软件过程描述与过程度量的研究
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摘要
随着软件工程学的发展,软件过程日益引起人们的重视。软件工程理论认为:可通过软件过程改进来提高软件组织的成熟度,改进软件组织的过程能力,从而解决软件危机问题。而客观的、有意义的和量化的度量是成功地开发当今复杂软件的关键。
软件过程改进是各企业建立适合自身软件生产线和软件工业化生产的必经之路,国际上有几个组织在规范和改进软件开发过程方面做了很多工作,如IEEE/EIA制定的软件生存周期标准实施指南;Carnegie Mellon大学SEI,形成的以实践为基础的过程模型CMM/CMMI,目的是为过程的改进特别是持续改进提供一个指导性的框架。要理解软件组织的自身的特征和现状,软件过程度量是基本手段。软件过程度量是检测实际性能和可接受性能之间偏差的基础,同时也是获得改进机会的基础。软件组织对过程进行度量,可采集到每个过程性能的度量数据,分析每个过程的性能。软件过程度量支持软件过程改进以及软件产品的管理和改进活动,它是管理软件生命周期活动、评估软件项目计划可行性和检测项目活动执行计划程度等的基本手段。目前,广为流行的过程度量模型是GQM模型以及基于GQM而改进的其他过程度量模型如ISPM、GQM-D等等。在企业实施过程改进时,如何有效地将过程度量与软件过程活动完整地结合起来已成为目前需迫切解决的问题。
本文以实施软件过程改进为指导方向,以过程度量为基础,从度量与分析的各个层面分析了软件过程改进模型CMMI,结合CMM及CMMI等标准,以GQM模型为基础,通过研究国内外大量的过程度量的资料,建立了基于CMMI3的过程度量模型。以CMMI和过程度量为基础设计并实现了软件过程描述模型—SPRM,将过程度量与过程活动有效地结合起来。在SPRM的基础上设计了过程度量工具,重点在过程数据库(PDB)的设计和实现。该数据库包含了项目的进度、成本控制、需求管理、缺陷管理等多方面的数据,最后采用统计过程控制(SPC)的方法进行了系统的度量和数据分析,并将该类项目基线与业界水平相比较得出软件过程的实际性能,找出薄弱环节进行改进。
本文是针对那些以真实的软件过程改进为目标,真正期望改进软件过程,提高软件过程能力的软件组织,特别是中小型软件组织,而不是只追求成熟度级别的软件组织。系统中将收集的过程度量数据应用于以下几个方面的统计分析:1)提供软件过程的过程能力基线,评定软件过程的稳定性和能力。软件过程能力基线是软件过程能力的体现,可由历史数据计算而来;而其偏差以及偏差产生的原因又能说明软件过程的稳定性;2)构造项目进度和成本的度量,通过分析跟踪和控制项目中的进度和成本; 3)对项目的需求稳定性进行分析和控制,以保证产品的质量;4)利用过程能力基线PCB以及缺陷分析,发现软件过程的不足,确定软件过程改进的方向。
Along with the development of Software Engineering, software process has been paid more and more attention. Software engineering theory believes that Software Process Improvement (SPI) can enhance the mature level and improve the process ability of software organization,sequentially it can solve the problem of software crisis. The key of the complicated software that the tolerance of objective, meaningful and quantization nowadays succeed in being developed.
Software process improvement is the only way that software organization set up suitable one's own software production lineses and industrialization produce. Some international organizations such as IEEE/EIA and SEI of Carnegie Mellon University have done much work on software standardization and improvement. In order to provide an insititutive frame on software improvement, SPI models such as CMM/CMMI have been proposed. Understanding the software organization’s self-characteristic and the current situation, the software process measurement is the basic means. The software process measurement is the basic of checkuping the deviation between actual performance and receivability performance, and it can get the foundation of improving chance too at the same time. The organization of the software carring on the software process measurement, can gather to the tolerance data of each peocess performance, analyse the performance of each process. The software process measurement supports the software process improvement and the software product’s management and improvement activity. It is the basic means of software life period activity management, assessment software project plan feasibility and measurement project plan carried out. Nowadays, the Software Process Measurement models used broadly are GQM model and some other models based on GQM. When executing process improvement, how to combine software process measurement and software process activities effectively is a problem need to sovled urgently.
This Paper regards implementing software process improvement as the direction of instructing, regards software process measurement as the basis, has analysed from the measurement to analysis each aspect of software process improvement model– CMMI. Combineing the standards such as CMM and CMMI, etc., based on Goal-Question-Metric model, through out researching a great deal of papers about process measurement, this paper has established a process measurement model. Then a thought of using PSL(Process Specification Language)to build model of software process based on the investigation of CMMI and process measurement is proposed. The model of software process is called SPRM(Software Process Representation Model),which combine the software process measurement and software process activities effectively. On basis of SPRM, a thought of building process measurement tool is proposed, which design and implemente Process Database. PDB contains many aspects of software process such as project’s schedule, cost, requirement management, defect management and so on. Finally, the principle of Statistic Process Control(SPC) is utilized to analyse the initial data in the PDB, amd the process capability baseline is compared with the level of software realm in order to know the actual capability of the software process.
