水肥一体化灌溉模式下土壤水分养分运移规律研究
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摘要
水肥一体化灌溉是将灌溉与施肥融为一体的一种农业技术,包括肥水灌溉和施肥灌溉,对提高水、肥利用效率、减少环境污染具有重要的意义。为了寻找合适的水肥一体化灌溉方法,制订合理的灌溉与施肥制度,采用田间试验与室内试验相结合、试验研究与模拟分析相结合的方法,研究了半湿润地区再生水地面灌溉及内陆干旱地区地下滴灌施肥两种不同的灌水方式下,土壤水分、养分的运移规律。取得的主要研究成果如下:
(1)以河南新乡市为例,再生水灌溉可以满足干旱年份的用水供需平衡,使区域水环境承载力指数提高到0.6以上。
(2)在半湿润地区,再生水地面灌溉条件下,单次灌水量为750 m3/hm2时,土壤NO3--N、HPO42-及K+在土壤中的运移距离分别达到80、60及75 cm以下;年灌水量为5250 m3/hm2时,再加上较大的降雨,年内NO3--N、HPO42-及K+均可以随水分被淋洗到100 cm以下土层。
(3)与常规水源相比,再生水中含有一定的盐分,特别是Na+和Cl-的含量较高,钠吸附比(SAR)的差异较大。在利用再生水进行灌溉时,应考虑灌溉水SAR对土壤入渗的影响。在半湿润地区,再生水地面灌溉对土壤盐分、容重、pH值、肥力等的影响都不明显。再生水灌溉年内土壤没有明显的盐分累积现象。
(4)在干旱内陆地区,地下滴灌施肥条件下,灌水量达到4500 m3/hm2,施肥量氮、磷、钾分别达到397.5、62.7、35.7 kg/hm2时,土壤中的NH4+-N、NO3--N和K+均可以淋洗到100 cm以下土层;而HPO42-的淋洗不明显。在生产中应注意采用少量多次的灌水方法,以减少肥料氮和钾的淋失。
(5)在干旱内陆地区,地下滴灌施肥条件下,土壤容重与距离毛管的相对位置有关。整个土壤剖面土壤容重分布呈上下高、中间低的特点,以毛管所在处土壤容重值最低;与膜下滴灌相比,地下滴灌在50 cm以上土层土壤平均容重值较小,50~80 cm土层土壤平均容重值较高,以下各层差异不明显。
(6)地下滴灌施肥条件下,土壤含盐量随着距离毛管的距离增加而增加。在垂直剖面上呈现上下高、中间低的分布特点。主要盐分离子硫酸根离子与总盐的分布规律一致,钙离子在60 cm以下随位置的变化不明显。与膜下滴灌相比,土壤总盐含量较低。在生产中,需结合一定的措施解决作物苗期土壤盐分表聚的问题。
(7)地下滴灌施肥条件下,100 cm土体碱解氮和有效钾的含量随距离毛管位置增加而增加,而有效磷的趋势则相反;膜下滴灌施肥条件下,有效钾和有效磷的趋势与地下滴灌一致,而碱解氮的趋势则是毛管处最高;滴灌施肥3年后,100 cm土体中氮、磷、钾肥料的残留量地下滴灌施肥均低于膜下滴灌施肥。
Integration of irrigation and fertilization is one of agricultural technologies which combined irrigation and fertilization as one process, including fertilized water irrigation and fertigation. It is important to maximize water and fertilizer use efficiency and crop production, and to minimize environmental pollution. In order to find a suitable integration of irrigation and fertilization, to establish a reasonable irrigation and fertilization system, field trials and laboratory experiments were conducted, and a combined method of test and simulation was used to study water and nutrients migration in soil under two different irrigation methods, the reclaimed water irrigation in arid and semi arid areas with surface irrigation, and fertigation in arid inland areas with subsurface drip irrigation. Main results obtained are as follows:
(1) Take Xinxiang City, Henan as an example, it could meet the water supply and demand balance using reclaimed water irrigation at arid years, and the water environment carrying capacity index would increase to 0.6.
