青少年危险行为特点研究及其保护/危险因素模型探索
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摘要
目的:(1)了解苏州地区青少年(初中生、高中生)危险行为的流行现状,分析各种危险行为在青少年群体中的分布特点;(2)划分不同危险程度的青少年类群,研究不同类群青少年危险行为的丛生、共变性特点;(3)探讨危险行为的保护因素和危险因素,尝试建立青少年危险行为的保护/危险因素模型,明确各影响因素的作用方式和途径。
方法:选取苏州市三所中等教学水平中学初一到高三在校生1420名,采用一般情况调查表、青少年危险行为监测问卷、流调中心用抑郁量表、儿童多维焦虑量表、认知情绪调节问卷、Rosenberg自尊量表、青少年生活事件量表、家庭环境量表中文版、青少年社会支持量表进行测评。使用SPSS11.5和AMOS7.0统计软件进行卡方检验、t检验、方差分析、相关分析、回归分析、聚类分析、结构方程分析。
结果:(1)九种危险行为检出率由高到低依次为:导致非故意伤害的行为(72.1%)、缺少运动行为(68.5%)、饮酒行为(51.9%)、不健康减肥行为(23.9%)、自杀行为(13.7%)、暴力行为(10.2%)、吸烟行为(8.3%)、药物滥用行为(3.3%)、风险性行为(3.0%),缺少运动、饮酒、导致非故意伤害的行为三者严重程度得分较高。(2)初中生暴力、自杀行为的发生率和严重程度显著高于高中生(p< 0.01),而非故意伤害、吸烟、饮酒、缺少运动行为的发生率和(或)严重程度显著低于高中生(p< 0.01),其余两者无明显差异(p >0.05);男生暴力、吸烟、饮酒、风险性行为的检出率和严重程度显著高于女生(p< 0.01),女生自杀、不健康减肥、缺少运动行为检出率和严重程度显著高于男生(p< 0.01);家庭背景因素(独生子女、父母婚姻状况、父母文化程度、主观经济地位和主观自我地位)对各种危险行为具有不同的影响,但每种因素只对个别危险行为产生影响。(3)危险行为之间存在普遍正相关,但相关程度差距较大,仅暴力和缺少体育活动间存在微弱负相关。(4)男性和女性青少年都可以分为低危、较低危、中危、高危四个不同的类群,两者高危类群危险行为的丛生性特点差异较大,其余类群具有类似特点,同时缺少运动行为对男生没有分类价值(p >0.05),风险性行为和缺少运动行为对女生没有分类价值(p >0.05)。(5)抑郁、焦虑、不成熟的认知情绪调节策略、生活事件、家庭矛盾性与多种危险行为成正相关(p< 0.05),成熟的认知情绪调节策略、自尊、家庭亲密度、社会支持和多种危险行为成负相关(p< 0.05),这些影响因素对危险行为具有不同的预测作用。(6)生活事件、家庭矛盾性、不成熟认知情绪调节策略、负性情绪是危险行为的危险因素,家庭亲密度、社会支持、自尊、成熟认知情绪调节策略是保护因素,其中生活事件、家庭矛盾性、负性情绪对危险行为具有显著的直接效应,其它因素只具有间接效应。
结论:(1)危险行为在我国青少年群体中普遍存在,其发生率和严重程度具有年级、性别、家庭因素等各方面差异,具有我国文化背景下独特的表现特点。(2)危险行为间具有丛生性,以此为基础,可以分别将男生和女生分为低危、较低危、中危、高危四个危险程度不同且具有不同丛生性模式的类群,为针对性的预防和干预措施制定提供依据。(3)生活事件、家庭矛盾性、不成熟认知情绪调节策略、负性情绪是危险行为的危险因素,家庭亲密度、社会支持、自尊、成熟认知情绪调节策略是保护性因素。(4)生活事件、家庭矛盾性、负性情绪对危险行为具有直接效应;不成熟认知情绪调节策略、成熟认知情绪调节策略、家庭亲密度、社会支持、自尊只产生间接效应。
Objective: (1) To investigate the prevalence of adolescent risk behavior in Suzhou and analyze the distributional characteristic; (2) To catagorize different clusters of adolescents based on the co-occurrence of risk behaviors and study the characteristic of co-occurrence for every cluster; (3) To investigate protection factors and risk factors of adolescent risk behaviors and try to establish a protection/risk model exploring how these factors influence risk behaviors.
Methods: (1) Self-edited general questionnaire, YRBSS, CES-D, MASC, CERQ, SES, ASLEC, FES-CV, SSSA were administered to a sample of 1420 adolescents from three junior and senior high schools of average teaching level in Suzhou. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS11.5 and AMOS7.0 softwares. Chi-square test, t test, one-way ANOVA, correlation analysis, regression analysis, cluster analysis and structural equation modeling were applied to evaluate the data.
