竖轴H型叶轮及导流罩流体动力性能数值模拟
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摘要
H型叶轮是竖轴风力发电机组或海(潮)流发电机组中的关键设备。它的主要特点是风或水流的方向垂直于叶轮的主轴和叶片,叶轮的旋转不受来流方向的影响,叶片结构简单,易于实现变角度控制和大型化,所以近年来在风能和潮流能发电技术领域重新受到人们的关注。由于H型叶轮工作过程中流场、尾涡系及其作用于叶片上的载荷呈周期性的非对称非稳态变化,流动干扰复杂,叶轮流体动力学性能设计中的基础力学问题至今没有得到很好的解决。因此,深入研究H型叶轮的流体动力学理论与数值模拟方法,探索H型叶轮的流场特性、流体动力学机理和性能,对于准确的认识H型叶轮的特性和提高设计能力具有重要的理论和实际意义。
H型叶轮流体动力性能数值预报通常采用流管法和涡方法。流管法在整体性能计算上简单快捷,但预报叶片瞬时载荷困难;涡方法能够计算瞬时载荷和涡系干扰,但在叶片出现大攻角流动分离时计算结果不准确。而近年来出现的粘性CFD方法能够弥补前两种方法的缺点。本文基于全粘性CFD方法和Fluent软件,对H型叶轮粘性流场的数值模拟方法,以及叶片、叶轮和导流罩的流体动力载荷与性能开展研究。
首先研究H型叶轮流场的数值模拟方法。针对叶片截面研究典型对称翼型定常和非定常绕流的数值模拟问题,详细探讨了粘性CFD理论中相关计算条件和处理方法。在分析H型叶轮的运动特征和CFD滑移网格模型与动网格模型特点的基础上,提出UDF控制滑移网格模型方法。通过Strickland风力机和Kurushima潮流水轮机模拟结果与试验结果和其他方法的计算结果对比,表明滑移网格模型可以详细预报叶片的瞬时载荷,尤其在低速比工况的性能计算上有明显优势。通过摆线式水轮机的模拟结果与文献中试验结果对比,表明UDF控制滑移网格模型可以有效预报变偏角H型叶轮的功率特性,与动网格模型相比,该模型能够降低网格数量,保证网格质量,节省计算时间。
然后考虑粘性流场中运动叶片的动力学问题。应用UDF建立叶片的受力平衡方程和力矩平衡方程,实现了带惯性力系的H型叶轮的数值模拟,给出了被动变偏角H型叶轮的叶片偏角变化规律和叶轮功率特性。通过弹簧控角水轮机的计算结果与实验结果对比,表明该方法可以有效预报叶片的运动特性及叶轮的功率特性。
另外,研究叶轮的总体性能计算问题。提出了变偏角H型叶轮功率计算修正公式,将叶片力偶矩对叶片自身小轴的功计入叶轮转换的能量中。研究表明,修正项在低速比时对功率的影响很小,在高速比时对功率的影响较大,为更准确的计算叶轮性能提供了一种途径。
最后,研究H型叶轮性能的强化问题。提出了适合于往复流特性的导流罩设计方法以及导流罩带扩张门的设计思想,模拟了导流罩流场特性以及导流罩加装固定偏角风力机、摆线式水轮机和弹簧控角水轮机模型的流场,给出了导流罩与叶轮之间的流体动力学干扰规律。数值计算和模型实验结果比较表明,导流罩可以稳定叶轮下游盘面流场,扩张门能够明显提高通过导流罩内部的流量;不同的H型叶轮安装于导流罩内时,导流罩的型线、收缩比、导流罩与叶轮的间隙等参数对叶轮的功率特性和叶片的流体动力特性的影响不同,带扩张门的导流罩优于不带扩张门的导流罩。弹簧控角水轮机功率特性的实验曲线证明,带扩张门的导流罩可以将叶轮的能量利用率峰值提高47.8%,同时扩大了叶轮高效运转的速比范围。
本文的研究工作为各种类型H型叶轮绕流问题提供了全粘性数值模拟方法,对于深入研究H型叶轮的流体动力学机理,优化叶轮性能和设计,提高叶轮效率具有重要的理论意义和工程实用价值。
H-shaped turbine is the common and key equipment in Vertical axis wind turbine generator system or (marine) tidal streams turbine generator system, with the characteristics of the main axis perpendicular to the flow direction, the blade parallel to the main axis. So the flow direction has no influence with turbine rotations. The structure of blade is simple, which is easy to implement angle-changed control and large-scale production. Therefore, vertical axis turbines are highly concerned in the electric generation technology from wind energy and tide energy in recent years. Due to the fact that it is unsteady and unsymmetrical in flow field, trailing vortex and load on the blade during the working process of H-shaped turbine, besides, fluid dynamic disturbing effect is complex, many basic mechanic problems in turbine fluid dynamic performance design have not been solved as yet. Consequently, it is important theoretical and practical significance in accurately understanding and improving design capacity of H-shaped turbine, in studying fluid dynamic theory and numerical simulation methods, exploring flow characteristics, fluid dynamics mechanism and performance of H-shaped turbine.
