumping station is increased continuely, and the system efficiency reaches the maximum when all the units are running.
(2) On the basis of technical analysis on adjusting modes for large pumping station, several factors such as head variety, operation time, equipment investments and operation cost were considered comprehensively. Quantitative optimal selection methods of adjusting modes for pump unit operation duty were put forward. Aiming at 6 typical pump types, optimal operation of different adjusting modes were calculated and analyzed. The results indicated that under the premise of normal starting, the optimal adjusting mode is half adjusting blade angles when pumping station average head is locating high efficiency area, and also the head variety range is small. When pumping station average head is more deviated from high efficiency area or the head variety range is large, adjusting pump blade angles or rotational speeds by frequency is necessary to adjust operation duties. Because the variable frequency device consumes power and the equipment cost is high, its practicable range is very small. Time density distribution of pumping station annual operation head has a few influences on selecting adjusting modes. The effect of pumping station optimal operation by adjusting operation duties is more obvious with the decrement of the equipment cost.
(3) Aiming at pump assemblies of constructed Linjiaba pumping station and Huaiyin 3rd pumping station of South-to-North Water Transfer Project, adjusting modes were selected with the quantitative optimal selection methods, which was put forward in the paper. The results indicated that the best adjusting modes of the two pumping station are both adjusting rotational speed by frequency conversion. This is because the relative variable ranges of the two pumping station head are large. Aiming at waiting for construction Jinhu pumping station, three feasible pump types were selected, and optimal operation schemes of different adjusting modes were calculated and analyzed. The results indicated that the adjusting mode by adjusting pump blade angles is suitable for Jinhu pumping station.
(4) Genetic algorithms (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and simulated annealing-particle swarm optimization (SA-PSO) were applied to calculate optimal operation of Jiangdu pumping station system in South-to-North Water Transfer Project. The results indicated that the operation costs by adjusting pump blade angles are 0.99%-4.22%less than that of the conventional schemes under design blade angles. And among the three optimum schemes, SA-PSO is more suitable for solving large pumping station optimal operation.
(5) Under the circumstances of pumping certain volume water per day, considering pump assembly head varying along with the time, time-varying electrical price and regulating frequency by adjusting pump blade angles, optimal operation schemes of source Jiangdu 4th pumping station system were determined aiming at the least system operation cost. The results showed that the higher the regulating frequency by adjusting pump blade angles, the more the number of time periods per day is, while the optimal effect is obvious, and pumping station operation cost is decreased, which tends to some const. Considering the influences of frequently regulating on the reliability of regulating mechanism, the proper times of adjusting pump blade angles is 6-8. Compared with not adjusting pump blade angles, the operation cost is saved about 5.76%-17.63%by adjusting blade angles 8 times per day. Operation cost of the optimum schemes by adjusting pump blade angles and considering time-varying electrical price is 5.64%-12.13%less than that of design blade angles without considering time-varying electrical price.
(6) Under the circumstances of pumping certain volume water per day, considering pump assembly head varying along with the time, time-varying electrical price and adjusting operation duties by adjusting pump blade angles, and optimal operation schemes of adjacent parallel Jiangdu pumping station system were determined aiming at the least system operation cost. Compared with the schemes of operation on design blade angles without considering time-varying electrical price, the operation cost of the optimum schemes is saved by 5.79%-18.64%.
(7) Optimal operation for single line water transfer system was researched for the first time, which is starting from Sanjiangying of Yangtze River to Huai'an pumping station, passing by Jiangdu pumping station, including water channel, transmission and substation facilities. Under the circumstance of certain water level and discharge of Huai'an pumping station, system operation cost by adjusting blade angles are separately 0.62%-2.26%, 0.33%～3.26%and 0.22%-0.83%less than that of design blade angles with the maximum, average and minimum Sanjiangying tidal range of three typical days.
(8) Optimal operation for double line water transfer system was researched, which is starting from Sanjiangying of Yangtze River to Huai'an pumping station, passing by Jiangdu pumping station and Baoying pumping station. Optimal models were built for the first time, and optimal discharge ratio of the two lines and system optimal operation schemes were solved by gradually approaching algorithm and two layer direct iteration. The results indicated that system input power of optimal discharge ratio is about 0.2%-2%less than that of design discharge ratio.
