华北平原大型区域地下水流数值模型的构建与应用
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摘要
华北平原是我国北方地区重要的经济核心地区和农业基地，主要以地下水作为供水水源。随着社会经济的快速发展，该地区目前面临严重的水资源短缺情况，而长期超量开采地下水，也引发了华北平原地下水位持续下降、地面沉降等环境问题。因此，有必要建立华北平原大型区域地下水流数值模型，利用模型对该地区地下水资源进行精确的评价，为合理开发利用华北平原地下水资源提供有效的科学依据。
为提高华北平原区域地下水流数值模型的运行效率和对大批量数据处理的能力，本次研究首先从地下水模型程序MODFLOW入手，针对其在面状补排量数据处理方面的不足，对现有的RCH子程序包进行了改进，并开发出新的RAW子程序包。通过理想地下水流数值模型算例，对程序的正确性进行验证并测试了其性能。结果显示改进后和新开发子程序包在数据输入和读取方面的效率大大提高；新开发RAW程序包还实现了垂向上多层面状补排量的处理功能。另外，为使模型能够准确刻画华北平原地下水开发利用现状，本次研究还根据水量均衡原理，提出了地下水开采量反演方法，并设计了基于MODFLOW的开采量反演流程。
本次研究中的华北平原大型区域地下水流数值模型是在原华北平原地下水流模型的基础上，运用改进后的MODFLOW程序建立的。模型剖分网格规格为1000×1000m2，比原模型精度提高了16倍；并且模拟期也由原来的2002-2003年扩展为2001-2010年。通过对浅、深层地下水流场进行拟合，完成模型初步识别后，结合已有的2001-2008年地下水位观测数据，利用提出的反演方法，实现了对华北平原开采量的反演估算，获得了华北平原2001-2008年各年的地下水开采量，其平均年开采量为234.36108m3。将反演后的开采量数据带入模型进行运算后，也得到了较反演前更好的水位过程线和流场拟合效果。最后根据2001-2010年模拟结果进行水均衡分析，对华北平原地下水多年平均补给资源量、可开采资源量进行了评价。结果表明2001-2010年华北平原浅层含水层补给资源量为242.07108m3/a，地下水总可开采资源量为191.51×108m3/a。
The North China Plain (NCP), an important economic core and agricultural base in thenorth part of China, takes groundwater as the major water supply. As economy booms, this areahas been facing serious water shortage. Meanwhile, long-term excessive groundwater pumpingthere also results in some environmental problems including continuous water level decline,land subsidence, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a numerical model of regionalgroundwater flow system for the NCP, which could be used to accurately evaluate the amountof groundwater resources and provide scientific support for reasonable groundwaterexploitation in the NCP.
To improve operating efficiency and data processing capability of groundwater model ofthe NCP, this study started with the groundwater flow modeling program–MODFLOW.Because the MODFLOW has a disadvantage in processing input data as the format of rechargeor discharge rate. The existing RCH procedure was improved and a new procedure RAW wasdeveloped aiming to solve this problem. Performance of the improved RCH procedure and theRAW procedure were tested by an idealized groundwater model. The test results indicated thatthe improved RCH procedure and the RAW procedure could greatly improve the efficiency ofdata input and data reading of MODFLOW. The RAW procedure could also process the inputdata of different aquifer layers as the format of recharge or discharge rate. In addition, amethod of inverting groundwater withdrawal was proposed in the study and correspondinggroundwater withdrawal inversion procedure was schemed so as to accurately represent currentgroundwater exploitation in the NCP.