This text aims at those organization which have the goal with true software process improvement, really expect to improve software process , enhance ability of software process , especially the medium and small-scale software organization, but not the software organization that only pursue the maturity rank . Then apply these data in PDB to several following statistical analysis of respects.1) Offering the process capability baseline, evaluating the stability and ability of the software process. The process capability baseline of software is the embodiment of the process ability of the software,it can be calculated by the historical data; deviation and reason who deviation produce prove the stabilities of software process.2) To predict the schedule in the future, to make the good project plan; Through the scale to the new project and estimation of the work load, and combine the data of productivity ratio, Can estimate the schedule of the project tentatively , make the suitable software project plan.3)Mark the trend of the software process.4) Utilizing PCB and defect analyse , to find the deficiency of the software process, to define the opportunity of the software improvement.
软件过程改进是各企业建立适合自身软件生产线和软件工业化生产的必经之路,国际上有几个组织在规范和改进软件开发过程方面做了很多工作,如IEEE/EIA制定的软件生存周期标准实施指南;Carnegie Mellon大学SEI,形成的以实践为基础的过程模型CMM/CMMI,目的是为过程的改进特别是持续改进提供一个指导性的框架。要理解软件组织的自身的特征和现状,软件过程度量是基本手段。软件过程度量是检测实际性能和可接受性能之间偏差的基础,同时也是获得改进机会的基础。软件组织对过程进行度量,可采集到每个过程性能的度量数据,分析每个过程的性能。软件过程度量支持软件过程改进以及软件产品的管理和改进活动,它是管理软件生命周期活动、评估软件项目计划可行性和检测项目活动执行计划程度等的基本手段。目前,广为流行的过程度量模型是GQM模型以及基于GQM而改进的其他过程度量模型如ISPM、GQM-D等等。在企业实施过程改进时,如何有效地将过程度量与软件过程活动完整地结合起来已成为目前需迫切解决的问题。
本文以实施软件过程改进为指导方向,以过程度量为基础,从度量与分析的各个层面分析了软件过程改进模型CMMI,结合CMM及CMMI等标准,以GQM模型为基础,通过研究国内外大量的过程度量的资料,建立了基于CMMI3的过程度量模型。以CMMI和过程度量为基础设计并实现了软件过程描述模型—SPRM,将过程度量与过程活动有效地结合起来。在SPRM的基础上设计了过程度量工具,重点在过程数据库(PDB)的设计和实现。该数据库包含了项目的进度、成本控制、需求管理、缺陷管理等多方面的数据,最后采用统计过程控制(SPC)的方法进行了系统的度量和数据分析,并将该类项目基线与业界水平相比较得出软件过程的实际性能,找出薄弱环节进行改进。
本文是针对那些以真实的软件过程改进为目标,真正期望改进软件过程,提高软件过程能力的软件组织,特别是中小型软件组织,而不是只追求成熟度级别的软件组织。系统中将收集的过程度量数据应用于以下几个方面的统计分析:1)提供软件过程的过程能力基线,评定软件过程的稳定性和能力。软件过程能力基线是软件过程能力的体现,可由历史数据计算而来;而其偏差以及偏差产生的原因又能说明软件过程的稳定性;2)构造项目进度和成本的度量,通过分析跟踪和控制项目中的进度和成本; 3)对项目的需求稳定性进行分析和控制,以保证产品的质量;4)利用过程能力基线PCB以及缺陷分析,发现软件过程的不足,确定软件过程改进的方向。
Along with the development of Software Engineering, software process has been paid more and more attention. Software engineering theory believes that Software Process Improvement (SPI) can enhance the mature level and improve the process ability of software organization,sequentially it can solve the problem of software crisis. The key of the complicated software that the tolerance of objective, meaningful and quantization nowadays succeed in being developed.
Software process improvement is the only way that software organization set up suitable one's own software production lineses and industrialization produce. Some international organizations such as IEEE/EIA and SEI of Carnegie Mellon University have done much work on software standardization and improvement. In order to provide an insititutive frame on software improvement, SPI models such as CMM/CMMI have been proposed. Understanding the software organization’s self-characteristic and the current situation, the software process measurement is the basic means. The software process measurement is the basic of checkuping the deviation between actual performance and receivability performance, and it can get the foundation of improving chance too at the same time. The organization of the software carring on the software process measurement, can gather to the tolerance data of each peocess performance, analyse the performance of each process. The software process measurement supports the software process improvement and the software product’s management and improvement activity. It is the basic means of software life period activity management, assessment software project plan feasibility and measurement project plan carried out. Nowadays, the Software Process Measurement models used broadly are GQM model and some other models based on GQM. When executing process improvement, how to combine software process measurement and software process activities effectively is a problem need to sovled urgently.