(9) Optimal operation of the first section step pumping station with 3 steps was researched for the first time, which is starting from Yangtze River to Hongze Lake of Eastern Route in South-to-North Water Transfer Project. Optimal models were built and calculated by four layer iteration. When the water levels of Sanjiangying of Yangtze River and Hongze Lake are 2.19 m and 13.5 m respectively, and inflow discharge of Hongze Lake is 450 m3/s and 300 m3/s, optimal operation schemes were determined (including optimal head distribution among steps, optimal discharge distribution between parallel water diversion line, and pumping discharge, the number of running pump units and operation duties of each pumping station). The results indicated that when inflow discharge of Hongze Lake is 450 m3/s and 300 m3/s, system input power of the optimal operation schemes is 6.83%and 2.27% less than that of original design schemes.
南水北调东线工程为大型复杂梯级泵站系统。由于装机容量大,运行时间长,工程的优化运行对降低调水成本至关重要。目前,泵站优化运行研究考虑的因素和优化的范围不够全面,优化效果还有提高的空间。我国大部分泵站未实现优化运行,运行费用高,能源浪费严重。本文通过分析大型泵站系统的组成与能量损失,研究大型泵站工况调节方式的定量优化选择方法,对考虑多因素的南水北调东线单座泵站系统、并联泵站系统以及首段梯级泵站系统分别进行优化计算,确定最优运行方案,节省运行费用。主要研究工作和创造性成果有：
(1)提出了泵站系统的概念,泵站系统由输变电设施、泵站以及输水设施组成。分析了梯级泵站系统各部分能量损失,对典型泵站系统的能量损失与系统效率进行了计算,首次揭示了泵站系统效率特性。结果表明,泵站系统效率符合随泵装置扬程的升高先升高后下降的规律。泵装置扬程一定情况下,随着开机台数的增加,宝应站和江都四站系统效率先升高后下降,江都二站和大套三站系统效率持续升高,所有机组全部开启时系统效率达到最高。
(2)在大型泵站工况调节方式技术分析的基础上,综合考虑泵站运行扬程变化、运行时间、设备投资和运行费用等因素,首次提出了水泵机组工况调节方式定量优化选择方法。对6种典型泵型采用不同工况调节方式优化运行进行分析计算。结果表明,当泵站平均扬程位于高效区内且扬程变幅较小时,在保证正常起动的前提下,泵站最优工况调节方式为半调节。当泵站平均扬程偏离高效区较多或扬程变幅较大时,泵站需要采用变角或变频变速调节运行工况。由于变频装置本身耗费功率、设备费用高等原因,其适用的范围很小。泵站年运行扬程时间密度分布情况对工况调节方式的选择稍有影响。随着设备费用的降低,泵站系统变工况优化运行的效果愈加显著。
(3)应用本文提出的工况调节方式定量优化选择方法,对已建的南水北调蔺家坝站、淮阴三站泵装置的工况调节方式进行了选择。结果表明,两座泵站的最优工况调节方式均为变频变速调节,这是由于这两座泵站的扬程相对变幅较大。针对待建的金湖站,筛选出3种可行泵型,进行应用不同工况调节方式优化运行计算分析,结果表明,金湖站采用变角调节较为合适。
(4)分别采用遗传算法(GA)、基本粒子群算法(PSO)、模拟退火粒子群算法(SA-PSO)对南水北调江都站系统进行运行优化计算。结果表明,泵站实施变角优化运行,运行费用较在常规设计角度的运行费用节省0.99%-4.22%。三种算法中,SA-PSO算法更适合于泵站运行优化问题求解。
(5)在源头江都四站日抽水量一定的情况下,考虑泵装置扬程随时间连续变化、分时电价和变角调节频度等因素,以系统日运行费用最少为目标,求解确定系统最优运行方案,首次研究优化运行的变角调节频度对运行费用的影响。结果表明,变角调节频度越高,每天划分的时段数越多,则优化效果越好,泵站系统运行费用越低,并趋向一恒定值。考虑到频繁调节对调节机构可靠性的影响,泵站每天变角以6-8次为宜。与不变角相比,优化运行一天变角8次可节省运行费用5.76%-17.63%。考虑分时电价泵站系统变角优化运行方案较不考虑分时电价的泵站系统设计角度运行方案节省运行费用5.64%-12.13%。
(6)在源头邻近并联泵站——江都一至四站系统日抽水量一定的情况下,考虑泵装置扬程随时间连续变化、分时电价和变角调节,以系统日运行费用最少为目标,求解确定系统最优运行方案。该优化运行方案与不考虑分时电价的泵站系统设计角度优化运行方案相比,节省运行费用5.79%～18.64%。
(7)首次研究了从长江三江营引水经江都站至淮安站下的包括输水河道和输变电设施在内的单线输水的泵站系统运行优化。在调水目的地淮安站下水位及流量一定的情况下,与在设计角度下运行相比,三江营最大潮差、平均潮差、最小潮差三种典型日分别实施变角优化运行,泵站系统运行费用分别减少0.62%-2.26%、0.33%-3.26%和0.22%-0.83%。
(8)研究了从长江三江营引水经江都站、宝应站两条线路至淮安站下的双线输水的泵站系统优化运行。首次建立模型,分别采用逐次逼近法和两层直接迭代法求解两条线路的流量最优分配比及其系统优化运行方案。结果表明,最优流量分配方案系统输入功率较设计流量分配方案节省0.2%-2%。
(9)首次研究了南水北调东线长江至洪泽湖段首段3级复杂梯级泵站系统运行优化,建立优化模型,通过四层迭代计算,求解在长江三江营水源水位2.19 m,洪泽湖水位13.5 m,入湖流量分别为450 m3/s、300 m3/s的情况下,首段梯级泵站系统的优化运行方案(包括梯级之间的最优扬程分配、并联输水线路最优流量分配、各泵站抽水流量、开机台数及运行工况)。结果表明：入湖流量分别为450 m3/s、300 m3/s时,系统最优运行方案输入功率较原设计方案可分别节省6.83%和2.27%。