(2) In the arid and semi arid areas, surface irrigation with reclaimed water, the migration distance of soil NO3--N, HPO42- and K+ after once irrigation were 80, 60, and 75 cm, respectively, when the quantity was 750 m3/hm2. All NO3--N, HPO42- and K+ in soil could be leached to 100 cm, for the whole year’s irrigation quantity up to 5250 m3/hm2, and followed with several heavier rainfall.
(3) Compared with conventional water sources, reclaimed water contains more salt, especially Na+ and Cl-, and there SAR is quite different. The impact of water SAR on soil infiltrationin should be considered as the reclaimed water is used for irrigation. In the arid and semi arid areas, effects of reclaimed water surface irrigation on soil salinity, density, pH, fertility are not obvious. Soil salt has no obvious accumulation with reclaimed water irrigation in a whole year.
(4) In the arid inland areas, under the condition of fertigation with subsurface drip irrigation, all of soil NH4+-N, NO3--N and K+could reach to the layers below 100 cm, when irrigation quantity up to 4500 m3/hm2, and N, P, K fertilizer were 397.5、62.7、35.7 kg/hm2 respectively. Leaching of soil HPO42- was no obvious.
(5) In the arid inland areas, under the condition of fertigation with subsurface drip irrigation, soil density various with the relative distance from the drip line. Throughout the soil profile, soil density distribution characteristics are higher for upper and lower layers, and lower for the middle layers. Soil density at the locations of drip line is lowest. Compared with mulched drip irrigation, the average density for subsurface drip irrigation is smaller above 50 cm layers, higher from 50 to 80 cm, and the deeper levels has no significant difference.
(6) Under the condition of fertigation with subsurface drip irrigation, soil salinity increases with the distance from the drip line increasing. Vertical distribution shows that the soil salinity higher for the upper and lower layers than that of middle layers. Distribution of major salt ions SO42- same to the total salt, and Ca2+ did not change at the location below 60 cm. Compared with mulched drip irrigation, soil total salt is lower for subsurface drip irrigation. In production, it shoule be combined with some measures to address the soil salt surface accumulation problem for seedling.
(7) Under the condition of fertigation with subsurface drip irrigation, soil alkali dissolved nitrogen and available K content at the soil of 0 to 100 cm increased with distance from the drip line increasing, while the opposite trend of phosphorus. The trend of available K and available P under mulched drip irrigation accord with subsurface drip irrigation, but the trend of alkali dissolved nitrogen was maximum near drip line. After 3 years fertigation, soil N, P and K fertilizer residues at 0 to 100 cm for fertigation with subsurface drip irrigation were lesser than mulched drip irrigation.
(1)以河南新乡市为例,再生水灌溉可以满足干旱年份的用水供需平衡,使区域水环境承载力指数提高到0.6以上。
(2)在半湿润地区,再生水地面灌溉条件下,单次灌水量为750 m3/hm2时,土壤NO3--N、HPO42-及K+在土壤中的运移距离分别达到80、60及75 cm以下;年灌水量为5250 m3/hm2时,再加上较大的降雨,年内NO3--N、HPO42-及K+均可以随水分被淋洗到100 cm以下土层。
(3)与常规水源相比,再生水中含有一定的盐分,特别是Na+和Cl-的含量较高,钠吸附比(SAR)的差异较大。在利用再生水进行灌溉时,应考虑灌溉水SAR对土壤入渗的影响。在半湿润地区,再生水地面灌溉对土壤盐分、容重、pH值、肥力等的影响都不明显。再生水灌溉年内土壤没有明显的盐分累积现象。
(4)在干旱内陆地区,地下滴灌施肥条件下,灌水量达到4500 m3/hm2,施肥量氮、磷、钾分别达到397.5、62.7、35.7 kg/hm2时,土壤中的NH4+-N、NO3--N和K+均可以淋洗到100 cm以下土层;而HPO42-的淋洗不明显。在生产中应注意采用少量多次的灌水方法,以减少肥料氮和钾的淋失。
(5)在干旱内陆地区,地下滴灌施肥条件下,土壤容重与距离毛管的相对位置有关。整个土壤剖面土壤容重分布呈上下高、中间低的特点,以毛管所在处土壤容重值最低;与膜下滴灌相比,地下滴灌在50 cm以上土层土壤平均容重值较小,50~80 cm土层土壤平均容重值较高,以下各层差异不明显。
(6)地下滴灌施肥条件下,土壤含盐量随着距离毛管的距离增加而增加。在垂直剖面上呈现上下高、中间低的分布特点。主要盐分离子硫酸根离子与总盐的分布规律一致,钙离子在60 cm以下随位置的变化不明显。与膜下滴灌相比,土壤总盐含量较低。在生产中,需结合一定的措施解决作物苗期土壤盐分表聚的问题。
(7)地下滴灌施肥条件下,100 cm土体碱解氮和有效钾的含量随距离毛管位置增加而增加,而有效磷的趋势则相反;膜下滴灌施肥条件下,有效钾和有效磷的趋势与地下滴灌一致,而碱解氮的趋势则是毛管处最高;滴灌施肥3年后,100 cm土体中氮、磷、钾肥料的残留量地下滴灌施肥均低于膜下滴灌施肥。