The methods of predicting hydrodynamic performance for H-shaped turbine are usually stream tube method and vortex method. Stream tube method is simple and quick in analyzing the overall performance, however, it is difficult to predict blade instantaneous load performance. Vortex method can calculate the instantaneous load and simulate vortex interference, however, when the blade moves in the range for angles of attack and flow begins to distribute, the calculation is not accurate, while viscous CFD method overcomes shortcomings mentioned above. Based on viscous CFD method and Fluent software, the numerical simulation method of H-shaped turbine flow field, fluid dynamic loads and performance of blades, the turbine and the duct are studied in this thesis.
Firstly, numerical simulation method of flow field for H-shaped turbine are studied. Aimed at the section of blade, numerical simulation of steady and unsteady flow around the typical symmetry aerofoil are studied, and relevant calculation conditions and treatments in viscous CFD theory are discussed, besides, based on the characteristics of sliding mesh and dynamic mesh, the UDF controlled sliding mesh (UDF-SM) is put forward. Two numerical examples of Strickland wind turbine and Kurushima Strait tidal stream turbine demonstrate that the sliding mesh model can forecast accurately instantaneous load on blade, especially, it is more accurate to calculate performance in low speed ratio. Performance simulation of cycloidal hydro-turbine indicates UDF-SM model can calculate the power characters of variable pitch-angle H-shaped turbine, compared to dynamic mesh model, it can decrease mesh number on the premise that the mesh quality is guaranteed, therefore, it can save the calculating time.
Secondly, fluid dynamics of the blade moving in viscous flow is studied. Balanced force equation and balanced torque equation of blade are formulated into UDF program, and then the working process of H-shaped turbine with inertial force system is simulated, giving the variety law of blade and the power efficiency characteristics of turbine. The comparison of numerical results and experimental results shows that this method can effectively predict the blades' motion and power efficiency characteristic of turbine.
In addition, the general fluid dynamic performance of rotor are studied. The amendment formulas on the power efficiency of variable-pitch H-shaped turbine are presented, by considering the blade moment's work on the shaft in energy conversion. The calculation results show that the influence of amendment on power efficiency is small in the low speed ratio while it is large in the high-speed ratio. The power efficiency amendment provide a method for calculating the performance of the rotor more accurately.
At last, work on the method to enhance the performance of H-shaped rotor. Duct design method is put forward that suitable for reciprocating flow, and the design concept of expansion door is presented. In addition to calculate the characteristics of duct in flow field individually, the flow fields are simulated about the duct with fixed blade wind turbine, with cycloidal hydro-turbine and spring-controlled passive variable-pitch turbine respectively. The dynamic interference between duct and rotor is discussed. Numerical and experimental results show that the duct can stabilize the flow in rotor downstream disk, expansion door can enlarge the flux in duct evidently. The influence on power efficiency and fluid dynamic characteristics of blade by duct parameters such as the moulded line, shrinking ratio, gap between duct and turbine will change along with the rotor's type. The duct with expansion-door is better than the one without it. In experiment, the peak of power efficiency of spring-controlled variable-pitch turbine is enhanced 47.8% by duct with expansion door, meanwhile the speed ratio range for effective operation of turbine is extended.