Results : (1) The detection rates of the nine risk behaviors were as follows (from high to low): unintentional injuries(72.1%), physical inactivity(68.5%), alcohol use(51.9%), unhealthy weight control (23.9%), suicide (13.7%), violence (10.2%), smoking (8.3%), drug abuse (3.3%), risk sexual behavior (3.0%), and physical inactivity, alcohol use, unintentional injuries were with high scores on severity. (2) The detection rates and severity of violence and suicide were significantly higher in junior high school students than in senior high school students(p< 0.01), while the detection rates and severity of unintentional injuries, smoking, alcohol use and physical inactivity of junior high school students were significantly lower than those of senior high school student(p< 0.01). Boys had higher detection rates and greater severity of violence, smoking, alcohol use and risk sexual behavior(p< 0.01), while girls had higher detection rates and greater severity of suicide, unhealthy weight control and physical inactivity (p<0.01). Background factors of family had different influence on these risk behaviors, however each factor only influenced certain kinds of risk behaviors. (3) Positive correlations among various risk behaviors with differed degrees were noticed in our study except a weak negative correlation between violence and physical inactivity. (4) Four distinct clusters (lowest risk, lower risk, moderate risk, high risk) were categorized based on the co-occurrence of risk behaviors in both males and females students, and the main difference between males and females was found in the high risk cluster; physical inactivity had no classificatory value in boys(p >0.05)while risky sexual behavior and physical inactivity had no classificatory value in girls(p >0.05). (5) Depression, anxiety, maladaptive cognitive emotional regulation strategies, life events, family conflicts were positively related to a variety of risk behaviors (p< 0.05)while adaptive cognitive emotional regulation strategies, self-esteem, family cohesion, social supports were negatively related to a variety of risk behaviors(p< 0.05); different factors had different effects of prediction. (6) Life events, family conflicts, maladaptive cognitive emotional regulation strategies, negative emotion (depression, anxiety) were risk factors, while family cohesion, social supports, self-esteem, adaptive cognitive emotional regulation strategies were protection factors; life events, family conflicts and negative emotion had direct effect on risk behaviors while the other factors only had indirect effect.
Conclusions: (1) Risk behaviors are prevalent in adolescents with differences on grade, gender and various family factors and have special culture characteristic. (2) Based on the co-occurrence of risk behaviors, both males and females can be divided into four distinct clusters (lowest risk, lower risk, moderate risk, high risk) with different characteristic of co-occurrence. (3) Life events, family conflicts, maladaptive cognitive emotional regulation strategies, negative emotion were risk factors, while family cohesion, social supports, self-esteem, adaptive cognitive emotional regulation strategies were protection factors. (4) Life events, family conflicts and negative emotion had direct effect on risk behaviors while the other factors only had indirect effect.
方法:选取苏州市三所中等教学水平中学初一到高三在校生1420名,采用一般情况调查表、青少年危险行为监测问卷、流调中心用抑郁量表、儿童多维焦虑量表、认知情绪调节问卷、Rosenberg自尊量表、青少年生活事件量表、家庭环境量表中文版、青少年社会支持量表进行测评。使用SPSS11.5和AMOS7.0统计软件进行卡方检验、t检验、方差分析、相关分析、回归分析、聚类分析、结构方程分析。
结果:(1)九种危险行为检出率由高到低依次为:导致非故意伤害的行为(72.1%)、缺少运动行为(68.5%)、饮酒行为(51.9%)、不健康减肥行为(23.9%)、自杀行为(13.7%)、暴力行为(10.2%)、吸烟行为(8.3%)、药物滥用行为(3.3%)、风险性行为(3.0%),缺少运动、饮酒、导致非故意伤害的行为三者严重程度得分较高。(2)初中生暴力、自杀行为的发生率和严重程度显著高于高中生(p< 0.01),而非故意伤害、吸烟、饮酒、缺少运动行为的发生率和(或)严重程度显著低于高中生(p< 0.01),其余两者无明显差异(p >0.05);男生暴力、吸烟、饮酒、风险性行为的检出率和严重程度显著高于女生(p< 0.01),女生自杀、不健康减肥、缺少运动行为检出率和严重程度显著高于男生(p< 0.01);家庭背景因素(独生子女、父母婚姻状况、父母文化程度、主观经济地位和主观自我地位)对各种危险行为具有不同的影响,但每种因素只对个别危险行为产生影响。(3)危险行为之间存在普遍正相关,但相关程度差距较大,仅暴力和缺少体育活动间存在微弱负相关。(4)男性和女性青少年都可以分为低危、较低危、中危、高危四个不同的类群,两者高危类群危险行为的丛生性特点差异较大,其余类群具有类似特点,同时缺少运动行为对男生没有分类价值(p >0.05),风险性行为和缺少运动行为对女生没有分类价值(p >0.05)。(5)抑郁、焦虑、不成熟的认知情绪调节策略、生活事件、家庭矛盾性与多种危险行为成正相关(p< 0.05),成熟的认知情绪调节策略、自尊、家庭亲密度、社会支持和多种危险行为成负相关(p< 0.05),这些影响因素对危险行为具有不同的预测作用。(6)生活事件、家庭矛盾性、不成熟认知情绪调节策略、负性情绪是危险行为的危险因素,家庭亲密度、社会支持、自尊、成熟认知情绪调节策略是保护因素,其中生活事件、家庭矛盾性、负性情绪对危险行为具有显著的直接效应,其它因素只具有间接效应。
