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基于生态安全的鄱阳湖湿地生态系统管理
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摘要
鄱阳湖湿地生态系统是一个社会—经济—自然复合生态系统,鄱阳湖天然湿地以及环湖12个县(市区)的非湿地部分行政区是其组成部分。鄱阳湖湿地不仅是长江中下游重要的调节器,同时也是江西省乃至全国重要的农业、渔业生产基地,其生态安全地位十分重要。近年来,由于受到诸多人为因素影响,鄱阳湖湿地生态环境的持续变化,洪水、干旱、水质污染、物种量减少、植被退化、血吸虫疫反复等重大生态安全问题逐渐显现,不仅影响长江中下游的生态环境,同时制约鄱阳湖区社会经济发展。因此,亟须实行鄱阳湖湿地生态系统管理,以协调鄱阳湖湿地境保护与湖区社会经济发展关系。
     在综述生态安全及生态系统管理的概念、内涵及国内外研究进展,以及论述并分析鄱阳湖区生态环境状况的基础上,采用层次分析法和修正的P-S-R模型相结合的方法,构建鄱阳湖湿地生态安全评价指标体系,对鄱阳湖湿地生态系统进行生态安全动态评价,分析了鄱阳湖湿地生态安全存在的主要问题,构建了鄱阳湖湿地生态系统管理模型,提出了相应的管理对策和措施。
     鄱阳湖湿地生态安全评价结果表明,鄱阳湖湿地生态安全状况总体处于临界安全水平,在2004-2009年间呈逐年缓慢上升趋势,现已接近较安全水平。但这数据向好并非生态系统压力减轻和环境质量状况改善所致,而是由于鄱阳湖区经济发展较快提升治理能力,和采取了一些积极的改善环境的措施所致。当前鄱阳湖湿地生态安全存在的主要问题有洪水和干旱威胁、水环境恶化、湿地功能退化、物种数量减少、血吸虫疫情反复等。
     基于鄱阳湖湿地生态安全问题特征和鄱阳湖湿地现有管理措施及体制,构建鄱阳湖湿地生态系统管理的适应性管理框架,提出了如下六个方面的具体措施:设立专门机构对鄱阳湖湿地实施综合管理,完善“鄱阳湖湿地保护条例”、和“鄱阳湖自然保护区保护条例”等法规,从组织、技术和制度三个方面完善鄱阳湖湿地管理监控体系并建立长效的协调机制,广开募资渠道和完善湿地生态补偿制度,鼓励社会与公众参与鄱阳湖湿地管理,实施污染物总量控制制度。
Ecosystem of Poyang Lake wetland is a complex system of society, economy and nature. Poyang Lake wetland is not only an important regulator of the Yangtze River, but a significant agricultural and piscatorial production base in China, and its postition of ecological security is crucial.In recent years, the ecological environment of Poyang Lake area continued to change, flood, drought, water pollution, species reduction, vegetation degradation, the repeated epidemic of schistosomiasis and other major ecological security problems have gradually emerging. It is interference to ecological environment of the Yangtze River, and a restricted condition to the local development of social and economic. So it is badly need to put ecological ecosystem management into practice, which could be fit to coordinate environmental protection and economic development of the Poyang Lake area.
     On the base of reviewed the concept,the content and the development status of ecological security and ecosystem management, discussed and analized the state of Poyang Lake's ecological system, it takes the use of the AHP and the modified PSR model to construct Poyang Lake Ecological Safety Evaluation System. After evaluating the dynamic ecological security by six-year comprehensive data of Poyang Lake wetland ecosystem, analizing the existing main ecological security problems, it built the ecosystem management framework and offer the fitted policies and measures.
     The conclusion of the dynamic ecological security evaluation shows that the state of the Poyang Lake is rough critical safe, it is approaching to quite safe slowly from 2004 to 2009.The good state showed by data is not caused by the ecosystem pressure reduction and improvement of environmental quality, but the abilities that rapid economic development brings, and active policies and measures to improve the environment. Nowadays, The main current security problems of Poyang Lake wetland are threatening flood, drought, environmental degradation, degradating wetland function, reducing species, and repeatedly schistosomiasis epidemic situation.
     Based on Poyang Lake Wetland ecological safety features and and the existing system management measures, to build adaptive ecosystem management framework of Poyang Lake wetland, and propose the following six specific measures:to establish a specialized agency to implement the Poyang Lake wetland integrated management, to improve "the Poyang Lake wetland protection regulations", "regulations on Protection of Poyang Lake Nature Reserve" and other regulations, to improve long-term coordination mechanism for the Poyang Lake wetland management and monitoring system from organizeation,technology and institution, to broaden the fund-raising channels and improve the wetland ecological compensation system, to encourage public participation in Poyang Lake wetland management, to implement the total pollutant control system.
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