The research work in the thesis provide a numerical simulation method to viscous flow problems for various H-shaped turbine. It is valuable in studying fluid dynamic mechanics, optimizing blade performance and design and improving turbine efficiency of H-shaped turbine, being significance in theory and engineering application.
H型叶轮流体动力性能数值预报通常采用流管法和涡方法。流管法在整体性能计算上简单快捷,但预报叶片瞬时载荷困难;涡方法能够计算瞬时载荷和涡系干扰,但在叶片出现大攻角流动分离时计算结果不准确。而近年来出现的粘性CFD方法能够弥补前两种方法的缺点。本文基于全粘性CFD方法和Fluent软件,对H型叶轮粘性流场的数值模拟方法,以及叶片、叶轮和导流罩的流体动力载荷与性能开展研究。
首先研究H型叶轮流场的数值模拟方法。针对叶片截面研究典型对称翼型定常和非定常绕流的数值模拟问题,详细探讨了粘性CFD理论中相关计算条件和处理方法。在分析H型叶轮的运动特征和CFD滑移网格模型与动网格模型特点的基础上,提出UDF控制滑移网格模型方法。通过Strickland风力机和Kurushima潮流水轮机模拟结果与试验结果和其他方法的计算结果对比,表明滑移网格模型可以详细预报叶片的瞬时载荷,尤其在低速比工况的性能计算上有明显优势。通过摆线式水轮机的模拟结果与文献中试验结果对比,表明UDF控制滑移网格模型可以有效预报变偏角H型叶轮的功率特性,与动网格模型相比,该模型能够降低网格数量,保证网格质量,节省计算时间。
然后考虑粘性流场中运动叶片的动力学问题。应用UDF建立叶片的受力平衡方程和力矩平衡方程,实现了带惯性力系的H型叶轮的数值模拟,给出了被动变偏角H型叶轮的叶片偏角变化规律和叶轮功率特性。通过弹簧控角水轮机的计算结果与实验结果对比,表明该方法可以有效预报叶片的运动特性及叶轮的功率特性。
另外,研究叶轮的总体性能计算问题。提出了变偏角H型叶轮功率计算修正公式,将叶片力偶矩对叶片自身小轴的功计入叶轮转换的能量中。研究表明,修正项在低速比时对功率的影响很小,在高速比时对功率的影响较大,为更准确的计算叶轮性能提供了一种途径。
最后,研究H型叶轮性能的强化问题。提出了适合于往复流特性的导流罩设计方法以及导流罩带扩张门的设计思想,模拟了导流罩流场特性以及导流罩加装固定偏角风力机、摆线式水轮机和弹簧控角水轮机模型的流场,给出了导流罩与叶轮之间的流体动力学干扰规律。数值计算和模型实验结果比较表明,导流罩可以稳定叶轮下游盘面流场,扩张门能够明显提高通过导流罩内部的流量;不同的H型叶轮安装于导流罩内时,导流罩的型线、收缩比、导流罩与叶轮的间隙等参数对叶轮的功率特性和叶片的流体动力特性的影响不同,带扩张门的导流罩优于不带扩张门的导流罩。弹簧控角水轮机功率特性的实验曲线证明,带扩张门的导流罩可以将叶轮的能量利用率峰值提高47.8%,同时扩大了叶轮高效运转的速比范围。
本文的研究工作为各种类型H型叶轮绕流问题提供了全粘性数值模拟方法,对于深入研究H型叶轮的流体动力学机理,优化叶轮性能和设计,提高叶轮效率具有重要的理论意义和工程实用价值。
H-shaped turbine is the common and key equipment in Vertical axis wind turbine generator system or (marine) tidal streams turbine generator system, with the characteristics of the main axis perpendicular to the flow direction, the blade parallel to the main axis. So the flow direction has no influence with turbine rotations. The structure of blade is simple, which is easy to implement angle-changed control and large-scale production. Therefore, vertical axis turbines are highly concerned in the electric generation technology from wind energy and tide energy in recent years. Due to the fact that it is unsteady and unsymmetrical in flow field, trailing vortex and load on the blade during the working process of H-shaped turbine, besides, fluid dynamic disturbing effect is complex, many basic mechanic problems in turbine fluid dynamic performance design have not been solved as yet. Consequently, it is important theoretical and practical significance in accurately understanding and improving design capacity of H-shaped turbine, in studying fluid dynamic theory and numerical simulation methods, exploring flow characteristics, fluid dynamics mechanism and performance of H-shaped turbine.