Eastern Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project is a large and complex step pumping station system. Because of large installed capacity and long operation time, optimal operation of the project is significant to reducing the cost of diverting water. At present, the factors and the optimal range have not been considered comprehensively in pumping station optimal operation, and the optimizing effect could be advanced. Optimal operation has not realized in most of the pumping stations. The operation cost is high and the energy is extravagant seriously. The constitutions of large pumping station system and energy losses were analyzed in the paper. Quantitative optimal selection methods of operation duty adjusting modes were researched for large pumping stations. Single pumping station system, parallel pumping station system and step pumping station system of the Eastern Route in South-to-North Water Transfer Project were calculated respectively based on multi-factors. Optimum operation schemes were obtained, and the operation cost was saved. The main works and the achievements are as follows:
(1) The concept of pumping station system was put forward. Pumping station system is constituted by power transmission and transformation engineering, pumping stations and water transmission engineering. Energy losses of each part of step pumping station system were analyzed. Also, energy losses and system efficient of typical pumping station systems were calculated. The characteristics of pumping station system efficiency were revealed for the first time. The results indicated that the efficiency of pumping station system is according with the law of increasing at first and then decreasing with the pump assembly head increasing. Under the circumstances of certain pump assembly head, with the number of running pump units increasing, system efficiency of Baoying pumping station and Jiangdu 4th pumping station is increased at first, and then decreased. System efficiency of Jiangdu 2nd pumping station and Datao 3rd pumping station is increased continuely, and the system efficiency reaches the maximum when all the units are running.
(2) On the basis of technical analysis on adjusting modes for large pumping station, several factors such as head variety, operation time, equipment investments and operation cost were considered comprehensively. Quantitative optimal selection methods of adjusting modes for pump unit operation duty were put forward. Aiming at 6 typical pump types, optimal operation of different adjusting modes were calculated and analyzed. The results indicated that under the premise of normal starting, the optimal adjusting mode is half adjusting blade angles when pumping station average head is locating high efficiency area, and also the head variety range is small. When pumping station average head is more deviated from high efficiency area or the head variety range is large, adjusting pump blade angles or rotational speeds by frequency is necessary to adjust operation duties. Because the variable frequency device consumes power and the equipment cost is high, its practicable range is very small. Time density distribution of pumping station annual operation head has a few influences on selecting adjusting modes. The effect of pumping station optimal operation by adjusting operation duties is more obvious with the decrement of the equipment cost.