The numerical model of regional groundwater flow of the NCP in the study wasdeveloped on the basis of the original groundwater model of the NCP, using the improvedMODFLOW. The size of the model grid was1000×1000m2, which is16times smaller than theoriginal one. Moreover, the simulation period was prolonged as2001-2010instead of2002-2003. After preliminarily calibrating the established model by fitting the observedgroundwater flow field with the simulated ones in shallow layers and deep layers respectively,the groundwater withdrawal of the NPC was inverted using the proposed inversion method in combination with the observed groundwater level date during2001-2008. The outcomeshowed that the inverted average groundwater withdrawal was234.36108m3per year.Meanwhile, the established model obtained a better fitting of groundwater flow fields and ofhydrograph by putting the inverted groundwater withdrawal date into the model. Finally,according to the simulation results and groundwater budget analysis of2001-2010, this studyassessed the average annual groundwater recharge and safe yield of the NCP. The evaluationresults indicated that the average recharge of the shallow aquifer was242.07108m3per yearand the safe yield of groundwater for NCP was191.51×108m3per year during2001-2010.
为提高华北平原区域地下水流数值模型的运行效率和对大批量数据处理的能力，本次研究首先从地下水模型程序MODFLOW入手，针对其在面状补排量数据处理方面的不足，对现有的RCH子程序包进行了改进，并开发出新的RAW子程序包。通过理想地下水流数值模型算例，对程序的正确性进行验证并测试了其性能。结果显示改进后和新开发子程序包在数据输入和读取方面的效率大大提高；新开发RAW程序包还实现了垂向上多层面状补排量的处理功能。另外，为使模型能够准确刻画华北平原地下水开发利用现状，本次研究还根据水量均衡原理，提出了地下水开采量反演方法，并设计了基于MODFLOW的开采量反演流程。
本次研究中的华北平原大型区域地下水流数值模型是在原华北平原地下水流模型的基础上，运用改进后的MODFLOW程序建立的。模型剖分网格规格为1000×1000m2，比原模型精度提高了16倍；并且模拟期也由原来的2002-2003年扩展为2001-2010年。通过对浅、深层地下水流场进行拟合，完成模型初步识别后，结合已有的2001-2008年地下水位观测数据，利用提出的反演方法，实现了对华北平原开采量的反演估算，获得了华北平原2001-2008年各年的地下水开采量，其平均年开采量为234.36108m3。将反演后的开采量数据带入模型进行运算后，也得到了较反演前更好的水位过程线和流场拟合效果。最后根据2001-2010年模拟结果进行水均衡分析，对华北平原地下水多年平均补给资源量、可开采资源量进行了评价。结果表明2001-2010年华北平原浅层含水层补给资源量为242.07108m3/a，地下水总可开采资源量为191.51×108m3/a。
The North China Plain (NCP), an important economic core and agricultural base in thenorth part of China, takes groundwater as the major water supply. As economy booms, this areahas been facing serious water shortage. Meanwhile, long-term excessive groundwater pumpingthere also results in some environmental problems including continuous water level decline,land subsidence, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a numerical model of regionalgroundwater flow system for the NCP, which could be used to accurately evaluate the amountof groundwater resources and provide scientific support for reasonable groundwaterexploitation in the NCP.
To improve operating efficiency and data processing capability of groundwater model ofthe NCP, this study started with the groundwater flow modeling program–MODFLOW.Because the MODFLOW has a disadvantage in processing input data as the format of rechargeor discharge rate. The existing RCH procedure was improved and a new procedure RAW wasdeveloped aiming to solve this problem. Performance of the improved RCH procedure and theRAW procedure were tested by an idealized groundwater model. The test results indicated thatthe improved RCH procedure and the RAW procedure could greatly improve the efficiency ofdata input and data reading of MODFLOW. The RAW procedure could also process the inputdata of different aquifer layers as the format of recharge or discharge rate. In addition, amethod of inverting groundwater withdrawal was proposed in the study and correspondinggroundwater withdrawal inversion procedure was schemed so as to accurately represent currentgroundwater exploitation in the NCP.