The methods of predicting hydrodynamic performance for H-shaped turbine are usually stream tube method and vortex method. Stream tube method is simple and quick in analyzing the overall performance, however, it is difficult to predict blade instantaneous load performance. Vortex method can calculate the instantaneous load and simulate vortex interference, however, when the blade moves in the range for angles of attack and flow begins to distribute, the calculation is not accurate, while viscous CFD method overcomes shortcomings mentioned above. Based on viscous CFD method and Fluent software, the numerical simulation method of H-shaped turbine flow field, fluid dynamic loads and performance of blades, the turbine and the duct are studied in this thesis.
Firstly, numerical simulation method of flow field for H-shaped turbine are studied. Aimed at the section of blade, numerical simulation of steady and unsteady flow around the typical symmetry aerofoil are studied, and relevant calculation conditions and treatments in viscous CFD theory are discussed, besides, based on the characteristics of sliding mesh and dynamic mesh, the UDF controlled sliding mesh (UDF-SM) is put forward. Two numerical examples of Strickland wind turbine and Kurushima Strait tidal stream turbine demonstrate that the sliding mesh model can forecast accurately instantaneous load on blade, especially, it is more accurate to calculate performance in low speed ratio. Performance simulation of cycloidal hydro-turbine indicates UDF-SM model can calculate the power characters of variable pitch-angle H-shaped turbine, compared to dynamic mesh model, it can decrease mesh number on the premise that the mesh quality is guaranteed, therefore, it can save the calculating time.
Secondly, fluid dynamics of the blade moving in viscous flow is studied. Balanced force equation and balanced torque equation of blade are formulated into UDF program, and then the working process of H-shaped turbine with inertial force system is simulated, giving the variety law of blade and the power efficiency characteristics of turbine. The comparison of numerical results and experimental results shows that this method can effectively predict the blades' motion and power efficiency characteristic of turbine.
In addition, the general fluid dynamic performance of rotor are studied. The amendment formulas on the power efficiency of variable-pitch H-shaped turbine are presented, by considering the blade moment's work on the shaft in energy conversion. The calculation results show that the influence of amendment on power efficiency is small in the low speed ratio while it is large in the high-speed ratio. The power efficiency amendment provide a method for calculating the performance of the rotor more accurately.
At last, work on the method to enhance the performance of H-shaped rotor. Duct design method is put forward that suitable for reciprocating flow, and the design concept of expansion door is presented. In addition to calculate the characteristics of duct in flow field individually, the flow fields are simulated about the duct with fixed blade wind turbine, with cycloidal hydro-turbine and spring-controlled passive variable-pitch turbine respectively. The dynamic interference between duct and rotor is discussed. Numerical and experimental results show that the duct can stabilize the flow in rotor downstream disk, expansion door can enlarge the flux in duct evidently. The influence on power efficiency and fluid dynamic characteristics of blade by duct parameters such as the moulded line, shrinking ratio, gap between duct and turbine will change along with the rotor's type. The duct with expansion-door is better than the one without it. In experiment, the peak of power efficiency of spring-controlled variable-pitch turbine is enhanced 47.8% by duct with expansion door, meanwhile the speed ratio range for effective operation of turbine is extended.
The research work in the thesis provide a numerical simulation method to viscous flow problems for various H-shaped turbine. It is valuable in studying fluid dynamic mechanics, optimizing blade performance and design and improving turbine efficiency of H-shaped turbine, being significance in theory and engineering application.
引文
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