(3) Aiming at pump assemblies of constructed Linjiaba pumping station and Huaiyin 3rd pumping station of South-to-North Water Transfer Project, adjusting modes were selected with the quantitative optimal selection methods, which was put forward in the paper. The results indicated that the best adjusting modes of the two pumping station are both adjusting rotational speed by frequency conversion. This is because the relative variable ranges of the two pumping station head are large. Aiming at waiting for construction Jinhu pumping station, three feasible pump types were selected, and optimal operation schemes of different adjusting modes were calculated and analyzed. The results indicated that the adjusting mode by adjusting pump blade angles is suitable for Jinhu pumping station.
(4) Genetic algorithms (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and simulated annealing-particle swarm optimization (SA-PSO) were applied to calculate optimal operation of Jiangdu pumping station system in South-to-North Water Transfer Project. The results indicated that the operation costs by adjusting pump blade angles are 0.99%-4.22%less than that of the conventional schemes under design blade angles. And among the three optimum schemes, SA-PSO is more suitable for solving large pumping station optimal operation.
(5) Under the circumstances of pumping certain volume water per day, considering pump assembly head varying along with the time, time-varying electrical price and regulating frequency by adjusting pump blade angles, optimal operation schemes of source Jiangdu 4th pumping station system were determined aiming at the least system operation cost. The results showed that the higher the regulating frequency by adjusting pump blade angles, the more the number of time periods per day is, while the optimal effect is obvious, and pumping station operation cost is decreased, which tends to some const. Considering the influences of frequently regulating on the reliability of regulating mechanism, the proper times of adjusting pump blade angles is 6-8. Compared with not adjusting pump blade angles, the operation cost is saved about 5.76%-17.63%by adjusting blade angles 8 times per day. Operation cost of the optimum schemes by adjusting pump blade angles and considering time-varying electrical price is 5.64%-12.13%less than that of design blade angles without considering time-varying electrical price.
(6) Under the circumstances of pumping certain volume water per day, considering pump assembly head varying along with the time, time-varying electrical price and adjusting operation duties by adjusting pump blade angles, and optimal operation schemes of adjacent parallel Jiangdu pumping station system were determined aiming at the least system operation cost. Compared with the schemes of operation on design blade angles without considering time-varying electrical price, the operation cost of the optimum schemes is saved by 5.79%-18.64%.
(7) Optimal operation for single line water transfer system was researched for the first time, which is starting from Sanjiangying of Yangtze River to Huai'an pumping station, passing by Jiangdu pumping station, including water channel, transmission and substation facilities. Under the circumstance of certain water level and discharge of Huai'an pumping station, system operation cost by adjusting blade angles are separately 0.62%-2.26%, 0.33%～3.26%and 0.22%-0.83%less than that of design blade angles with the maximum, average and minimum Sanjiangying tidal range of three typical days.
(8) Optimal operation for double line water transfer system was researched, which is starting from Sanjiangying of Yangtze River to Huai'an pumping station, passing by Jiangdu pumping station and Baoying pumping station. Optimal models were built for the first time, and optimal discharge ratio of the two lines and system optimal operation schemes were solved by gradually approaching algorithm and two layer direct iteration. The results indicated that system input power of optimal discharge ratio is about 0.2%-2%less than that of design discharge ratio.
(9) Optimal operation of the first section step pumping station with 3 steps was researched for the first time, which is starting from Yangtze River to Hongze Lake of Eastern Route in South-to-North Water Transfer Project. Optimal models were built and calculated by four layer iteration. When the water levels of Sanjiangying of Yangtze River and Hongze Lake are 2.19 m and 13.5 m respectively, and inflow discharge of Hongze Lake is 450 m3/s and 300 m3/s, optimal operation schemes were determined (including optimal head distribution among steps, optimal discharge distribution between parallel water diversion line, and pumping discharge, the number of running pump units and operation duties of each pumping station). The results indicated that when inflow discharge of Hongze Lake is 450 m3/s and 300 m3/s, system input power of the optimal operation schemes is 6.83%and 2.27% less than that of original design schemes.
引文
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