The numerical model of regional groundwater flow of the NCP in the study wasdeveloped on the basis of the original groundwater model of the NCP, using the improvedMODFLOW. The size of the model grid was1000×1000m2, which is16times smaller than theoriginal one. Moreover, the simulation period was prolonged as2001-2010instead of2002-2003. After preliminarily calibrating the established model by fitting the observedgroundwater flow field with the simulated ones in shallow layers and deep layers respectively,the groundwater withdrawal of the NPC was inverted using the proposed inversion method in combination with the observed groundwater level date during2001-2008. The outcomeshowed that the inverted average groundwater withdrawal was234.36108m3per year.Meanwhile, the established model obtained a better fitting of groundwater flow fields and ofhydrograph by putting the inverted groundwater withdrawal date into the model. Finally,according to the simulation results and groundwater budget analysis of2001-2010, this studyassessed the average annual groundwater recharge and safe yield of the NCP. The evaluationresults indicated that the average recharge of the shallow aquifer was242.07108m3per yearand the safe yield of groundwater for NCP was191.51×108m3per year during2001-2010.
引文
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Brian Davidson, Wei Yongping. Assessing the wicked problems‘associated with the quality ofgroundwater used in irrigation: a case study from the North China Plain. Hydrogeology Journal.2012,20:973~984
Chen Zongyu, Qi Jixiang, Xu Jianming, et al. Paleoclimatic interpretation of the past30ka from isotopicstudies of the deep confined aquifer of the North China Plain. Applied Geochemistry.2003,18:997~1009
Chen Zongyu, Nie Zhenlong, Zhang Zhaoji, et al. Isotopes and Sustainability of Ground Water Resources,North China Plain. Ground Water.2005,43:485~493
Chieh S H, Schroede D., Arley B., et al.3-dimensional groundwater modeling of the West Coast Basinbarrier//American Society of Civil Engineers，Hydraulic Engineering: Proceedings of the1988National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering. New York: ASCE,1988,1168~1175
D‘Agnese F.A., O‘Brien G.M., Faunt C.C., et al. A Three-Dimensional Numerical Model of PredevelopmentConditions in the Death Valley Regional Ground-Water Flow System, Nevada and California. USGSWater-Resources Investigations Report02–4102,2002:114
DeMeo, G.A., Laczniak, R.J., Boyd, R.A., et al. Estimated ground-water discharge by evapotranspirationfrom Death Valley, California,1997–2001. USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report03–4254,2003,27
Ebraheem A.M., Garamoon H.K., Riad S., et al. Numerical modeling of groundwater resource managementoptions in the East Oweinat area, SW Egypt. Environmental Geology,2003,4(1):433~447
Eloise Kendy, Pierre Gerard-Marchant, M. Todd Walter, et al. A soil-water-balance approach to quantifygroundwater recharge from irrigated cropland in the North China Plain. Hydrological Processes,2003,17:2011~2031
Eloise Kendy, Zhang Yongqiang, Liu Changming, et al. Groundwater recharge from irrigated cropland inthe North China Plain: case study of Luancheng Country, Hebei Province,1949-2000. HydrologicalProcesses,2004,18:2289~2302
Gogu, R.G., Carabin, G., Hallet, V., et al. GIS-based hydrogeological databases and groundwaterModeling[J]. Hydro-geological Journal9,2001:555~569
Hill M C. Preconditioned conjugate-gradient2(PCG2), a computer program for solving ground-water flowequations. Dept. of the Interior, US Geological Survey,1990
James R. Wray. Estimating irrigation water use and withdrawal of ground water on the High Plains, U.S.A.Advances in Space Research.2(8),1982,127~129
J.L. Shen, A.H. Tang, X.J. Liu, et al. High concentrations and dry deposition of reactive nitrogen species attwo sites in the North China Plain. Environmental Polllution.2009,157:3106~3113
K. Aji, C. Tang, X. Song, A. Kondoh, et al. Characteristics of chemistry and stable isotopes in groundwaterof Chaobai and Yongding River basin, North China Plain. Hydrological Processes,2008,22:63~72
Liu Changming, Yu Jingjie. Groundwater Exploitation and Its Impact on the Environment in the NorthChina Plain. Water International,2001,26(2):265~272
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