结论:(1)危险行为在我国青少年群体中普遍存在,其发生率和严重程度具有年级、性别、家庭因素等各方面差异,具有我国文化背景下独特的表现特点。(2)危险行为间具有丛生性,以此为基础,可以分别将男生和女生分为低危、较低危、中危、高危四个危险程度不同且具有不同丛生性模式的类群,为针对性的预防和干预措施制定提供依据。(3)生活事件、家庭矛盾性、不成熟认知情绪调节策略、负性情绪是危险行为的危险因素,家庭亲密度、社会支持、自尊、成熟认知情绪调节策略是保护性因素。(4)生活事件、家庭矛盾性、负性情绪对危险行为具有直接效应;不成熟认知情绪调节策略、成熟认知情绪调节策略、家庭亲密度、社会支持、自尊只产生间接效应。
Objective: (1) To investigate the prevalence of adolescent risk behavior in Suzhou and analyze the distributional characteristic; (2) To catagorize different clusters of adolescents based on the co-occurrence of risk behaviors and study the characteristic of co-occurrence for every cluster; (3) To investigate protection factors and risk factors of adolescent risk behaviors and try to establish a protection/risk model exploring how these factors influence risk behaviors.
Methods: (1) Self-edited general questionnaire, YRBSS, CES-D, MASC, CERQ, SES, ASLEC, FES-CV, SSSA were administered to a sample of 1420 adolescents from three junior and senior high schools of average teaching level in Suzhou. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS11.5 and AMOS7.0 softwares. Chi-square test, t test, one-way ANOVA, correlation analysis, regression analysis, cluster analysis and structural equation modeling were applied to evaluate the data.
Results : (1) The detection rates of the nine risk behaviors were as follows (from high to low): unintentional injuries(72.1%), physical inactivity(68.5%), alcohol use(51.9%), unhealthy weight control (23.9%), suicide (13.7%), violence (10.2%), smoking (8.3%), drug abuse (3.3%), risk sexual behavior (3.0%), and physical inactivity, alcohol use, unintentional injuries were with high scores on severity. (2) The detection rates and severity of violence and suicide were significantly higher in junior high school students than in senior high school students(p< 0.01), while the detection rates and severity of unintentional injuries, smoking, alcohol use and physical inactivity of junior high school students were significantly lower than those of senior high school student(p< 0.01). Boys had higher detection rates and greater severity of violence, smoking, alcohol use and risk sexual behavior(p< 0.01), while girls had higher detection rates and greater severity of suicide, unhealthy weight control and physical inactivity (p<0.01). Background factors of family had different influence on these risk behaviors, however each factor only influenced certain kinds of risk behaviors. (3) Positive correlations among various risk behaviors with differed degrees were noticed in our study except a weak negative correlation between violence and physical inactivity. (4) Four distinct clusters (lowest risk, lower risk, moderate risk, high risk) were categorized based on the co-occurrence of risk behaviors in both males and females students, and the main difference between males and females was found in the high risk cluster; physical inactivity had no classificatory value in boys(p >0.05)while risky sexual behavior and physical inactivity had no classificatory value in girls(p >0.05). (5) Depression, anxiety, maladaptive cognitive emotional regulation strategies, life events, family conflicts were positively related to a variety of risk behaviors (p< 0.05)while adaptive cognitive emotional regulation strategies, self-esteem, family cohesion, social supports were negatively related to a variety of risk behaviors(p< 0.05); different factors had different effects of prediction. (6) Life events, family conflicts, maladaptive cognitive emotional regulation strategies, negative emotion (depression, anxiety) were risk factors, while family cohesion, social supports, self-esteem, adaptive cognitive emotional regulation strategies were protection factors; life events, family conflicts and negative emotion had direct effect on risk behaviors while the other factors only had indirect effect.
Conclusions: (1) Risk behaviors are prevalent in adolescents with differences on grade, gender and various family factors and have special culture characteristic. (2) Based on the co-occurrence of risk behaviors, both males and females can be divided into four distinct clusters (lowest risk, lower risk, moderate risk, high risk) with different characteristic of co-occurrence. (3) Life events, family conflicts, maladaptive cognitive emotional regulation strategies, negative emotion were risk factors, while family cohesion, social supports, self-esteem, adaptive cognitive emotional regulation strategies were protection factors. (4) Life events, family conflicts and negative emotion had direct effect on risk behaviors while the other factors only had indirect effect.
引文
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