This Paper regards implementing software process improvement as the direction of instructing, regards software process measurement as the basis, has analysed from the measurement to analysis each aspect of software process improvement model– CMMI. Combineing the standards such as CMM and CMMI, etc., based on Goal-Question-Metric model, through out researching a great deal of papers about process measurement, this paper has established a process measurement model. Then a thought of using PSL(Process Specification Language)to build model of software process based on the investigation of CMMI and process measurement is proposed. The model of software process is called SPRM(Software Process Representation Model),which combine the software process measurement and software process activities effectively. On basis of SPRM, a thought of building process measurement tool is proposed, which design and implemente Process Database. PDB contains many aspects of software process such as project’s schedule, cost, requirement management, defect management and so on. Finally, the principle of Statistic Process Control(SPC) is utilized to analyse the initial data in the PDB, amd the process capability baseline is compared with the level of software realm in order to know the actual capability of the software process.
This text aims at those organization which have the goal with true software process improvement, really expect to improve software process , enhance ability of software process , especially the medium and small-scale software organization, but not the software organization that only pursue the maturity rank . Then apply these data in PDB to several following statistical analysis of respects.1) Offering the process capability baseline, evaluating the stability and ability of the software process. The process capability baseline of software is the embodiment of the process ability of the software,it can be calculated by the historical data; deviation and reason who deviation produce prove the stabilities of software process.2) To predict the schedule in the future, to make the good project plan; Through the scale to the new project and estimation of the work load, and combine the data of productivity ratio, Can estimate the schedule of the project tentatively , make the suitable software project plan.3)Mark the trend of the software process.4) Utilizing PCB and defect analyse , to find the deficiency of the software process, to define the opportunity of the software improvement.
引文
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[2] 曹会明,钱红兵,金茂忠.软件过程度量自动化的研究与实现.计算机工程,2004,4:25-27
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[5] 吴洪丽.支持软件过程改进的软件过程度量研究.重庆大学硕士学位论文,2004,5
[6] 宋尉平,曾一.基于面向对象系统的度量方法的研究.重庆大学硕士学位论文,2005,5
[7] 曾一,古曦,郭永林,赵炜,许娴.基于 CMM 的软件过程导航系统的设计与实现.计算机工程与设计, 2006,27(11):2031-2033
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[2] 曹会明,钱红兵,金茂忠.软件过程度量自动化的研究与实现.计算机工程,2004,4:25-27
[3] 周宇,钱红兵.软件过程中的度量数据收集方法研究.计算机应用研究,2005,1:20-22
[4] 王青,李明树,刘霞.一种支持软件过程控制和改进的主动度量模型.软件学报,2005,16(3):407-418
[5] 吴洪丽.支持软件过程改进的软件过程度量研究.重庆大学硕士学位论文,2004,5
[6] 宋尉平,曾一.基于面向对象系统的度量方法的研究.重庆大学硕士学位论文,2005,5
[7] 曾一,古曦,郭永林,赵炜,许娴.基于 CMM 的软件过程导航系统的设计与实现.计算机工程与设计, 2006,27(11):2031-2033
[8] 古曦,曾一.基于 CMMI 的软件过程度量模型的研究与应用.重庆大学硕士学位论文,2006,5
[9] 乔木,曾一,吴洪丽,杨献军.软件过程评估与改进模型的比较.重庆大学学报,2004,2:51-55
[10] 钱红兵,朱丽娟.需求管理关键过程域的度量.计算机工程与应用,2003,24:64-76
[11] 李健,金茂忠.软件过程度量技术的研究.计算机工程与应用,2001,5:86-90
[12] 吕君. 软件质量管理系统与度量模型的设计与实现.大连海事大学硕士学位论文,2005
[13] 何新贵,王纬,王方德等编著.软件能力成熟度模型.北京:清华大学出版社,2000
[14] 陶兰石.软件度量在软件开发中的应用.辽宁教育学院学报,1995,5:92-96
[15] 宋健建,顾庆,陈道落.一种基于 XML 的软件过程定义语言 SPDL 的设计.计算机工程与应用,2003,34:51-54
[16] 姜艺,潘燕华,葛世伦,朱俊武.PSL 空间关系扩展及其在企业建模中的应用.计算机应用研究,2005:146-148
[17] CSBSG.数据收集调查问卷(中国版).CSBSG,2006,7
[18] 梅宏等.青岛构件库的构件度量.软件学报,2000,11(5):634-641
[19] 李心科等.一个面向对象软件度量工具的实现和度量使用研究.计算机学报,2000,23(11):1220-1225
[20] 梁洪宜.CMM 的过程数据库和过程能力基线.现代计算机,2002,8:33-36
[21] 程杜平,钱红兵.软件质量与度量.计算机工程与应用,2002,7:80-83
[22] CSBSG.CSBSG 项目基准比对报告.CSBSG,2006,9
[23] Fergus O’Connell 著,郭广云等译.成功的软件项目管理-银弹方案.北京:机械工业出版社,2003
[24] Sami Zahran 著,陈新译.软件过程改进.北京:中信出版社,2002
[25] Watts S.Humphrey 著,高书敬,顾铁成,胡禹译.软件过程管理.北京:清华大学出版社,2003
[26] Watts S .Humphery 著,吴超英,车向东译.Introduction to the Personal Software ProcessSW.北京:人民邮电出版社.2001
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