Integration of irrigation and fertilization is one of agricultural technologies which combined irrigation and fertilization as one process, including fertilized water irrigation and fertigation. It is important to maximize water and fertilizer use efficiency and crop production, and to minimize environmental pollution. In order to find a suitable integration of irrigation and fertilization, to establish a reasonable irrigation and fertilization system, field trials and laboratory experiments were conducted, and a combined method of test and simulation was used to study water and nutrients migration in soil under two different irrigation methods, the reclaimed water irrigation in arid and semi arid areas with surface irrigation, and fertigation in arid inland areas with subsurface drip irrigation. Main results obtained are as follows:
(1) Take Xinxiang City, Henan as an example, it could meet the water supply and demand balance using reclaimed water irrigation at arid years, and the water environment carrying capacity index would increase to 0.6.
(2) In the arid and semi arid areas, surface irrigation with reclaimed water, the migration distance of soil NO3--N, HPO42- and K+ after once irrigation were 80, 60, and 75 cm, respectively, when the quantity was 750 m3/hm2. All NO3--N, HPO42- and K+ in soil could be leached to 100 cm, for the whole year’s irrigation quantity up to 5250 m3/hm2, and followed with several heavier rainfall.
(3) Compared with conventional water sources, reclaimed water contains more salt, especially Na+ and Cl-, and there SAR is quite different. The impact of water SAR on soil infiltrationin should be considered as the reclaimed water is used for irrigation. In the arid and semi arid areas, effects of reclaimed water surface irrigation on soil salinity, density, pH, fertility are not obvious. Soil salt has no obvious accumulation with reclaimed water irrigation in a whole year.
(4) In the arid inland areas, under the condition of fertigation with subsurface drip irrigation, all of soil NH4+-N, NO3--N and K+could reach to the layers below 100 cm, when irrigation quantity up to 4500 m3/hm2, and N, P, K fertilizer were 397.5、62.7、35.7 kg/hm2 respectively. Leaching of soil HPO42- was no obvious.
(5) In the arid inland areas, under the condition of fertigation with subsurface drip irrigation, soil density various with the relative distance from the drip line. Throughout the soil profile, soil density distribution characteristics are higher for upper and lower layers, and lower for the middle layers. Soil density at the locations of drip line is lowest. Compared with mulched drip irrigation, the average density for subsurface drip irrigation is smaller above 50 cm layers, higher from 50 to 80 cm, and the deeper levels has no significant difference.
(6) Under the condition of fertigation with subsurface drip irrigation, soil salinity increases with the distance from the drip line increasing. Vertical distribution shows that the soil salinity higher for the upper and lower layers than that of middle layers. Distribution of major salt ions SO42- same to the total salt, and Ca2+ did not change at the location below 60 cm. Compared with mulched drip irrigation, soil total salt is lower for subsurface drip irrigation. In production, it shoule be combined with some measures to address the soil salt surface accumulation problem for seedling.
(7) Under the condition of fertigation with subsurface drip irrigation, soil alkali dissolved nitrogen and available K content at the soil of 0 to 100 cm increased with distance from the drip line increasing, while the opposite trend of phosphorus. The trend of available K and available P under mulched drip irrigation accord with subsurface drip irrigation, but the trend of alkali dissolved nitrogen was maximum near drip line. After 3 years fertigation, soil N, P and K fertilizer residues at 0 to 100 cm for fertigation with subsurface drip irrigation were lesser than mulched drip irrigation.
引文
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